Peter Singer: The why and how of effective altruism

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Translator: Abdinasser Ahmed Reviewer: Abdikani Hassan

There's something that I'd like you to see.

Waxaa jira wax aan rabo inaad aragtaan.

(Video) Reporter: It's a story that's deeply unsettled

(Fiidyow) Weriye: waa sheeko si qoto dheer u arbushtay

millions in China:

malaayiin Shiine ah:

footage of a two-year-old girl

muuqaalka inan yar oo labo jir ah

hit by a van and left bleeding in the street by passersby,

waxa jiidhay gaadhi kadibna ka tegay iyadoo dhiigaysa wado la maro

footage too graphic to be shown.

muuqaalku aad ayay u adagtay in la muujiyo.

The entire accident is caught on camera.

dhacdada gebi ahaanteedba waxa qabatay kamara.

The driver pauses after hitting the child,

Derewalku wuu istaagay ka dib markuu jiidhay cunuga,

his back wheels seen resting on her for over a second.

waxaa la arkayey taayirkiisa oo ku taagan cunugta ilbidhiqsiyo.

Within two minutes, three people pass two-year-old Wang Yue by.

laba daqiiqo gudahood, sadex qof ayaa dhaafay cunugta laba jirka ah Wang Yue.

The first walks around the badly injured toddler completely.

Ka ugu horeeyaa wuxuu gebi ahaanba iska ag maray cunugta dhaawacan.

Others look at her before moving off.

kuwa kale waxay eegeen iyada intaysan joogsan.

Peter Singer: There were other people

Peter Singer: waxaa jiray dad kale

who walked past Wang Yue,

oo ag marayeyey Wang Yue,

and a second van ran over her legs

iyo gaadhi labaad oo cagaheeda dul maray

before a street cleaner raised the alarm.

ka hor intaan qof wadooyinka nadiifiyaa uusan ridin jeliska

She was rushed to hospital, but it was too late. She died.

waxaa loola cararay cusbitaalka, laakiin xili aad u danbaysay ayay ahayd. way dhimatay.

I wonder how many of you, looking at that,

Waxaan jeclaan lahaa intiina idinka mida, ee eegaysay taas

said to yourselves just now, "I would not have done that.

ee nafohooda ku tidhi iminka, "taas maan sameeyeen

I would have stopped to help."

waan joogsan lahaa si aan u caawiyo."

Raise your hands if that thought occurred to you.

Gacmihiina taaga intiina taasi ku soo dhacday.

As I thought, that's most of you.

Saan filayey, waa intiina bada.

And I believe you. I'm sure you're right.

waanan aaminsanahay, waan hubaa inaad saxantihiin.

But before you give yourself too much credit,

laakiin intaydaan wax badan u nafihiina u ku qancin,

look at this.

tan eega.

UNICEF reports that in 2011,

UNICEF warbixin ay soo saartay 2011,

6.9 million children under five

6.9 milyan oo caruurta da'doodu ka yartahay shan

died from preventable, poverty-related diseases.

ayaa u dhintay xanuuno laga hortegi karo, xanuuno ay keenaan faqrigu.

UNICEF thinks that that's good news

UNICEF waxay ku fekeraysaa in tani tahay war wanaagsan

because the figure has been steadily coming down

sababtoo ah tiradu aad ayay hoos ugu soo dhacday

from 12 million in 1990. That is good.

waxay ahayd 12 milyan sanadii 1990kii. taas waa war wanaagsan.

But still, 6.9 million

laakiin ilaa hada, 6.9 milyan

is 19,000 children dying every day.

waa 19,000 oo caruura ayaa maalin walba dhinta.

Does it really matter

miyaan tan dhab ahaantii saamayn lahayn

that we're not walking past them in the street?

inagoo marayna istaraytkii aan soo dhaafnay?

Does it really matter that they're far away?

miyay dhabtii saamayn leedahay inay inaga fog yihiin?

