Peter Singer: The why and how of effective altruism

697,258 views ใƒป 2013-05-20

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ala Brazi ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Emad Ahmad
00:12
There's something that I'd like you to see.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุฃูˆุฏูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆู†ู‡.
00:16
(Video) Reporter: It's a story that's deeply unsettled
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ู…ุฑุงุณู„(ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ): ุงู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุตุฉ ุชุฒุนุฒุน ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑ
00:18
millions in China:
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ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู†:
00:21
footage of a two-year-old girl
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ู„ู‚ุทุงุช ู„ุทูู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง
00:22
hit by a van and left bleeding in the street by passersby,
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ุตุฏู…ุชู‡ุง ุนุฑุจุฉ ุซู…ู‘ ุชูุฑูƒุช ุชู†ุฒู ููŠ ุงู„ุดุงุฑุน ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุฑู‘ุฉุŒ
ุตูˆุฑ ุดู†ูŠุนุฉ ูˆู…ู‚ุฒุฒุฉ ูŠุตุนุจ ุนุฑุถู‡ุง.
00:27
footage too graphic to be shown.
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ุชู… ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญุงุฏุซ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุง.
00:30
The entire accident is caught on camera.
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ุชู…ู‡ู„ ุงู„ุณุงุฆู‚ ุจุนุฏ ุฏู‡ุณ ุงู„ุทูู„ุฉุŒ
00:33
The driver pauses after hitting the child,
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ุนุฌู„ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ุชูˆู‚ูุช ููˆู‚ู‡ุง ู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ .
00:36
his back wheels seen resting on her for over a second.
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ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุชูŠู†ุŒ ู…ุฑ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุจู€ ูˆุงู†ุบ ูŠูˆูŠ ุฐูˆ ุงู„ุณู†ุชูŠู† .
00:40
Within two minutes, three people pass two-year-old Wang Yue by.
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ุฃูˆู„ู‡ู… ู…ุดู‰ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุทูู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจุฉ ุจุฌุฑูˆุญ ุจู„ูŠุบุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
00:44
The first walks around the badly injured toddler completely.
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ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุทูู„ุฉ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูŠุฐู‡ุจ.
00:47
Others look at her before moving off.
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ุจูŠุชุฑ ุณู†ุฌุฑ: ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
00:53
Peter Singer: There were other people
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ุณุงุฑูˆุง ุจุฌุงู†ุจ ูˆุงู†ุบ ูŠูˆูŠุŒ
00:54
who walked past Wang Yue,
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ุซู… ุณุงุฑุช ุนุฑุจุฉ ูุงู† ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ููˆู‚ ุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ุง ุŒ
00:57
and a second van ran over her legs
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ู‚ุจู„ ุชูุนูŠู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฐุงุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ู†ุธู ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน .
00:58
before a street cleaner raised the alarm.
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ู‡ุฑุน ุจู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุดูู‰ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุชุฃุฎุฑุง. ูƒุงู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ูุงุฑู‚ุช ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
01:02
She was rushed to hospital, but it was too late. She died.
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ูˆุฃุชุณุงุกู„ ูƒู… ู…ู†ูƒู… ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
01:07
I wonder how many of you, looking at that,
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ู‚ุงู„ ู„ู†ูุณู‡ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ " ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ู„ุฃูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ" ุŒ
01:11
said to yourselves just now, "I would not have done that.
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ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุชูˆู‚ูุช ู„ู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ. "
01:14
I would have stopped to help."
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ุฅุฑูุนูˆุง ูŠุฏูŠูƒู… ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชู… ู‚ุฏ ููƒุฑุชู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
01:16
Raise your hands if that thought occurred to you.
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ูƒู…ุง ุงุนุชู‚ุฏุชุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ู…ุนุธู…ูƒู….
01:20
As I thought, that's most of you.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุตุฏู‚ูƒู…. ุฃู†ุง ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุฃู†ูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุญู‚.
01:23
And I believe you. I'm sure you're right.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ุชุนุทูˆุง ุฃู†ูุณูƒู… ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณู‡ู…ุŒ
01:25
But before you give yourself too much credit,
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ุฃู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง.
01:28
look at this.
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ุชู‚ุงุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ูŠุณูŠู ููŠ ุนุงู… 2011 ุŒ
01:30
UNICEF reports that in 2011,
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6.9 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุทูู„ ุฏูˆู† ุณู† ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ
01:34
6.9 million children under five
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ู…ุงุชูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ูˆู‚ุงูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจุงู„ูู‚ุฑ.
01:38
died from preventable, poverty-related diseases.
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ุชุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ูŠุณูŠู ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุณุงุฑู‘ุฉ
01:44
UNICEF thinks that that's good news
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ูŠุชุฏุฑุฌ ุจุฅุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„
01:46
because the figure has been steadily coming down
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ู…ู† 12 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ููŠ ุนุงู… 1990. ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑ ุฌูŠุฏ.
01:49
from 12 million in 1990. That is good.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ุŒ 6.9 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู†
01:53
But still, 6.9 million
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19,000 ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูŠู…ูˆุชูˆู† ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู….
01:56
is 19,000 children dying every day.
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู‡ู…ู‘ ุญู‚ุง
02:02
Does it really matter
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ู…ุดูŠ ุจุฌุงู†ุจู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุดุงุฑุนุŸ
02:04
that we're not walking past them in the street?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู‡ู… ุญู‚ุง ุงู†ู‡ู… ุจุนูŠุฏูˆู† ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุนู†ุงุŸ
02:07
Does it really matter that they're far away?
