Peter Singer: The why and how of effective altruism

688,562 views ใƒป 2013-05-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
There's something that I'd like you to see.
1
12868
3605
ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืจืื•.
00:16
(Video) Reporter: It's a story that's deeply unsettled
2
16473
2484
(ื•ื™ื“ืื•): ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืื“ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“
00:18
millions in China:
3
18957
2054
ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ:
00:21
footage of a two-year-old girl
4
21011
1880
ืกืฆื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
00:22
hit by a van and left bleeding in the street by passersby,
5
22891
4552
ืฉื ืคื’ืขื” ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฉืืจื” ืžื“ืžืžืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
00:27
footage too graphic to be shown.
6
27443
3240
ืกืฆื™ื ื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช.
00:30
The entire accident is caught on camera.
7
30683
2680
ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื ืœื›ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื”.
00:33
The driver pauses after hitting the child,
8
33363
2808
ื”ื ื”ื’ ื ืขืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื”,
00:36
his back wheels seen resting on her for over a second.
9
36171
3912
ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ืจืื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
00:40
Within two minutes, three people pass two-year-old Wang Yue by.
10
40083
3945
ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช 3 ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื•ื•ืื ื’ ื™ื• ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
00:44
The first walks around the badly injured toddler completely.
11
44028
3684
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกืข ืžืžืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ื” ืฉืคื’ื•ืขื” ืงืฉื”
00:47
Others look at her before moving off.
12
47712
3323
ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื.
00:53
Peter Singer: There were other people
13
53540
1267
ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืกื™ื ื’ืจ: ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:54
who walked past Wang Yue,
14
54807
2327
ืฉื—ืœืคื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื•ื•ืื ื’ ื™ื•,
00:57
and a second van ran over her legs
15
57134
1719
ื•ื˜ื ื“ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจืก ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”
00:58
before a street cleaner raised the alarm.
16
58853
3216
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื ืงื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื”.
01:02
She was rushed to hospital, but it was too late. She died.
17
62069
5201
ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื”.
01:07
I wonder how many of you, looking at that,
18
67270
3808
ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:11
said to yourselves just now, "I would not have done that.
19
71078
3683
ืืžืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื–ื” ืขืชื”, "ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.
01:14
I would have stopped to help."
20
74761
2204
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ."
01:16
Raise your hands if that thought occurred to you.
21
76965
3900
ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื• ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื.
01:20
As I thought, that's most of you.
22
80865
2876
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื–ื” ืจื•ื‘ื›ื.
01:23
And I believe you. I'm sure you're right.
23
83741
1967
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ื. ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
01:25
But before you give yourself too much credit,
24
85708
3239
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜,
01:28
look at this.
25
88947
1662
ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:30
UNICEF reports that in 2011,
26
90609
4176
ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆืฃ ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 2011,
01:34
6.9 million children under five
27
94785
3949
6.9 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ
01:38
died from preventable, poverty-related diseases.
28
98734
5452
ืžืชื• ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข, ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
01:44
UNICEF thinks that that's good news
29
104186
2262
ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆืฃ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
01:46
because the figure has been steadily coming down
30
106448
3178
ื›ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”
01:49
from 12 million in 1990. That is good.
31
109626
4053
ืž- 12 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:53
But still, 6.9 million
32
113679
3104
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, 6.9 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
01:56
is 19,000 children dying every day.
33
116783
5324
ื–ื” 19,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
02:02
Does it really matter
34
122107
2786
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื ื”
02:04
that we're not walking past them in the street?
35
124893
2905
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘?
02:07
Does it really matter that they're far away?
36
127798
5218
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื?
02:13
I don't think it does make a morally relevant difference.
37
133016
3418
ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
02:16
The fact that they're not right in front of us,
38
136434
2408
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
02:18
the fact, of course, that they're of a different nationality
39
138842
2161
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืœืื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”
02:21
or race, none of that seems morally relevant to me.
40
141003
3975
ืื• ื’ื–ืข, ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
02:24
What is really important is,
41
144978
1520
ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื,
02:26
can we reduce that death toll? Can we save
42
146498
4265
ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื? ื”ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ
02:30
some of those 19,000 children dying every day?
43
150763
4966
ื—ืœืง ืž-19,000 ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื?
02:35
And the answer is, yes we can.