I don't think it does make a morally relevant difference.

ma filayo, waxay saamayn kala duwanaansho ku leedahay damiirka

The fact that they're not right in front of us,

xaqiiqdii ma joogaan horteena,

the fact, of course, that they're of a different nationality

laakiin dhabtii, dabcan, waxay aad ugu kala duwanyihiin qoomiyadaha

or race, none of that seems morally relevant to me.

ama jinsiyadaha, midkoodna aniga iilama muuqdo inuu ila taxaluqo

What is really important is,

waxaa dhab ahaantii muhiimka ahi waxay tahay,

can we reduce that death toll? Can we save

inaad hoos u dhigi karto tirada dhimashada? inagu ma badbaadin karnaa

some of those 19,000 children dying every day?

qaar ka mida caruurtaas 19,000 ah ee maalin kasta dhimanaysa?

And the answer is, yes we can.

jawaabtu waxay tahay, haa waan awoodnaa.

Each of us spends money

midkastoo inaga mida wuxuu ku kharash gareeyaa lacag

on things that we do not really need.

waxyaabo aynaan runtii u baahnayn.

You can think what your own habit is,

waxaad ka fekertaa waxaa kuu dhaqan ah,

whether it's a new car, a vacation

haday ahaan lahayd gaadhi cusub, dalxiis

or just something like buying bottled water

ama waxyaabo kale sida inaad iibsato caagad biyo ah

when the water that comes out of the tap

iyadoo biyaha qaabada ka imanaya

is perfectly safe to drink.

ay ilaa xad u caafimaad wanaagsanyihiin cabitaanka

You could take the money you're spending

waxaan u qaadi kartaa lacagta aad kharash garaynayso

on those unnecessary things

waxyaabahaas aadan u baahnayn

and give it to this organization,

inaad siiso ururkan,

the Against Malaria Foundation,

ururka Against Malaria Foundation,

which would take the money you had given

kaas oo qaadi doona lacagta aad siisay

and use it to buy nets like this one

una isticmaali doona maro-kaneeyoinka sida tan

to protect children like this one,

si ay u ilaaliso caruuta sida kan oo kale,

and we know reliably that if we provide nets,

waxaan ognahay runtii hadaynu siiyo maro-kaneecooyinkaas,

they're used, and they reduce the number of children

way isticmaalyaa, waxayna yaraynaysaa tirada dhimashada

dying from malaria,

u dhimanaysa kaneecada,

just one of the many preventable diseases

waa mid ka mida cudurada laga hor tegi karo

that are responsible for some of those 19,000 children

ee galaafta in ka badan 19,000 caruura

dying every day.

inay dhintaan maalin walba.

Fortunately, more and more people

nasiib daro, dab badan oo badan

are understanding this idea,

ayaa fahmaya fikradan,

and the result is a growing movement:

maxsuulkuna kacdoon koroya:

effective altruism.

deeqsinimo waxtar leh

It's important because it combines both the heart and the head.

waa muhiim sababtoo ah waxay isku xidhaa qalbiga iyo maanka

The heart, of course, you felt.

niyada, dabcan waad ka dareemi.

You felt the empathy for that child.

waxaad dareentay u calool boholyowga cunugaas

But it's really important to use the head as well

laakiin runtii waa muhiim inaan isticmaalno maanka sidoo kale

to make sure that what you do is effective and well-directed,

si aan hubaal uga dhigno waxaad samaysid inay tayo leeyihiin yihiina mid la agaasimay

and not only that, but also I think reason helps us

taasoo qudha maah, waxaanse ka fekeraa caqliyada na caawinaysa

to understand that other people, wherever they are,

inaan fahano in dadka kale, meel kasta ay joogaanba,

are like us, that they can suffer as we can,

ay yihiin inaga oo kale, ay u dhibtoodaan sideena oo kale,

that parents grieve for the deaths of their children,

in ay u murugada waalidka caruurtoodu dhimatay,

as we do,

sida inaga oo kale,

and that just as our lives and our well-being matter to us,

iyo sida nafaheeda iyo wanaageenuba inoo saameeyaan.

it matters just as much to all of these people.

ayay u saamaysaa sida dadkaas intooda bada.

So I think reason is not just some neutral tool

hadaba waxaan ka fekeray caqliyad maaha oo qudha mid dhexdhexaada

to help you get whatever you want.

oo kaa caawinaysa wax kastood doonaysid.