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุญุฏุซ ูุฑู‚ุง ุฐูˆ ุตู„ุฉ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ.
ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ุฃู…ุงู…ู†ุงุŒ
02:13
I don't think it does make a morally relevant difference.
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ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
02:16
The fact that they're not right in front of us,
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ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุนุฑู‚ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ู„ุง ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฐูˆ ุตู„ุฉ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ.
02:18
the fact, of course, that they're of a different nationality
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‡ู… ุญู‚ุง ู‡ูˆุŒ
02:21
or race, none of that seems morally relevant to me.
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ู‡ู„ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู‚ู„ู‘ู„ ู…ู† ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุชู„ู‰ุŸ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‚ุงุฐ
02:24
What is really important is,
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ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ู€ู€ 19000 ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู…ูˆุชูˆู† ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู…ุŸ
02:26
can we reduce that death toll? Can we save
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ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆุŒ ู†ุนู… ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน.
02:30
some of those 19,000 children dying every day?
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ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ุง ูŠู†ูู‚ ุงู„ู…ุงู„
02:35
And the answer is, yes we can.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.
02:39
Each of us spends money
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุนุงุฏุชูƒ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุŒ
02:41
on things that we do not really need.
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ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ุฅุฌุงุฒุฉ
02:44
You can think what your own habit is,
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุดูŠุก ู…ุซู„ ุดุฑุงุก ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู…ุนุจุฃุฉ ููŠ ุฒุฌุงุฌุงุช
02:46
whether it's a new car, a vacation
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ุจุฏู„ุง ู…ู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตู†ุจูˆุฑ
02:48
or just something like buying bottled water
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ุงู„ุตุงู„ุญุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู„ู„ุดุฑุจ.
02:51
when the water that comes out of the tap
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู†ูู‚ู‡
02:53
is perfectly safe to drink.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ู„ุฒูˆู… ู„ู‡ุง
02:55
You could take the money you're spending
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ูˆุชุนุทูŠู‡ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉุŒ
02:57
on those unnecessary things
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ู…ุคุณุณุฉ " ุถุฏ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฑูŠุง "
02:59
and give it to this organization,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุจุฑุนุช ุจู‡
03:01
the Against Malaria Foundation,
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ูˆุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ู„ุดุฑุงุก ุดุจูƒุงุช ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡
03:04
which would take the money you had given
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ู„ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทูู„ุฉุŒ
03:07
and use it to buy nets like this one
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนุฑู ุจูƒู„ ุซู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูˆูู‘ุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุชุŒ
03:10
to protect children like this one,
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุณุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„
03:14
and we know reliably that if we provide nets,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู…ูˆุชูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฑูŠุงุŒ
03:18
they're used, and they reduce the number of children
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชูุงุฏูŠู‡ุง
03:22
dying from malaria,
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุคู„ุฉ ุนู† ู…ูˆุช ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ู€ู€ ูกูฉู ู ู 
03:24
just one of the many preventable diseases
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู…ูˆุชูˆู† ูŠูˆู…ูŠุง.
03:27
that are responsible for some of those 19,000 children
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ู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุญุธ ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
03:31
dying every day.
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ูŠุชูู‡ู‘ู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉุŒ
03:35
Fortunately, more and more people
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ู…ุชู†ุงู…ูŠุฉ:
03:37
are understanding this idea,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅูŠุซุงุฑ ุงู„ูุนู‘ุงู„.
03:39
and the result is a growing movement:
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ู‡ู…ู‡ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุชุฌู…ุน ุจูŠู† ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆุงู„ุฑุฃุณ.
03:43
effective altruism.
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ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจุŒ ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุชุดุนุฑ ุจู‡.
03:45
It's important because it combines both the heart and the head.
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ุชุดุนุฑ ุจุงู„ุชุนุงุทู ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทูู„.
03:50
The heart, of course, you felt.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฃู† ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุฑุฃุณ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
03:51
You felt the empathy for that child.
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ู„ู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู† ู…ุง ุชูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ูุนู‘ุงู„ ูˆู…ูˆุฌู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏุŒ
03:54
But it's really important to use the head as well
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ูุญุณุจุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ ูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑุง
03:58
to make sure that what you do is effective and well-directed,
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ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ูู‡ู… ุจุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†ุŒ ุฃูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุงุŒ
04:03
and not only that, but also I think reason helps us
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ู‡ู… ุฃู†ุงุณ ู…ุซู„ู†ุงุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠุนุงู†ูˆุง ูƒู…ุง ู†ุนุงู†ูŠ ู†ุญู†ุŒ
04:08
to understand that other people, wherever they are,
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ูŠูุฌุนูˆู† ู„ู…ู‚ุชู„ ุฃุจู†ุงุฆู‡ู…ุŒ
04:11
are like us, that they can suffer as we can,
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ูƒู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ุŒ
04:15
that parents grieve for the deaths of their children,
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ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุซู„ู…ุง ุชู‡ู…ู†ุง ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ูˆุฑูุงู‡ูŠุชู†ุงุŒ
04:18
as we do,
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ูู‡ูŠ ุชู‡ู…ู‡ู… ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ.
04:19
and that just as our lives and our well-being matter to us,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ูˆุงู‚ุนูŠุฉ
04:24
it matters just as much to all of these people.
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ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ.
04:27
So I think reason is not just some neutral tool
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ุจู„ ุชุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุชุตูˆุฑ ู„ุฃุญูˆู„ู†ุง.