44
155729
3618
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
02:39
Each of us spends money
45
159347
2543
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื›ืกืฃ
02:41
on things that we do not really need.
46
161890
2181
ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื .
02:44
You can think what your own habit is,
47
164071
1932
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
02:46
whether it's a new car, a vacation
48
166003
2565
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืจื›ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื—ื•ืคืฉื”
02:48
or just something like buying bottled water
49
168568
2680
ืื• ืกืชื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื
02:51
when the water that comes out of the tap
50
171248
2023
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืจื–
02:53
is perfectly safe to drink.
51
173271
2530
ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”.
02:55
You could take the money you're spending
52
175801
1647
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื
02:57
on those unnecessary things
53
177448
1895
ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:59
and give it to this organization,
54
179343
2366
ื•ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
03:01
the Against Malaria Foundation,
55
181709
2927
ื”ืงืจืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืžืœืจื™ื” ,
03:04
which would take the money you had given
56
184636
2572
ืฉืชื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ืชืช
03:07
and use it to buy nets like this one
57
187208
3703
ื•ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•
03:10
to protect children like this one,
58
190911
3539
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื•,
03:14
and we know reliably that if we provide nets,
59
194450
4296
ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื›ื™ืœื•ืช,
03:18
they're used, and they reduce the number of children
60
198746
3402
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
03:22
dying from malaria,
61
202148
2456
ืฉืžืชื™ื ืžืžืœืจื™ื”,
03:24
just one of the many preventable diseases
62
204604
2808
ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข
03:27
that are responsible for some of those 19,000 children
63
207412
3952
ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืž-19,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื”
03:31
dying every day.
64
211364
3648
ืฉืžืชื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
03:35
Fortunately, more and more people
65
215012
2184
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:37
are understanding this idea,
66
217196
2514
ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
03:39
and the result is a growing movement:
67
219710
3318
ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ืœื”:
03:43
effective altruism.
68
223028
2656
ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื”).
03:45
It's important because it combines both the heart and the head.
69
225684
4384
ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ.
03:50
The heart, of course, you felt.
70
230068
1711
ื”ืœื‘, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื ื—ืฉืชื.
03:51
You felt the empathy for that child.
71
231779
3143
ื—ืฉืชื ืืช ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ื–ื•.
03:54
But it's really important to use the head as well
72
234922
4034
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืจืืฉ
03:58
to make sure that what you do is effective and well-directed,
73
238956
4793
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
04:03
and not only that, but also I think reason helps us
74
243749
4334
ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื’ื ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื•
04:08
to understand that other people, wherever they are,
75
248083
3769
ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
04:11
are like us, that they can suffer as we can,
76
251852
3591
ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
04:15
that parents grieve for the deaths of their children,
77
255443
2673
ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
04:18
as we do,
78
258116
1803
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
04:19
and that just as our lives and our well-being matter to us,
79
259919
4218
ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•,
04:24
it matters just as much to all of these people.
80
264137
3243
ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”.
04:27
So I think reason is not just some neutral tool
81
267380
3068
ืื– ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื›ืœื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™
04:30
to help you get whatever you want.
82
270448
1495
ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
04:31
It does help us to put perspective on our situation.
83
271943
4630
ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžืงื ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:36
And I think that's why
84
276573
1879
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
04:38
many of the most significant people in effective altruism
85
278452
5006
ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
04:43
have been people who have had backgrounds
86
283458
2384
ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืข
04:45
in philosophy or economics or math.
87
285842
4738
ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืื• ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
04:50
And that might seem surprising,
88
290580
1465
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืžืคืชื™ืข,
04:52
because a lot of people think,
89
292045
1333
ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
04:53
"Philosophy is remote from the real world;
90
293378
3813
"ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™;
04:57
economics, we're told, just makes us more selfish,
91
297191
3943
ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื•, ืจืง ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื,
05:01
and we know that math is for nerds."
92
301134
3531
ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื."
05:04
But in fact it does make a difference,
93
304665
2758
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ,
05:07
and in fact there's one particular nerd
94
307423
1936
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ื ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
05:09
who has been a particularly effective altruist
95
309359
4220
ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
05:13
because he got this.
96
313579
1917
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืช ื–ื”.