It does help us to put perspective on our situation.

waxay inaga caawinaysaa inaan aragtideena ku qotomino xaaladeena

And I think that's why

waxaana ka fekeray taas sababteeda

many of the most significant people in effective altruism

dad badan oo intooda badan yihiin deeqsiyiin tayo badan

have been people who have had backgrounds

waxay ahaayeed dad ka soo jeeda

in philosophy or economics or math.

filsafadaha dhaqaalaha ama xisaabta

And that might seem surprising,

taasoo u muuqan kartan mid lala yaabo

because a lot of people think,

maxaa yeelay dad badan ayaa ku fekera,

"Philosophy is remote from the real world;

"falsafadu inay tahay mid ka baxsan dunida dhabta ah:

economics, we're told, just makes us more selfish,

dhaqaalaha, waxaa la noo sheegay, inuu kaa dhigo mid kibir badan,

and we know that math is for nerds."

waxaynuna ognahay in xisaabtu tahay mid aan xiiso badnayn oo danbaysa

But in fact it does make a difference,

laakiin xaqiiqdii waxay samaysaa kala duwanaansho,

and in fact there's one particular nerd

xaqiiqdii waxaa jirta hal arin oon ku cajab gelinayn

who has been a particularly effective altruist

taasoo ahayd arin keensatay deeqsinimada tayada leh

because he got this.

sababtoo ah tan ayuu helay

This is the website of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,

kan waa websaydka Bill iyo Mellinda Gates

and if you look at the words on the top right-hand side,

oo hadaad eegto kelmada xaga sare ee midig ku qoran

it says, "All lives have equal value."

waxay leedahay "noolaha oo dhami waa isku qiime."

That's the understanding,

taas waa fahaamka,

the rational understanding of our situation in the world

fahamka caadiga ee xaaladeena aduunka

that has led to these people

taasoo sabab u noqotay dadkaas

being the most effective altruists in history,

inay noqday kuwa ugu deeqsisan taariikhda,

Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.

Bill iyo Melinda Gates iyo Warren Buffett.

(Applause)

(Applause)

No one, not Andrew Carnegie, not John D. Rockefeller,

Midkoodna, Adrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller,

has ever given as much to charity

weligood may siinin sadaqadan oo kale

as each one of these three,

sida mid ka mida sadexdaa,

and they have used their intelligence

waxayna u isticmaaleen garaadkooda

to make sure that it is highly effective.

ina ka dhigaan inay si dhaba u tarto.

According to one estimate, the Gates Foundation

Marka la eego qiyaas, Gates Foundation

has already saved 5.8 million lives

wuxuu durba badbaadiyey nolosha 5.8 milyan

and many millions more, people, getting diseases

malaayiin kale, dad ah, ayaa cuduro helayaan

that would have made them very sick,

taasoo ka dhigaysaan inay aad u xanuunsadaa,

even if eventually they survived.

xitaa hadii mark danbe ay badbaadaan

Over the coming years, undoubtably the Gates Foundation

sanadada soo socda, waxaan shaki ku jirin in Gates Foundation

is going to give a lot more,

inuu siin doono in kaloo badan,

is going to save a lot more lives.

si uu u badbaadiyo nofo aad u badan.

Well, you might say, that's fine if you're a billionaire,

Hagaag. waxaa laga yaabaa inaad tiraahdo, taasi way fiicantahay hadaad tahay bilyaneer,

you can have that kind of impact.

saamayntaasoo kale ayaad lahaan kartaa.

But if I'm not, what can I do?

laakiin hadaanan ahayn, maxaan samayn karaa?

So I'm going to look at four questions that people ask

markaa waxaan eegayaa afar suaalood oo dadku is waydiiyaan

that maybe stand in the way of them giving.

taasoo laga yaabo inay ugu taagnaato habkay u bixin lahaayeen.

They worry how much of a difference they can make.

waxay ka werweraan xajmiga isbedel ayay samay karayaan.

But you don't have to be a billionaire.

laakiin maaha inaad ahaatid bilyaneer.

This is Toby Ord. He's a research fellow in philosophy

Kan waa Toby Ord. Waa cilmi baadhe filsafadeed

at the University of Oxford.

ka ah jaamacada Oxford.