04:30
to help you get whatever you want.
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฃู†
04:31
It does help us to put perspective on our situation.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅูŠุซุงุฑ ุงู„ูุนู‘ุงู„
04:36
And I think that's why
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ู‡ู… ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฎู„ููŠุฉ
04:38
many of the most significant people in effective altruism
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ููŠ ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฅู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช.
04:43
have been people who have had backgrounds
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุจุฏูˆุง ู…ุณุชุบุฑุจุงุŒ
04:45
in philosophy or economics or math.
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ู„ุฃู† ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุธู†ูˆู†ุŒ
04:50
And that might seem surprising,
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"ุจุฃู† ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
04:52
because a lot of people think,
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ุงู„ุฅู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุŒ ูŠู‚ุงู„ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู†ุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ
04:53
"Philosophy is remote from the real world;
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ู‡ูˆ ู„ู„ู…ู‡ูˆุณูŠู†."
04:57
economics, we're told, just makes us more selfish,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุชุญุฏุซ ูุฑู‚ุงุŒ
05:01
and we know that math is for nerds."
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ูู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู‡ูˆูˆุณ
05:04
But in fact it does make a difference,
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ูˆูŠู…ุงุฑุณ ุงู„ุฅูŠุซุงุฑ ุงู„ูุนุงู„
05:07
and in fact there's one particular nerd
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‡ุจ.
05:09
who has been a particularly effective altruist
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ุคุณุณุฉ " ุจูŠู„ ูˆ ู…ูŠู„ูŠู†ุฏุง ุฌูŠุชุณ " ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช
05:13
because he got this.
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ููŠ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตูุญุฉ
05:15
This is the website of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,
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ุณุชุฌุฏู‡ุง ุชู‚ูˆู„: "ูƒู„ ุญูŠุงุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ู‚ูŠู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ"
05:18
and if you look at the words on the top right-hand side,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูู‡ู…
05:22
it says, "All lives have equal value."
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ุงู„ูู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ ู„ูˆุถุนู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
05:26
That's the understanding,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงุฏ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
05:28
the rational understanding of our situation in the world
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ู„ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฅูŠุซุงุฑ ุงู„ูุนู‘ุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ
05:31
that has led to these people
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ุจูŠู„ ุฌูŠุชุณ ูˆู…ุงู†ูŠู„ุง ุฌูŠุชุณ ุŒ ูˆ ูˆุงุฑู† ุจุงูุช.
05:34
being the most effective altruists in history,
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
05:38
Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
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ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆ ูƒุงุฑู†ุฌุงูŠ ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุฌูˆู† ุฏูŠ ุฑูˆูƒูู„ุฑ
05:41
(Applause)
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ู‚ุงู… ุจุฅุนุทุงุก ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ุนูŠุฉ ุฎูŠุฑูŠุฉ
05:47
No one, not Andrew Carnegie, not John D. Rockefeller,
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ูƒู…ุง ู‚ุงู… ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉุŒ
05:51
has ever given as much to charity
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ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู† ุฐูƒุงุฆู‡ู…
05:54
as each one of these three,
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ู„ู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ูุงุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ู‡ู….
05:57
and they have used their intelligence
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ูˆูู‚ุงู‹ ู„ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑุงุช ุŒ ู‚ุงู…ุช ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุบูŠุชุณ
06:00
to make sure that it is highly effective.
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ุจุฅู†ู‚ุงุฐ ุญูŠุงุฉ 5.8 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฎุต
06:04
According to one estimate, the Gates Foundation
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ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจูŠู† ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ
06:07
has already saved 5.8 million lives
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฌุนู„ู‡ู… ุดุฏูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถุŒ
06:11
and many millions more, people, getting diseases
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ุญุชู‰ ุฅุฐุง ุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ.
06:14
that would have made them very sick,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ุŒ ุณุชู‚ูˆู… ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุจูŠู„ ุฌูŠุชุณ
06:16
even if eventually they survived.
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ุจุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏุŒ
06:19
Over the coming years, undoubtably the Gates Foundation
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ุณุชู†ู‚ุฐ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑูˆุงุญ.
06:22
is going to give a lot more,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ุณุชู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุฌูŠู‘ุฏ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุฏูŠุฑ
06:24
is going to save a lot more lives.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ.
06:28
Well, you might say, that's fine if you're a billionaire,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃูุนู„ุŸ
06:32
you can have that kind of impact.
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ุณุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ูŠุณุฃู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
06:35
But if I'm not, what can I do?
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฑุจู…ุง ุชู‚ู ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุชุจุฑู‘ุนู‡ู….
06:38
So I'm going to look at four questions that people ask
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠู‚ู„ู‚ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ูุนู„ู‡.
06:41
that maybe stand in the way of them giving.
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุฏูŠุฑ.
06:45
They worry how much of a difference they can make.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุชุงูŠุจูŠ ุฃูˆุฑุฏ ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ุฒู…ูŠู„ ุจุงุญุซ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ
06:47
But you don't have to be a billionaire.
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ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุฅูƒุณููˆุฑุฏ
06:50
This is Toby Ord. He's a research fellow in philosophy
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ุฃุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคุซุฑูŠู† ุงู„ูุนู‘ุงู„ูŠู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ุงู… ุจุญุณุงุจ
06:54
at the University of Oxford.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌู…ุนู‡ ุนุงุฏุฉ
06:56
He became an effective altruist when he calculated
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ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ู‡ ุŒุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠ
06:59
that with the money that he was likely to earn
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ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ูŠุชุจุฑู‘ุน ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู„ุดูุงุก 80,000 ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ูŠุงู†
07:02
throughout his career, an academic career,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชู‚ุฏู…
07:04
he could give enough to cure 80,000 people of blindness
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ูˆูŠุชุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุงู„
07:11
in developing countries
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ู„ูŠุนูŠุด ุจู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู„ุงุฆู‚ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹.