05:15
This is the website of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,
97
315496
3279
ื–ื”ื• ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืžืœื™ื ื“ื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก,
05:18
and if you look at the words on the top right-hand side,
98
318775
3796
ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”,
05:22
it says, "All lives have equal value."
99
322571
3927
ื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช, "ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืฉื•ื•ื”".
05:26
That's the understanding,
100
326498
1869
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”,
05:28
the rational understanding of our situation in the world
101
328367
3622
ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื
05:31
that has led to these people
102
331989
2261
ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”
05:34
being the most effective altruists in history,
103
334250
4681
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
05:38
Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
104
338931
2672
ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืžืœื™ื ื“ื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื•ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืืคื˜.
05:41
(Applause)
105
341603
6133
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:47
No one, not Andrew Carnegie, not John D. Rockefeller,
106
347736
4169
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ, ืœื ืื ื“ืจื• ืงืจื ื’ื™, ืœื ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“. ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ
05:51
has ever given as much to charity
107
351905
2658
ื ืชื ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืฆื“ืงื”
05:54
as each one of these three,
108
354563
3248
ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื•,
05:57
and they have used their intelligence
109
357811
2752
ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
06:00
to make sure that it is highly effective.
110
360563
4080
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืื•ื“.
06:04
According to one estimate, the Gates Foundation
111
364643
3088
ืœืคื™ ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืงืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก
06:07
has already saved 5.8 million lives
112
367731
3808
ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ 5.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
06:11
and many millions more, people, getting diseases
113
371539
3158
ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช
06:14
that would have made them very sick,
114
374697
1527
ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,,
06:16
even if eventually they survived.
115
376224
3251
ื’ื ืื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืฉืจื“ื•.
06:19
Over the coming years, undoubtably the Gates Foundation
116
379475
2600
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืกึธืคึถืง ืงืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก
06:22
is going to give a lot more,
117
382075
2664
ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:24
is going to save a lot more lives.
118
384739
3975
ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:28
Well, you might say, that's fine if you're a billionaire,
119
388714
4242
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื ืืชื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ,
06:32
you can have that kind of impact.
120
392956
2424
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
06:35
But if I'm not, what can I do?
121
395380
2948
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื™ ืœื, ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
06:38
So I'm going to look at four questions that people ask
122
398328
3324
ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื
06:41
that maybe stand in the way of them giving.
123
401652
3448
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื
06:45
They worry how much of a difference they can make.
124
405100
2367
ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”
06:47
But you don't have to be a billionaire.
125
407467
3225
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ.
06:50
This is Toby Ord. He's a research fellow in philosophy
126
410692
3664
ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ืื•ืจื“ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”
06:54
at the University of Oxford.
127
414356
2026
ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
06:56
He became an effective altruist when he calculated
128
416382
3588
ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘
06:59
that with the money that he was likely to earn
129
419970
2275
ืฉืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—
07:02
throughout his career, an academic career,
130
422245
2400
ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช,
07:04
he could give enough to cure 80,000 people of blindness
131
424645
6667
ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื 80,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ
07:11
in developing countries
132
431312
2046
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
07:13
and still have enough left
133
433358
2273
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืืจ ืœื• ืžืกืคื™ืง
07:15
for a perfectly adequate standard of living.
134
435631
4724
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
07:20
So Toby founded an organization
135
440355
1997
ื›ืš ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ืกื“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
07:22
called Giving What We Can to spread this information,
136
442352
4086
ื‘ืฉื "ืœืชืช ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•" ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
07:26
to unite people who want to share some of their income,
137
446438
3926
ืœืื—ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื,
07:30
and to ask people to pledge to give 10 percent
138
450364
2713
ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืช 10 ืื—ื•ื–
07:33
of what they earn over their lifetime
139
453077
2111
ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
07:35
to fighting global poverty.
140
455188
3321
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
07:38
Toby himself does better than that.
141
458509
2439
ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
07:40
He's pledged to live on 18,000 pounds a year --
142
460948
4400
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ 18,000 ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื”-
07:45
that's less than 30,000 dollars --
143
465348
2744
ืฉื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืž- 30,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ --
07:48
and to give the rest to those organizations.
144
468092
3400
ื•ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื” ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”.
07:51
And yes, Toby is married and he does have a mortgage.
145
471492
5574
ื•ื›ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื ืฉื•ื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉื›ื ืชื.