He became an effective altruist when he calculated

wuxuu noqday deeqsi tayo leh markuu xisaabtamay

that with the money that he was likely to earn

lacagta ay tahay inuu ka helo

throughout his career, an academic career,

shaqadiisa, shaqada climi-aqooneed,

he could give enough to cure 80,000 people of blindness

wuxuu ku dawayn karaa in ku filan 80,000 oo dad indho la'

in developing countries

oo ah wadamada soo koraya

and still have enough left

ee ay wax badani u dhimanyihiin

for a perfectly adequate standard of living.

si ay u gaadhaan nolol ilaa xad gaadhsan qaab nololeed ku filan.

So Toby founded an organization

Tody wuxuu hadaba assaasay urur

called Giving What We Can to spread this information,

la yidhaahdo Giving What We Can si uu u fidiyo warbixinta,

to unite people who want to share some of their income,

uuna u mideeyo dadka doonaya inay wadaagaan qaar ka mida dakhligooda

and to ask people to pledge to give 10 percent

uuna u waydiiyo dadku inay u bixiyaan qaadhaan 10 boqolkiiba

of what they earn over their lifetime

dakhliga soo gala noloshooda oo dhan

to fighting global poverty.

si loola dagaalamo fakhriga

Toby himself does better than that.

Toby laftirkiisu si fiican buu taas ka yeelay.

He's pledged to live on 18,000 pounds a year --

Wuxuu dalbay qaadhaan gaadhaya 18,000 oo ginin sanad --

that's less than 30,000 dollars --

taasi waxay ka yartahay 30,000 oo dollar--

and to give the rest to those organizations.

wuxuuna siiyey intii kale ururadaas kale.

And yes, Toby is married and he does have a mortgage.

haa, Toby waa xaas wuxuuna bangiga kaga jiraa guri dayntiis

This is a couple at a later stage of life,

kuwan waa labaamo noloshoodu dabayaaqo tahay,

Charlie Bresler and Diana Schott,

Charlie Bresler and Diana Schott,

who, when they were young, when they met,

kuwaasoo kulmay markay dhalinyaro ahaayee, markay kulmeen

were activists against the Vietnam War,

waxay ahaayeen aktifiis ka so hor jeeda dagaalkii Vietnam,

fought for social justice,

u dagaalamay cadaalada bulshada,

and then moved into careers, as most people do,

ka dibna u wareegay shaqo, sida dad badani sameeyaan,

didn't really do anything very active about those values,

aanay runtii waxbadan uga qaban qiimaheeda,

although they didn't abandon them.

inkastoo aysan ka tegin iyagu

And then, as they got to the age at which many people

ka dibna, markay gaadheen da'dii dadka inta badani

start to think of retirement, they returned to them,

bilaabaan inay ka fekeraan hawl-gabka, ayay ku laabteen,

and they've decided to cut back on their spending,

waxayna go'aansadeen inay jaraan kharashka ku baxa

to live modestly, and to give both money and time

una noolaadeen si caadi ah, waxayna siiyeen lacagtoodi iyo wakhtigoodiba

to helping to fight global poverty.

si ay ugu caawiyaan inay kula dagaalamaan faqriga.

Now, mentioning time might lead you to think,

iminka, wakhtiganaan sheegayo waxa laga yaabaa inuu kuu horseedo inaad fekerto,

"Well, should I abandon my career and put all of my time

"hagaag, miyey tahay inaan ka tago shaqadadyda oo aan geliyo wakhtigayga

into saving some of these 19,000 lives

si aan u badbaadiyo nafahaas 19,000 ah

that are lost every day?"

ee maalin walba la waayayo?"`

One person who's thought quite a bit about this issue

hal shakhsi oo ka fekeray arintan hal cabaara

of how you can have a career that will have

sidaad u heli lahayd sahqo kuu lahaan karta

the biggest impact for good in the world is Will Crouch.

saamaynta ugu wayn ee u wanaagsan adduunkan waa Will Crouch.