07:13
and still have enough left
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุงู… ุชูˆุจูŠ ุจุชุฃุณูŠุณ ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุฎูŠุฑูŠุฉ
07:15
for a perfectly adequate standard of living.
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ุชุณู…ู‰ "ู†ุนุทูŠ ู…ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ู„ู†ู†ุดุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉุŒ
07:20
So Toby founded an organization
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ู„ุชูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุดุงุฑูƒูˆุง ุฌุฒุกุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฏุฎู„ู‡ู…"
07:22
called Giving What We Can to spread this information,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ุทู„ุจ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุชุนู‡ุฏ ุจุงู„ุชุจุฑู‘ุน ุจ 10%
07:26
to unite people who want to share some of their income,
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ู…ู† ู…ุง ูŠูƒุณุจูˆู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ูƒู„ู‡ุง
07:30
and to ask people to pledge to give 10 percent
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ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ุญุงุฑุจ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ.
07:33
of what they earn over their lifetime
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ุชูˆุจูŠ ู‚ุงู… ุจู†ูุณู‡ ุจู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง.
07:35
to fighting global poverty.
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ุญูŠุซ ู‚ุงู… ุจุงู„ุชุนู‡ู‘ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠุนูŠุด ุจู€ 18,000 ุจุงูˆู†ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ --
07:38
Toby himself does better than that.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 30,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ--
07:40
He's pledged to live on 18,000 pounds a year --
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ูˆ ุฃู† ูŠุนุทูŠ ู…ุง ุชุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช.
07:45
that's less than 30,000 dollars --
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ู†ุนู… . ุชูˆุจูŠ ู…ุชุฒูˆุฌ ูˆูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฑู‡ู† ุนู‚ุงุฑูŠ.
07:48
and to give the rest to those organizations.
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ู„ุงุญู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ู…ู† ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ
07:51
And yes, Toby is married and he does have a mortgage.
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ุชุดุงุฑู„ูŠ ุจุฑุณู„ุฑ ูˆ ุฏูŠุงู†ุง ุดูˆูˆุช ุŒ
07:57
This is a couple at a later stage of life,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุงูุนูŠู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃู„ุชู‚ูˆุง ุจุจุนุถู‡ู… ุŒ
08:00
Charlie Bresler and Diana Schott,
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู†ุงุดุทูŠู† ุถุฏ ุญุฑุจ ููŠุชู†ุงู… ุŒ
08:03
who, when they were young, when they met,
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ุญุงุฑุจูˆุง ู„ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุนุฏุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ุŒ
08:05
were activists against the Vietnam War,
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ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุธุงุฆู ุซุงุจุชุฉ ุŒ ูƒู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุŒ
08:08
fought for social justice,
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ู„ู… ูŠูุนู„ุง ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ู†ุดูŠุท ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุŒ
08:10
and then moved into careers, as most people do,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฃูŠุถุง ู„ู… ูŠุชุฎู„ูˆุง ุนู†ู‡ุง .
08:13
didn't really do anything very active about those values,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูˆุตู„ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ
08:16
although they didn't abandon them.
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ูŠุจุฏุฃ ููŠู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ุชู‚ุงุนุฏุŒ ุนุงุฏูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู…ุŒ
08:19
And then, as they got to the age at which many people
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ูˆู‚ุฑุฑูˆุง ุฃู† ูŠุณุชู‚ุทุนูˆุง ู…ู† ู†ูู‚ุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ
08:22
start to think of retirement, they returned to them,
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ู„ู„ุนูŠุด ุจุชูˆุงุถุน ุŒ ูˆ ุฅุนุทุงุก ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ูˆ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
08:25
and they've decided to cut back on their spending,
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ู„ู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ููŠ ู…ุญุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ.
08:28
to live modestly, and to give both money and time
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ู‚ุฏ ูŠู‚ูˆุฏูƒ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุŒ
08:33
to helping to fight global poverty.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุŒ ู‡ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ูŠ ุนู† ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูุฑู‘ุบ
08:38
Now, mentioning time might lead you to think,
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ู„ุฅู†ู‚ุงุฐ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุฑูˆุงุญ ู…ู† 19,000
08:41
"Well, should I abandon my career and put all of my time
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู…ูˆุชูˆู† ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹ ุŸ "
08:45
into saving some of these 19,000 lives
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ููƒุฑูˆุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
08:48
that are lost every day?"
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ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง
08:50
One person who's thought quite a bit about this issue
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ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…... ู‡ูˆ ูˆูŠู„ ูƒุฑุงูˆุด.
08:52
of how you can have a career that will have
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ุชุฎุฑุฌ ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุต ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ ุŒ
08:55
the biggest impact for good in the world is Will Crouch.
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ูˆุฃู†ุดุฃ ู…ูˆู‚ุนุง ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุง ุงุณู…ู‡ ูจู ู ู ู  ุณุงุนุฉุŒ
08:59
He's a graduate student in philosophy,
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ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุณุงุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนุฉ
09:02
and he's set up a website called 80,000 Hours,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‚ุถูŠู‡ุง ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ูˆุธุงุฆูู‡ู…ุŒ
09:06
the number of hours he estimates
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ูƒูŠ ูŠู†ุตุญ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูุถู„ุŒ
09:08
most people spend on their career,
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ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
09:10
to advise people on how to have the best,
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุชูุงุฌุฆุง ุฅุฐุง ุนู„ู…ุช
09:12
most effective career.