07:57
This is a couple at a later stage of life,
146
477066
3645
ื–ื” ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
08:00
Charlie Bresler and Diana Schott,
147
480711
2996
ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ื‘ืจืกืœืจ ื•ื“ื™ืื ื” ืฉื•ื˜,
08:03
who, when they were young, when they met,
148
483707
1527
ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉื•,
08:05
were activists against the Vietnam War,
149
485234
3154
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื,
08:08
fought for social justice,
150
488388
1979
ื ืœื—ืžื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
08:10
and then moved into careers, as most people do,
151
490367
2884
ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
08:13
didn't really do anything very active about those values,
152
493251
3609
ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืืœื”,
08:16
although they didn't abandon them.
153
496860
2839
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ื˜ืฉื• ืื•ืชื.
08:19
And then, as they got to the age at which many people
154
499699
2379
ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
08:22
start to think of retirement, they returned to them,
155
502078
3406
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื”, ื”ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืœื™ื”ื,
08:25
and they've decided to cut back on their spending,
156
505484
3164
ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
08:28
to live modestly, and to give both money and time
157
508648
5145
ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ืžืŸ
08:33
to helping to fight global poverty.
158
513793
4878
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
08:38
Now, mentioning time might lead you to think,
159
518671
3042
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
08:41
"Well, should I abandon my career and put all of my time
160
521713
3624
"ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืื ืขืœื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™
08:45
into saving some of these 19,000 lives
161
525337
3205
ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืž-19,000 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
08:48
that are lost every day?"
162
528542
1663
ืฉืื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื?"
08:50
One person who's thought quite a bit about this issue
163
530205
2702
ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”
08:52
of how you can have a career that will have
164
532907
2823
ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื”
08:55
the biggest impact for good in the world is Will Crouch.
165
535730
3721
ืœื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืงืจืื•ืฅ'.
08:59
He's a graduate student in philosophy,
166
539451
2656
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
09:02
and he's set up a website called 80,000 Hours,
167
542107
4352
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ืืชืจ ืฉื ืงืจื 80,000 ืฉืขื•ืช,
09:06
the number of hours he estimates
168
546459
1674
ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืชื•
09:08
most people spend on their career,
169
548133
2372
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
09:10
to advise people on how to have the best,
170
550505
2212
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:12
most effective career.
171
552717
1980
ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:14
But you might be surprised to know
172
554697
2214
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
09:16
that one of the careers that he encourages people to consider,
173
556911
3021
ืฉืื—ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ,
09:19
if they have the right abilities and character,
174
559932
2265
ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
09:22
is to go into banking or finance.
175
562197
4667
ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.
09:26
Why? Because if you earn a lot of money,
176
566864
3811
ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ืื ืืชื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ,
09:30
you can give away a lot of money,
177
570675
2339
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ,
09:33
and if you're successful in that career,
178
573014
2046
ืื ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื–ื•,
09:35
you could give enough to an aid organization
179
575060
2614
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข
09:37
so that it could employ, let's say, five aid workers
180
577674
4930
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง, ื ื ื™ื—, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ืข
09:42
in developing countries, and each one of them
181
582604
3292
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
09:45
would probably do about as much good
182
585896
1844
ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
09:47
as you would have done.
183
587740
1534
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”.
09:49
So you can quintuple the impact
184
589274
3010
ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”
09:52
by leading that kind of career.
185
592284
4121
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
09:56
Here's one young man who's taken this advice.
186
596405
2520
ื”ื ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืฉืžืข ืœืขืฆื” ื–ื•.
09:58
His name is Matt Weiger.
187
598925
1341
ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื ืžืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืจ.
10:00
He was a student at Princeton in philosophy and math,
188
600266
3762
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
10:04
actually won the prize for the best undergraduate philosophy thesis
189
604028
3719
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืชื–ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
10:07
last year when he graduated.
190
607747
2379
ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.
10:10
But he's gone into finance in New York.
191
610126
3226
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
10:13
He's already earning enough
192
613352
1605
ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง
10:14
so that he's giving a six-figure sum to effective charities
193
614957
4266
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฆื“ืงื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
10:19
and still leaving himself with enough to live on.