He's a graduate student in philosophy,

waa arday ka qalin jebiyey filsafada,

and he's set up a website called 80,000 Hours,

wuxuuna aasaasay website layidhaahdo 80,000 hours,

the number of hours he estimates

tirada saacadha uu qiyaasay

most people spend on their career,

dadka intooda badan waxay ku bixiyaan sahqadooda,

to advise people on how to have the best,

si uu ula taliyo dadka sida ugu wacan yeelan lahaayeen

most effective career.

shaqada ugu tayada badan.

But you might be surprised to know

waxaa laga yaabaa inaad la yaabto inaad ogaato

that one of the careers that he encourages people to consider,

mid ka mida shaqooyinka uu dadka ku dhiiri geliyo inay tixgeliyaan,

if they have the right abilities and character,

haday leeyihiih tayooyinka ku haboon iyo adaabka,

is to go into banking or finance.

inay tagaan bangiyada iyo dhaqaalaha.

Why? Because if you earn a lot of money,

sabab? maxaa yeelay hadaad hesho lacag badan,

you can give away a lot of money,

waxaad bixin kartaa lacag badan,

and if you're successful in that career,

hadaad ku guulaysato shaqadaad,

you could give enough to an aid organization

waxaad siin kartaa in ku filan hayadaha gargaarka

so that it could employ, let's say, five aid workers

markaa waxay shaqaalayn kartaa, aan nidhaahno shan qof oo shaqaale gargaar ah

in developing countries, and each one of them

oo ah wadamada soo koraya, mid kastoo ka mid ahina

would probably do about as much good

wuxuu runtii samayn karaa wanaag ka badan

as you would have done.

intaad samayn kari lahayd.

So you can quintuple the impact

markaa saamayntaasi waa shan meelood

by leading that kind of career.

ay kugu hogaaminayso shaqadaasi.

Here's one young man who's taken this advice.

Halkan waxaa jira nin dhalinyaro ah oo qaatay taladaas.

His name is Matt Weiger.

Magaciisu waa Matt Weiger.

He was a student at Princeton in philosophy and math,

wuxuu ahaa arday filsafada iyo xisaabta ka barta jaamacada Princeton,

actually won the prize for the best undergraduate philosophy thesis

wuxuu runtii ku guulaystay abaalmarinta buuga jaamacadeedka uu ka qoray filsafada

last year when he graduated.

sanadkii la soo dhaafay markuu qalin jebiyey.

But he's gone into finance in New York.

wuxuu shaqo dhaqaalaha ka helay New York.

He's already earning enough

wuxuu durba helaa in ku filan

so that he's giving a six-figure sum to effective charities

wuxuu siinayaa lacag lix xaradh dhan ururada deeqaha

and still leaving himself with enough to live on.

wuxuuna weli helaa lacag ku filn oo uu ku noolaado.

Matt has also helped me to set up an organization

Matt wuxuu sidoo kale iga caawiyey inaan sameeyo urur

that I'm working with that has the name taken

kaas oon ka shaqaynayo lehna magaca aan ka soo qaatay

from the title of a book I wrote,

ciwaanka buug aan qoray,

"The Life You Can Save,"

"Nolosha aad badbaadin kartied,"

which is trying to change our culture

kaasoo isku dayaya inuu bedelo dhaqankeena

so that more people think that

markaa dad badan waxay ka fekeraan in

if we're going to live an ethical life,

haday tahay inay ku noolaano nolol akhlaaqiyaad leh,

it's not enough just to follow the thou-shalt-nots

ma ku filna inaan raacno iska nolosha dahsoon

and not cheat, steal, maim, kill,

inaynaan khiyaamin, dhaawicin, dilin

but that if we have enough, we have to share some of that

laakiin hadaan haysano in nagu filan, waa inaan bixinaa in ka mida

with people who have so little.

dadka haysta inta yar

And the organization draws together people

iyo ururadka isu keena dadka

of different generations,

kala faca a,

like Holly Morgan, who's an undergraduate,

sida Holly Morgan, oo ah arday aan dhamayn jaamacada,

who's pledged to give 10 percent

oo dalabtay inay bixiso 10 boqolkiiba

of the little amount that she has,

lacagta yar ee ay haysato,

and on the right, Ada Wan,

iyo midigta, Ada Wan,

who has worked directly for the poor, but has now

kaasoo si toosa ugu shaqeeyey faqiirk, laakiin iminka

gone to Yale to do an MBA to have more to give.

ka wada jaamacad aYale Mastar digriigiisa si uu u helo in ka badan uu bixiyo'

Many people will think, though,

dad badan ayaa ka fekeri doona, fekeray,

that charities aren't really all that effective.

in sadaqadu ayaysan saas runtii u saamayn badnayn.