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ุฃู† ุฃุญุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู†ุตุญ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจู‡ุงุŒ
09:14
But you might be surprised to know
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทุจุน ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ
09:16
that one of the careers that he encourages people to consider,
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ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุงู„ุชุญุงู‚ ุจุงู„ุจู†ูˆูƒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ.
09:19
if they have the right abilities and character,
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ ู„ุฃู†ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุณุจุช ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุŒ
09:22
is to go into banking or finance.
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ุณุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุชุจุฑู‘ุน ุจุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุŒ
09:26
Why? Because if you earn a lot of money,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู†ุงุฌุญุงู‹ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุ›
09:30
you can give away a lot of money,
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ุณุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ุชุชุจุฑู‘ุน ู„ุชุณุงุนุฏ ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ู…ุง
09:33
and if you're successful in that career,
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ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุชูˆุธูŠู.. ู„ู†ู‚ู„ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุนู…ู‘ุงู„
09:35
you could give enough to an aid organization
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ููŠ ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ู†ุงู…ูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู…
09:37
so that it could employ, let's say, five aid workers
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ุณุชูƒูˆู† ูุนุงู„ูŠุชู‡
09:42
in developing countries, and each one of them
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ุจู†ูุณ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ู…ุงูƒู†ุช ุณุชูุนู„ู‡ ุฃู†ุช.
09:45
would probably do about as much good
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ูˆุจู‡ุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู…ุถุงุนูุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃุถุนุงู
09:47
as you would have done.
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ุจุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู.
09:49
So you can quintuple the impact
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุฃุฎุฐ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุตูŠุญุฉ.
09:52
by leading that kind of career.
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ุงุณู…ู‡ ู…ุงุช ูˆุงูŠุฌุฑ.
09:56
Here's one young man who's taken this advice.
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ูƒุงู† ุทุงู„ุจุงู‹ ูŠุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ููŠ ุจุฑู†ุณุชูˆู†ุŒ
09:58
His name is Matt Weiger.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูุงุฒ ุจุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุฃูุถู„ ุทุงู„ุจ ููŠ ุฃุทุฑูˆุญุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ
10:00
He was a student at Princeton in philosophy and math,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฎุฑู‘ุฌ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ.
10:04
actually won the prize for the best undergraduate philosophy thesis
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ุทุงุน ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ.
10:07
last year when he graduated.
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ูŠูƒุณุจ ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ุง ุงู„ู…ุจู„ุบ ุงู„ูƒุงููŠ
10:10
But he's gone into finance in New York.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠุชุจุฑู‘ุน ุจู…ุจู„ุบ ู…ู† ุณุชุฉ ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ู„ุตุงู„ุญ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุงุนู„ุฉ
10:13
He's already earning enough
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ูˆูŠุชุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู‡ ู…ุงูŠูƒููŠู‡ ู„ู„ุนูŠุด.
10:14
so that he's giving a six-figure sum to effective charities
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ู…ุงุช ุณุงุนุฏู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ููŠ ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุฎูŠุฑูŠุฉ
10:19
and still leaving himself with enough to live on.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุนู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ุง ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณู…ูŠู‘ุชู‡ุง
10:22
Matt has also helped me to set up an organization
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ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู„ูุชู‡ ุŒ
10:26
that I'm working with that has the name taken
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"ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฅู†ู‚ุงุฐู‡ุง"
10:29
from the title of a book I wrote,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‡ุฏู ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุง
10:31
"The Life You Can Save,"
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ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠููƒุฑูˆู† ููŠ
10:33
which is trying to change our culture
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ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ุณู†ุนูŠุด ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ
10:36
so that more people think that
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ูุฅู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุงููŠ ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฃุฏุงุก ุงู„ู€ "ู†ูˆู†-ุดุงุชู„-ุซูˆูˆ" (ุงู„ุนุจุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ)
10:39
if we're going to live an ethical life,
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ูˆุฃู† ู„ุง ู†ุญุชุงู„ุŒ ู†ุณุฑู‚ุŒ ู†ุฌุฑุญุŒ ู†ู‚ุชู„ุŒ
10:41
it's not enough just to follow the thou-shalt-nots
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ุจู„ ููŠ ุฃู† ู†ุดุงุฑูƒ ู…ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงูƒุชูุงุฆู†ุง
10:45
and not cheat, steal, maim, kill,
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ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ู„ูƒูˆู† ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„.
10:47
but that if we have enough, we have to share some of that
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ุฌู…ุนุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุณูˆูŠุฉ
10:50
with people who have so little.
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ู…ู† ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงุฑุŒ
10:54
And the organization draws together people
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ู…ุซู„ ู‡ูˆู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฑุฌุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนูŠุฉ ุŒ
10:56
of different generations,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู‡ู‘ุฏุช ุจุงู„ุชุจุฑู‘ุน ุจู€ 10%
10:58
like Holly Morgan, who's an undergraduate,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฆ ุงู„ูŠุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู…ู„ูƒู‡ ุŒ
11:00
who's pledged to give 10 percent
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ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุŒ ุขุฏุง ูˆุงุงู†ุŒ
11:01
of the little amount that she has,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู…ู„ุช ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ู„ุตุงู„ุญ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ุฐู‡ุจุช
11:03
and on the right, Ada Wan,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ูŠูŠู„ ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู…ุงุณุชุฑ ููŠ ุงุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ู„ุชุจุฐู„ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ.