194
619223
3729
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
10:22
Matt has also helped me to set up an organization
195
622952
3871
ืžืื˜ ื’ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
10:26
that I'm working with that has the name taken
196
626823
3053
ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืชื• ืฉืงืจื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืฉื ืœืงื—
10:29
from the title of a book I wrote,
197
629876
1627
ืžื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™,
10:31
"The Life You Can Save,"
198
631503
1898
"ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ,"
10:33
which is trying to change our culture
199
633401
2741
ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
10:36
so that more people think that
200
636142
3733
ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
10:39
if we're going to live an ethical life,
201
639875
1717
ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื,
10:41
it's not enough just to follow the thou-shalt-nots
202
641592
3831
ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจืง ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
10:45
and not cheat, steal, maim, kill,
203
645423
2380
ืœื ืชืจืžื”, ืชื’ื ื•ื‘, ืชื˜ื™ืœ ืžื•ื, ืชื”ืจื•ื’,
10:47
but that if we have enough, we have to share some of that
204
647803
2887
ืืœื, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”
10:50
with people who have so little.
205
650690
3353
ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜.
10:54
And the organization draws together people
206
654043
2779
ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื
10:56
of different generations,
207
656822
1684
ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
10:58
like Holly Morgan, who's an undergraduate,
208
658506
1845
ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ , ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
11:00
who's pledged to give 10 percent
209
660351
1517
ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืช 10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
11:01
of the little amount that she has,
210
661868
1949
ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”,
11:03
and on the right, Ada Wan,
211
663817
2053
ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืขื“ื” ื•ื•ืืŸ,
11:05
who has worked directly for the poor, but has now
212
665870
2727
ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช
11:08
gone to Yale to do an MBA to have more to give.
213
668597
4502
ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช MBA ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช.
11:13
Many people will think, though,
214
673099
1525
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื•, ืื•ืœื,
11:14
that charities aren't really all that effective.
215
674624
3982
ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฆื“ืงื” ืื™ื ื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
11:18
So let's talk about effectiveness.
216
678606
1793
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
11:20
Toby Ord is very concerned about this,
217
680399
1990
ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ืื•ืจื“ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
11:22
and he's calculated that some charities
218
682389
2887
ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืžื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฆื“ืงื”
11:25
are hundreds or even thousands of times
219
685276
2789
ื”ื ืžืื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืคื™ ืคืขืžื™ื
11:28
more effective than others,
220
688065
2058
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืื—ืจื™ื,
11:30
so it's very important to find the effective ones.
221
690123
2836
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
11:32
Take, for example, providing a guide dog for a blind person.
222
692959
5031
ืงื—ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืกื™ืจืช ื›ืœื‘ ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ.
11:37
That's a good thing to do, right?
223
697990
2812
ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
11:40
Well, right, it is a good thing to do,
224
700802
2022
ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
11:42
but you have to think what else you could do with the resources.
225
702824
2917
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
11:45
It costs about 40,000 dollars to train a guide dog
226
705741
4244
ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื› 40,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืืžืŸ ื›ืœื‘ ื ื—ื™ื™ื”
11:49
and train the recipient so that the guide dog
227
709985
2496
ื•ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœื‘ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื”
11:52
can be an effective help to a blind person.
228
712481
3384
ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ.
11:55
It costs somewhere between 20 and 50 dollars
229
715865
4272
ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ-50 ื“ื•ืœืจ
12:00
to cure a blind person in a developing country
230
720137
3006
ืœืจืคื ืื“ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช
12:03
if they have trachoma.
231
723143
2010
ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ืจืขื ืช.
12:05
So you do the sums, and you get something like that.
232
725153
3071
ืื– ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
12:08
You could provide one guide dog
233
728224
1746
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืง ื›ืœื‘ ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืื—ื“
12:09
for one blind American,
234
729970
2345
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื—ื“,
12:12
or you could cure between 400
235
732315
2876
ืื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืคื ื‘ื™ืŸ 400
12:15
and 2,000 people of blindness.
236
735191
3771
ืœ-2,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ.
12:18
I think it's clear what's the better thing to do.
237
738962
3597
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•.
12:22
But if you want to look for effective charities,
238
742559
3515
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฆื“ืงื” ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื,
12:26
this is a good website to go to.
239
746074
2232
ื–ื”ื• ืืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื•.