So let's talk about effectiveness.

balaan ka hadalno, tayaday leeyihiin.

Toby Ord is very concerned about this,

Toby ORd wuxuu aad ugu taxaluqaa tan,

and he's calculated that some charities

wuxuu xisaabiyey kuwo ka mida ururuda sadaqada

are hundreds or even thousands of times

ilaa boqolaal, xitaa kumanaan goor

more effective than others,

ay ka tayo badan yihiin kuwa kale,

so it's very important to find the effective ones.

makra waa muhiim in la helo kuwo tayo leh.

Take, for example, providing a guide dog for a blind person.

u soo qaado tusaale, in ey uu hago qof indho la'

That's a good thing to do, right?

waa mid wanaagsan inuu sameey, sax?

Well, right, it is a good thing to do,

hagaag, sax, waa mid saxa in la sameeyo,

but you have to think what else you could do with the resources.

laakiin waa inaad ku fikirtaa waxa kale eed ku samayn kari lahayd khayraadka

It costs about 40,000 dollars to train a guide dog

waxay ku kacaysaa ilaa 40,000 inaad ku tabo barto ey

and train the recipient so that the guide dog

iyo inaad tabobarto isaga si agyu u hagidiisu

can be an effective help to a blind person.

u noqon karto mid caawimo tayo leh u fidin karta qofka indhaha la'

It costs somewhere between 20 and 50 dollars

waxay ku kacdaa in lagu daweeyo inta u dhexaysa 20 ilaa 50 dollar

to cure a blind person in a developing country

in lagu daweeyo qof indha la' wadamada horumaray

if they have trachoma.

haday ku dhacdo tarajooma

So you do the sums, and you get something like that.

markaa waad isu gayn kartaa, waxaadna heli kartaa wax lamida taas

You could provide one guide dog

waxaad u fidn kari lahayd ey haga ah

for one blind American,

qof maraykan ah oo indha la'

or you could cure between 400

ama waxaad ku dawayn kartaa 400

and 2,000 people of blindness.

ilaa 2,000 oo dad indho la' ah

I think it's clear what's the better thing to do.

waxaan fili inay cadahay ta wanaagsan ay tahay in la sameeyo.

But if you want to look for effective charities,

laakiin hadaad eegayso ururada deeqa ee tayada leh

this is a good website to go to.

kan waa websayd wanaagsan oo ay tahay in la eego.

GiveWell exists to really assess the impact of charities,

GiveWell exist si aad runtii u qiimayso saamaynta ururadaas,

not just whether they're well-run,

maaha qudha in si wanaagsan loo wado,

and it's screened hundreds of charities

waxayse eegeen boqolaal urur

and currently is recommending only three,

iminka waxay ku taliyeen sadex urur qudha,

of which the Against Malaria Foundation is number one.

kaaso Against Maraia Foundation uu ka kow yahay.

So it's very tough. If you want to look for other recommendations,

hadaba aad ayay u adagtahay, hadaad eegto la talin kale oo wanaagsan,

thelifeyoucansave.com and Giving What We Can

thelifeyourcansave.com iyo bixi wixii aad karto

both have a somewhat broader list,

labaduba waxay leeyihiin liis dheer

but you can find effective organizations,

laakiin waad heli kartaa ururo tayo leh,

and not just in the area of saving lives from the poor.

oon ahayn qudha kuwo badbaadiya nolosha faqiirka.

I'm pleased to say that there is now also a website

Waxaan aad ugu faraxsanahay inaan idhaahdo waxaa jira sidoo kale websayd

looking at effective animal organizations.

eegaya ururada xayawaanka ee tayada leh.