11:05
who has worked directly for the poor, but has now
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ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุณูŠููƒุฑูˆู†
11:08
gone to Yale to do an MBA to have more to give.
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ุจุฃู† ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ ู„ูŠุณุช ูุนุงู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ.
11:13
Many people will think, though,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
11:14
that charities aren't really all that effective.
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ุชูˆุจูŠ ุฃูˆุฑุฏ ูƒุงู† ู‚ู„ู‚ุงู‹ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง
11:18
So let's talk about effectiveness.
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ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู… ุจุงุฌุฑุงุก ุญุณุงุจุงุช ู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุง ุฃู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑูŠุฉ
11:20
Toby Ord is very concerned about this,
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุงุนู„ูŠุฉ ุจู…ุฆุฉ ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุจุฃู„ู ู…ุฑุฉ
11:22
and he's calculated that some charities
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
11:25
are hundreds or even thousands of times
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฃู† ู†ุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุงุนู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
11:28
more effective than others,
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ูƒู…ุซุงู„: ุชูˆููŠุฑ ูƒู„ุจ ู„ุฅุฑุดุงุฏ ุดุฎุต ุฃุนู…ู‰
11:30
so it's very important to find the effective ones.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠ ุตุงุฆุจ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡.ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
11:32
Take, for example, providing a guide dog for a blind person.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ . ุดุฆ ุตุงุฆุจ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุŒ
11:37
That's a good thing to do, right?
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ู„ูƒู† ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ.
11:40
Well, right, it is a good thing to do,
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ุฅู† ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ ูƒู„ุจ ุงู„ุฅุฑุดุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชู„ู‚ูŠ ูŠูƒู„ู‘ู 40,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ
11:42
but you have to think what else you could do with the resources.
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ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ุจ ุงู„ุฅุฑุดุงุฏ
11:45
It costs about 40,000 dollars to train a guide dog
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ูุนุงู„ุง ููŠ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฃุนู…ู‰.
11:49
and train the recipient so that the guide dog
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ู„ูƒู† ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฃุนู…ู‰
11:52
can be an effective help to a blind person.
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ู…ู† ู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุฎูˆู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุงู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ
11:55
It costs somewhere between 20 and 50 dollars
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ู…ุง ุจูŠู† 20 ุฅู„ู‰ 50 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ
12:00
to cure a blind person in a developing country
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุจู†ูุณูƒ.
12:03
if they have trachoma.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชูˆููŠุฑ ูƒู„ุจ ุฅุฑุดุงุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ
12:05
So you do the sums, and you get something like that.
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ู„ุดุฎุต ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ุฃุนู…ู‰
12:08
You could provide one guide dog
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ุฃูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุนุงู„ุฌ ุจูŠู† 400
12:09
for one blind American,
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ุฅู„ู‰ 2000 ุดุฎุต ุฃุนู…ู‰.
12:12
or you could cure between 400
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡.
12:15
and 2,000 people of blindness.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ูุนู‘ุงู„ุฉ ุŒ
12:18
I think it's clear what's the better thing to do.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ุฌูŠู‘ุฏ ู„ุชุตูุญู‡.
12:22
But if you want to look for effective charities,
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"GiveWell" ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุŒ
12:26
this is a good website to go to.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงุฏุงุฑุชู‡ุง ูˆุฃุฏุงุฆู‡ุง ูู‚ุทุŒ
12:28
GiveWell exists to really assess the impact of charities,
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ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุจู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฆุงุช ู…ู† ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ
12:33
not just whether they're well-run,
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ูˆุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ูŠู†ุตุญ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุจุซู„ุงุซ ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ูู‚ุทุŒ
12:35
and it's screened hundreds of charities
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ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ "ุถุฏ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฑูŠุง" ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰.
12:37
and currently is recommending only three,
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ุฅุฐู† ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู‚ุงุณูŠุฉ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุชูˆุตูŠุฉุŒ
12:40
of which the Against Malaria Foundation is number one.
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ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ูˆู‚ุน thelifeyoucansave.com ูˆ Giving What We Can
12:44
So it's very tough. If you want to look for other recommendations,
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ูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู…ุง ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ูˆุงุณุนุฉุŒ
12:47
thelifeyoucansave.com and Giving What We Can
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ูุนู‘ุงู„ุฉุŒ
12:50
both have a somewhat broader list,
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุฅู†ู‚ุงุฐ ุงู„ุฃุฑูˆุงุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ.
12:52
but you can find effective organizations,
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ุณุฑูˆุฑ ู„ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช
12:56
and not just in the area of saving lives from the poor.
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ูŠุจุญุซ ููŠ ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ูุนู‘ุงู„ุฉ.
13:00
I'm pleased to say that there is now also a website
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃู‡ุชู… ุจู‡ุง
13:03
looking at effective animal organizations.
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ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชูŠุŒ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ
13:06
That's another cause that I've been concerned about
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ูŠูƒุจุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุดุฑ
13:08
all my life, the immense amount of suffering
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ู„ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุณู†ูˆูŠุง.
13:11
that humans inflict
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุจุญุซ ุนู† ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ูุงุนู„ุฉ
13:12
on literally tens of billions of animals every year.
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ู„ุชู‚ู„ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉุŒ
13:16
So if you want to look for effective organizations
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ Effective Animal Activism.