12:28
GiveWell exists to really assess the impact of charities,
240
748306
4884
Give Well ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฆื“ืงื”,
12:33
not just whether they're well-run,
241
753190
1965
ืœื ืจืง ืื ื”ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
12:35
and it's screened hundreds of charities
242
755155
2300
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฆื“ืงื”
12:37
and currently is recommending only three,
243
757455
3299
ื•ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”,
12:40
of which the Against Malaria Foundation is number one.
244
760754
4233
ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“.
12:44
So it's very tough. If you want to look for other recommendations,
245
764987
2623
ืื– ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“. ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
12:47
thelifeyoucansave.com and Giving What We Can
246
767610
3010
ืœ-thelifeyoucansave.com ื•ืœ- Giving What We Can
12:50
both have a somewhat broader list,
247
770620
2366
ื™ืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™,
12:52
but you can find effective organizations,
248
772986
3336
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื,
12:56
and not just in the area of saving lives from the poor.
249
776322
4176
ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™.
13:00
I'm pleased to say that there is now also a website
250
780498
2576
ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
13:03
looking at effective animal organizations.
251
783074
3432
ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
13:06
That's another cause that I've been concerned about
252
786506
2004
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ื’ืœืœื”
13:08
all my life, the immense amount of suffering
253
788510
2604
ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™, ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ
13:11
that humans inflict
254
791114
1526
ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
13:12
on literally tens of billions of animals every year.
255
792640
4257
ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
13:16
So if you want to look for effective organizations
256
796897
2326
ืื– ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
13:19
to reduce that suffering,
257
799223
2073
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
13:21
you can go to Effective Animal Activism.
258
801296
3001
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœ- Effective Animal Activism.
13:24
And some effective altruists think it's very important
259
804297
3039
ื•ื›ืžื” ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
13:27
to make sure that our species survives at all.
260
807336
3757
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
13:31
So they're looking at ways to reduce the risk of extinction.
261
811093
3430
ืื– ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
13:34
Here's one risk of extinction that we all became aware of
262
814523
2643
ื”ื ื” ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”
13:37
recently, when an asteroid passed close to our planet.
263
817166
4157
ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืขื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:41
Possibly research could help us not only to predict
264
821323
3006
ืื•ืœื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืœื—ื–ื•ืช
13:44
the path of asteroids that might collide with us,
265
824329
1971
ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ืืชื ื•,
13:46
but actually to deflect them.
266
826300
2792
ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื.
13:49
So some people think that would be a good thing to give to.
267
829092
2664
ืื– ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื•.
13:51
There's many possibilities.
268
831756
2242
ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
13:53
My final question is,
269
833998
1711
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื,
13:55
some people will think it's a burden to give.
270
835709
3031
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ืœ.
13:58
I don't really believe it is.
271
838740
1633
ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืš.
14:00
I've enjoyed giving all of my life
272
840373
2180
ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืœืชืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™
14:02
since I was a graduate student.
273
842553
1318
ืžืื– ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
14:03
It's been something fulfilling to me.
274
843871
2833
ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืง.
14:06
Charlie Bresler said to me that he's not an altruist.
275
846704
2431
ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ื‘ืจืกืœืจ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜.
14:09
He thinks that the life he's saving is his own.
276
849135
3374
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉืœื•.
14:12
And Holly Morgan told me that she used to battle depression
277
852509
3927
ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ ืืžืจื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื”ืื‘ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
14:16
until she got involved with effective altruism,
278
856436
2232
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
14:18
and now is one of the happiest people she knows.
279
858668
3546
ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื”.
14:22
I think one of the reasons for this
280
862214
1773
ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
14:23
is that being an effective altruist helps to overcome
281
863987
3267
ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ
14:27
what I call the Sisyphus problem.
282
867254
2871
ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก.
14:30
Here's Sisyphus as portrayed by Titian,
283
870125
3193
ื”ื ื” ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฆื™ืืŸ,
14:33
condemned by the gods to push a huge boulder
284
873318
3023
ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืกืœืข ืขื ืง
14:36
up to the top of the hill.
285
876341
1679
ืขื“ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”.
14:38
Just as he gets there, the effort becomes too much,
286
878020
3050
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื, ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื ืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
14:41
the boulder escapes, rolls all the way down the hill,
287
881070
3241
ื”ืกืœืข ื ืฉืžื˜, ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”,
14:44
he has to trudge back down to push it up again,
288
884311
3304
ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืฉืชืจืš ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘,
14:47
and the same thing happens again and again
289
887615
2419
ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
14:50
for all eternity.