That's another cause that I've been concerned about

taasi waa arin kale oo aan ka walaacsanaa

all my life, the immense amount of suffering

noloshayda oo dhan, dhibta baaxada weyn

that humans inflict

ee biniaadamka haleesha

on literally tens of billions of animals every year.

marka la turjumo tobanaan bilyan oo xayawaana sanad kasta

So if you want to look for effective organizations

markaa hadaad rabtid inaad eegto urur xayawaan oo tayo leh

to reduce that suffering,

si hoos loogu dhigo dhibka,

you can go to Effective Animal Activism.

waxaad tegi kartaa Effective Animal Actism.

And some effective altruists think it's very important

sidoo kale deeqsinomo tayo leh ood filay inay aad u muhiim tahay

to make sure that our species survives at all.

si loo looga dhigo nooluhu inay badbaadaa dhamaantood.

So they're looking at ways to reduce the risk of extinction.

markaa waxay eegayaa hababka hoos loogu dhigi karo khatarta inay dabar go'aan.

Here's one risk of extinction that we all became aware of

halkan waxaa ah hal khatar oo dabar go' ah oo aynu dhamaanteen ka war hayno

recently, when an asteroid passed close to our planet.

dhawaanahan, markii asteriyoodh uu maray meel u dhaw aduunkeena

Possibly research could help us not only to predict

waxaa suuro gal ahayd in cilmi baadhis ay inaga caawin lahayd inaan uun saadaalin

the path of asteroids that might collide with us,

jidka astiriyoodhada inagu dhici kara,

but actually to deflect them.

laakiin runtii ka hortagi karno inaysan dhicin.

So some people think that would be a good thing to give to.

dadka qaar ayaa ka fekera inay ahaan lahayd arin fiican inaynu bixino.

There's many possibilities.

waxa jirta suurtagalnimooyin badan,

My final question is,

suaashayda u danbaysaa waxay tahay,

some people will think it's a burden to give.

dadka qaar waxay ka fekeraan inay culustahay in la bixyo.

I don't really believe it is.

anigu ma aaminsani inay tahay

I've enjoyed giving all of my life

waxaan ku raaxaysanayey inaan bixiyo noloshaydi oo dhan

since I was a graduate student.

ilaa markaan qalin jebiyey.

It's been something fulfilling to me.

waxay ii ahayd wax i farxad gelinayey.

Charlie Bresler said to me that he's not an altruist.

Charle Bresler wuxuu igu yidhi inuusan ahayn deeqsi.

He thinks that the life he's saving is his own.

wuxuu ka fekeraa noloshii kaga baxday dhigaalkiisa.

And Holly Morgan told me that she used to battle depression

Holly Morgana wuxuu ii sheegay waxay u isticmaashay inay kula tacaasho niyad jabka

until she got involved with effective altruism,

ilaa hada waxay ku taxaluqday deeqsinada tayada leh,

and now is one of the happiest people she knows.

iminkana waa dadka ugu farxada badan een arkay.

I think one of the reasons for this

waxaan filayaa mid ka mida sababta arintan

is that being an effective altruist helps to overcome

in faxalnimada tayada lihi ay caawiso inaan ka gudbo

what I call the Sisyphus problem.

waxa aan ugu yeedho dhibta Sisphus.

Here's Sisyphus as portrayed by Titian,

halkan waxa ah Sisphus sida uu sawirkiisa soo dhigay Titian,

condemned by the gods to push a huge boulder

ku cambaareeyey in sanamadoodu ay ku soo riixeen dhagxaanti

up to the top of the hill.

korka ka saarnaa buurta.

Just as he gets there, the effort becomes too much,

marka uu minka halkan galay, dedaalku aad buu u sii batay.

the boulder escapes, rolls all the way down the hill,

dhagaxii wuu ka baxsaday, ku soo socday hoosta buurta,

he has to trudge back down to push it up again,

waa inuu dib u riixaa oo kor celiyaa mar kale

and the same thing happens again and again

si lamid ayaa dhacd oo dhacda

for all eternity.

ilaa dhamaadka dunida.

Does that remind you of a consumer lifestyle,

taas ma ku xasuusisaa qaab nololeedka macmiilka,

where you work hard to get money,

inaad aad u shaqayso si aad lacag u hesho,

you spend that money on consumer goods

waxaad ku bixisaa lacagtaas si aad ugu isticmaasho alaab

which you hope you'll enjoy using?

taasoo aad rajaynaysid inaad la dhici doontid isticmaalkooda?