13:19
to reduce that suffering,
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ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุคุซุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูุนู‘ุงู„ูˆู† ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุงู‹
13:21
you can go to Effective Animal Activism.
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ู„ุชุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ู†ุฌุงุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ.
13:24
And some effective altruists think it's very important
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ู… ูŠุจุญุซูˆู† ุนู† ุทุฑู‚ ุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุฎุทุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ู‚ุฑุงุถ.
13:27
to make sure that our species survives at all.
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ู‡ู†ุง ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ู‚ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณู†ูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุนูŠ ุจู‡ุง
13:31
So they're looking at ways to reduce the risk of extinction.
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ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠู…ุฑ ูƒูˆูŠูƒุจ ุจู‚ุฑุจู†ุง.
13:34
Here's one risk of extinction that we all became aware of
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ู…ู† ู…ุณุงุนุฏุชู†ุง ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุชูˆู‚ู‘ุน
13:37
recently, when an asteroid passed close to our planet.
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ู…ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠูƒุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุตุทุฏู… ุจู†ุง
13:41
Possibly research could help us not only to predict
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ุฅุจุนุงุฏ ุฃูˆ ุชุดุชูŠุช ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠูƒุจ.
13:44
the path of asteroids that might collide with us,
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ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุดุฆ ุฌูŠู‘ุฏ ู„ู„ุจุฐู„ ููŠ ุณุจูŠู„ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡.
13:46
but actually to deflect them.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุงุช ู„ู„ุจุฐู„.
13:49
So some people think that would be a good thing to give to.
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ุณุคุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ :
13:51
There's many possibilities.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุณูŠููƒุฑูˆู† ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุนุทุงุก ุญู…ู„ ุซู‚ูŠู„.
13:53
My final question is,
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ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุคู…ู† ุจู‡ุฐุง.
13:55
some people will think it's a burden to give.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุณู…ุชุนุช ุจุงู„ุนุทุงุก ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ ูƒู„ู‘ู‡ุง
13:58
I don't really believe it is.
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃู† ุชุฎุฑุฌุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ.
14:00
I've enjoyed giving all of my life
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ูƒุงู† ุดูŠุฆุง ูŠุฑุถูŠ ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู‘.
14:02
since I was a graduate student.
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ุชุดุงุฑู„ูŠ ุจุฑุณู„ุฏุฑ ู‚ุงู„ ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ููŠู‡ ุฎุตู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฅูŠุซุงุฑ.
14:03
It's been something fulfilling to me.
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ูƒุงู† ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆูุฑู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ู…ู„ูƒู‡.
14:06
Charlie Bresler said to me that he's not an altruist.
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ุช ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฑุฌุงู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุญุงุฑุจ ุงู„ุฅูƒุชุฆุงุจ
14:09
He thinks that the life he's saving is his own.
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ุญุชู‰ ุดุงุฑูƒุช ููŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅูŠุซุงุฑ ุงู„ูุงุนู„ุŒ
14:12
And Holly Morgan told me that she used to battle depression
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุฃุณุนุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุนุฑูู‡ู….
14:16
until she got involved with effective altruism,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ู„ู‡ุฐุง
14:18
and now is one of the happiest people she knows.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ูƒูˆู†ูƒ ู…ุคุซุฑ ูุนู‘ุงู„ ูŠุณุงุนุฏูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฎุทูŠ
14:22
I think one of the reasons for this
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ู…ุง ุฃุณู…ูŠู‡ "ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุณูŠุฒูŠู"
14:23
is that being an effective altruist helps to overcome
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุณูŠุฒูŠู ูƒู…ุง ุตูˆุฑ ู„ู†ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุชูŠุชูŠุงู† ุŒ
14:27
what I call the Sisyphus problem.
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ู…ุฏุงู† ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุขู„ู‡ุฉ ู„ูŠุฏูุน ุตุฎุฑุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
14:30
Here's Sisyphus as portrayed by Titian,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู„ุฉ.
14:33
condemned by the gods to push a huge boulder
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ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุจู„ูˆุบู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฉ ูŠุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ
14:36
up to the top of the hill.
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุชุชุฏุญุฑุฌ ุงู„ุตุฎุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู„ุฉ ู†ุฒูˆู„ุงู‹ุŒ
14:38
Just as he gets there, the effort becomes too much,
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ุซู… ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ ู„ูŠุฏูุนู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
14:41
the boulder escapes, rolls all the way down the hill,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฆ ูŠุชูƒุฑุฑ ู…ุฑุงุฑุงู‹ ูˆุชูƒุฑุงุฑุงู‹
14:44
he has to trudge back down to push it up again,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุจุฏ.
14:47
and the same thing happens again and again
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ู‡ู„ ูŠุฐูƒุฑู‘ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฃุณู„ูˆุจ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒุŒ
14:50
for all eternity.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุฌุงู‡ุฏุงู‹ ู„ุชูƒุณุจ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุŒ
14:52
Does that remind you of a consumer lifestyle,
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ุชู†ูู‚ ู…ุงู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู„ุน ุงู„ุฅุณุชู‡ู„ุงูƒูŠุฉ
14:55
where you work hard to get money,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชู…ู†ู‰ ุฃู† ุชุณุชู…ุชุน ุจุฅุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุง ุŸ
14:58
you spend that money on consumer goods
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุŒ ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุฌู‡ุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ
15:00
which you hope you'll enjoy using?