290
890034
2382
ืœื ืฆื—.
14:52
Does that remind you of a consumer lifestyle,
291
892416
3015
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ืŸ,
14:55
where you work hard to get money,
292
895431
2682
ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ,
14:58
you spend that money on consumer goods
293
898113
2245
ืืชื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
15:00
which you hope you'll enjoy using?
294
900358
3572
ืฉืืชื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื?
15:03
But then the money's gone, you have to work hard
295
903930
2731
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ืขืœื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
15:06
to get more, spend more, and to maintain
296
906661
2900
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ
15:09
the same level of happiness, it's kind of a hedonic treadmill.
297
909561
3007
ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ, ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื ืชื ื•ืช.
15:12
You never get off, and you never really feel satisfied.
298
912568
3366
ืืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“, ื•ืืชื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืจื•ืฆื”.
15:15
Becoming an effective altruist gives you
299
915934
2992
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื
15:18
that meaning and fulfillment.
300
918926
1490
ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง.
15:20
It enables you to have a solid basis for self-esteem
301
920416
4191
ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื•ืฆืง ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
15:24
on which you can feel your life was really worth living.
302
924607
4125
ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
15:28
I'm going to conclude by telling you
303
928732
2556
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
15:31
about an email that I received
304
931288
2133
ืขืœ ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™
15:33
while I was writing this talk just a month or so ago.
305
933421
4924
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื• ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš.
15:38
It's from a man named Chris Croy, who I'd never heard of.
306
938345
3027
ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื›ืจื™ืก ืงืจื•ื™, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•.
15:41
This is a picture of him showing him recovering from surgery.
307
941372
4419
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ืœื™ื ืžื ื™ืชื•ื—.
15:45
Why was he recovering from surgery?
308
945791
2534
ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื ืžื ื™ืชื•ื—?
15:48
The email began, "Last Tuesday,
309
948325
3557
ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, "ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
15:51
I anonymously donated my right kidney to a stranger.
310
951882
3858
ืชืจืžืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื–ืจ.
15:55
That started a kidney chain
311
955740
2085
ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช
15:57
which enabled four people to receive kidneys."
312
957825
4669
ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช".
16:02
There's about 100 people each year in the U.S.
313
962494
2439
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
16:04
and more in other countries who do that.
314
964933
2718
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
16:07
I was pleased to read it. Chris went on to say
315
967651
2164
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืจื™ืก ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืืžืจ
16:09
that he'd been influenced by my writings in what he did.
316
969815
3372
ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืžื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™.
16:13
Well, I have to admit, I'm also somewhat embarrassed by that,
317
973187
3423
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื’ื ืงืฆืช ื ื‘ื•ืš ืžื›ืš,
16:16
because I still have two kidneys.
318
976610
6262
ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืชื™ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
16:22
But Chris went on to say that he didn't think
319
982872
2266
ืืš ื›ืจื™ืก ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘
16:25
that what he'd done was all that amazing,
320
985138
2680
ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
16:27
because he calculated that the number of life-years
321
987818
3507
ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื
16:31
that he had added to people, the extension of life,
322
991325
2548
ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
16:33
was about the same that you could achieve
323
993873
2809
ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
16:36
if you gave 5,000 dollars to the Against Malaria Foundation.
324
996682
5836
ืœื• ืชืจืžืชื 5,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืงืจืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืžืœืจื™ื”.
16:42
And that did make me feel a little bit better,
325
1002518
4076
ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
16:46
because I have given more than 5,000 dollars
326
1006594
3554
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 5,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ
16:50
to the Against Malaria Foundation
327
1010148
2847
ืœืงืจืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืžืœืจื™ื”
16:52
and to various other effective charities.
328
1012995
4903
ื•ืœืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช .
16:57
So if you're feeling bad
329
1017898
1434
ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืข
16:59
because you still have two kidneys as well,
330
1019332
4082
ื›ื™ ื’ื ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
17:03
there's a way for you to get off the hook.
331
1023414
2634
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื“ืจืš ืœ"ืœืฆืืช ืžื–ื”".
17:06
Thank you.
332
1026048
1200
ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:07
(Applause)
333
1027248
6154
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7