But then the money's gone, you have to work hard

laakiin lacagtii way tagtay, waxaad u shaqaysay aad

to get more, spend more, and to maintain

si aad u helo in badan, waxaad kharash garaysay in badan, si aad u hesho

the same level of happiness, it's kind of a hedonic treadmill.

in la mida farxadaas, farxad raadinteedu dhamaanayn.

You never get off, and you never really feel satisfied.

ka dhamaan masid, runtiina weligaa ku qancin mayso.

Becoming an effective altruist gives you

inaad deeqsi wanaagsan nooqoto ayaa ku siin karta

that meaning and fulfillment.

macnaha faraxadaas gaadhideeda.

It enables you to have a solid basis for self-esteem

waxay kaa dhigaysaa inaad lahaato aasaaska dareenka niyadeed oo sareeya

on which you can feel your life was really worth living.

kaasoo aad ku dareemi karto inay noloshaadu tahay mid mudan in la noolaado

I'm going to conclude by telling you

waxaan ku soo gebogebaynayaa inaan idiin sheego

about an email that I received

emayl aan helay

while I was writing this talk just a month or so ago.

maraan qorayey hadalkan bil ka hor.

It's from a man named Chris Croy, who I'd never heard of.

waxay ka timid nin la dhaho Chris Croy, aanan weligay maqal

This is a picture of him showing him recovering from surgery.

kan waa sawirkiisa oo tusaya isagoo ka soo bogsoonaya qalin

Why was he recovering from surgery?

muxuu uga soo bogsoonayaa qaliinka?

The email began, "Last Tuesday,

emaylkii u danbeeyey wuxuu ku bilaabmay "salaasadii u danbaysay,

I anonymously donated my right kidney to a stranger.

waxaan si qarsoodiya ugu deeqay kelidayda midig qof aanan garanayn

That started a kidney chain

taas waxay bilowday silsilada kelida

which enabled four people to receive kidneys."

taasoo awood u siisay afar qof inay helaan kelyo."

There's about 100 people each year in the U.S.

waxaa jira ilaa 100 sanadkii maraykanka

and more in other countries who do that.

iyo kuwo kaloo wadamada kale oo sidaas sameeya.

I was pleased to read it. Chris went on to say

waxaa i farxad gelisay inaan akhriyo. Chris wuxuu yidhi

that he'd been influenced by my writings in what he did.

inay saamayn ku yeelatay qoraaladayda waxa uu sameeyey

Well, I have to admit, I'm also somewhat embarrassed by that,

hagaag. waa inaan qirtaa, intaasi iga yaabisay,

because I still have two kidneys.

maxaa yeelay, ilaa hada waxaan leeyahay laba kelyood.

But Chris went on to say that he didn't think

laakiin Chris wuxuu yihdi inuusan ka fekerin

that what he'd done was all that amazing,

inuu sameeyey wax saas loola yaabo.

because he calculated that the number of life-years

maxaa yeelay wuxuu xisaabiyey tirada sanadada

that he had added to people, the extension of life,

uu ugu daray dad, kordhinta nololeed,

was about the same that you could achieve

ay tahay mid la mida midaad gaadhi kari lahayd

if you gave 5,000 dollars to the Against Malaria Foundation.

hadaad siiso 5,000 dollar ururuka Against Malaria Foundation

And that did make me feel a little bit better,

aad ka dibna aad xoogaa dareerto wanaag,

because I have given more than 5,000 dollars

maxaa yeelay waxaad bixisay in ka badan 5,000 oo doolar

to the Against Malaria Foundation

ururka Against Malaria Foundation

and to various other effective charities.

iyo ururo kaloo deeqaha wax ku qabta.

So if you're feeling bad

Markaa hadaanad fiicnaan dareemayn

because you still have two kidneys as well,

maxaa yeelay weli laba kelyood ayaad leedahay,

there's a way for you to get off the hook.

waxaa jira qaabad aad uga bixi kartid.

Thank you.

Mahadsanidiin.

(Applause)

(Sacab)