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ู„ูƒุณุจ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ุŒ ุฅู†ูุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰
15:03
But then the money's gone, you have to work hard
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ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุนุงุฏุฉ ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑุบุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฒูˆู„ ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุชุญู‚ู‚ู‡ุง.
15:06
to get more, spend more, and to maintain
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ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุชุดุนุฑ ู…ุทู„ู‚ุง ุจุงู„ุฑุถุง.
15:09
the same level of happiness, it's kind of a hedonic treadmill.
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ุนู†ู…ุง ุชุตุจุญ ู…ุคุซุฑู‹ ูุนู‘ุงู„ุงู‹ ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุทูŠูƒ
15:12
You never get off, and you never really feel satisfied.
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ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒ.
15:15
Becoming an effective altruist gives you
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ู…ุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุฅุญุชุฑุงู… ุงู„ุฐุงุช
15:18
that meaning and fulfillment.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุจุฃู† ุญูŠุงุชูƒ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฐุงุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
15:20
It enables you to have a solid basis for self-esteem
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ุณุฃุฎุชู… ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠ ุจุฅุฎุจุงุฑูƒู…
15:24
on which you can feel your life was really worth living.
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ุนู† ุงู„ุฅูŠู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู„ู‚ู‘ูŠุชู‡
15:28
I'm going to conclude by telling you
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃูƒุชุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทุงุจ ู‚ุจู„ ุดู‡ุฑ ูู‚ุท.
15:31
about an email that I received
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ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุฑุฌู„ ุงุณู…ู‡ ูƒูˆุฑูŠุณ ูƒุฑูˆูŠ ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู… ุฃุณู…ุน ุจู‡ ู…ุทู„ู‚ุงู‹.
15:33
while I was writing this talk just a month or so ago.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุชุนุงููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ.
15:38
It's from a man named Chris Croy, who I'd never heard of.
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุชุนุงุงููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ ุŸ
15:41
This is a picture of him showing him recovering from surgery.
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ุงู„ุฅูŠู…ูŠู„ ูŠุจุฏุฃ: "ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุงุก ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ ุŒ
15:45
Why was he recovering from surgery?
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ุชุจุฑู‘ุนุช ุจุงู„ุฎูุงุก ุจูƒู„ูŠุชูŠ ุงู„ูŠู…ู†ู‰ ู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุบุฑูŠุจ ุนู†ูŠ.
15:48
The email began, "Last Tuesday,
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ูˆุฃุณุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุชุจุฑู‘ุน ุจุงู„ูƒู„ู‰
15:51
I anonymously donated my right kidney to a stranger.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู…ูƒู† ุฃุฑุจุน ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ู‰."
15:55
That started a kidney chain
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ูกู ู  ุดุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ
15:57
which enabled four people to receive kidneys."
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ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ุบูŠุฑู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง.
16:02
There's about 100 people each year in the U.S.
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ูƒู†ุช ู…ุณุฑูˆุฑุงู‹ ู„ู‚ุฑุงุฆุชูŠ ู‡ุฐุง. ู‚ุงู„ ูƒุฑูŠุณ:
16:04
and more in other countries who do that.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุชุฃุซุฑ ุจุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู ู…ุง ูุนู„ู‡.
16:07
I was pleased to read it. Chris went on to say
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุฃุนุชุฑู ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฃูุญุฑูุฌุช ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุŒ
16:09
that he'd been influenced by my writings in what he did.
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุฒู„ุช ุฃู…ู„ูƒ ูƒู„ูŠุชุงู†.
16:13
Well, I have to admit, I'm also somewhat embarrassed by that,
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒุฑูŠุณ ู‚ุงู„ ููŠ ุฎุทุงุจู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠููƒู‘ุฑ
16:16
because I still have two kidneys.
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ุฃู† ู…ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุงู‹ุŒ
16:22
But Chris went on to say that he didn't think
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุงู… ุจุญุณุงุจ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช
16:25
that what he'd done was all that amazing,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุถุงูู‡ุง ู„ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุŒ ู„ุชู…ุฏูŠุฏ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ุŒ
16:27
because he calculated that the number of life-years
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒู†ุช ุณุชุญู‚ู‚ู‡ุง ุฃู†ุช
16:31
that he had added to people, the extension of life,
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ุฅุฐุง ุชุจุฑู‘ุนุช ุจ5,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุฅู„ู‰"ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฑูŠุง" .
16:33
was about the same that you could achieve
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ุฃุดุนุฑ ุจุฃู†ูŠ ุฃูุถู„ ุจู‚ู„ูŠู„
16:36
if you gave 5,000 dollars to the Against Malaria Foundation.
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู‚ู…ุช ุจุงู„ุชุจุฑู‘ุน ุจุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 5,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ
16:42
And that did make me feel a little bit better,
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ู„ู€ู€"ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฑูŠุง"
16:46
because I have given more than 5,000 dollars
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ูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ุงู„ูุนู‘ุงู„ุฉ.
16:50
to the Against Malaria Foundation
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุดุนุฑ ุจุฅุณุชูŠุงุก
16:52
and to various other effective charities.
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ูƒ ู…ุง ุฒู„ุช ุชู…ู„ูƒ ูƒู„ูŠุชุงู†
16:57
So if you're feeling bad
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ู„ูƒ ู„ู„ุฅูู„ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุทู‘ุงู.
16:59
because you still have two kidneys as well,
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ุดูƒุฑุง
17:03
there's a way for you to get off the hook.
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
17:06
Thank you.
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17:07
(Applause)
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ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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