What really happened to the Library of Alexandria? - Elizabeth Cox

2,738,868 views ・ 2018-08-14

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:07
2,300 years ago,
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Pre 2 300 godina,
00:09
the rulers of Alexandria set out to fulfill
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vladari Aleksandrije su se zaputili da ispune
00:11
one of humanity’s most audacious goals:
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jedan od najodvažnijih ciljeva čovečanstva:
00:14
to collect all the knowledge in the world under one roof.
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da sakupe sve znanje sveta pod jedan krov.
00:18
In its prime,
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Na svom vrhuncu,
00:19
the Library of Alexandria housed an unprecedented number of scrolls
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Aleksandrijska biblioteka je sadržala nezapamćen broj svitaka
00:23
and attracted some of the Greek world’s greatest minds.
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i privlačila je neke od najvećih umova Grčke.
00:27
But by the end of the 5th century CE, the great library had vanished.
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Međutim, do kraja V veka nove ere, velika biblioteka je nestala.
00:31
Many believed it was destroyed in a catastrophic fire.
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Mnogi su verovali da je uništena u katastrofalnom požaru.
00:35
The truth of the library’s rise and fall is much more complex.
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Istina o usponu i padu biblioteke je daleko složenija.
00:39
The idea for the library came from Alexander the Great.
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Zamisao za biblioteku je potekla od Aleksandra Makedonskog.
00:42
After establishing himself as a conqueror,
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Nakon što je učvrstio položaj osvajača,
00:45
the former student of Aristotle turned his attention
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bivši Aristotelov đak je preusmerio pažnju
00:47
to building an empire of knowledge headquartered in his namesake city.
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na izgradnju carstva znanja sa sedištem u gradu sa njegovim imenom.
00:52
He died before construction began,
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Umro je pre početka gradnje,
00:54
but his successor, Ptolemy I,
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ali njegov naslednik, Ptolomej I,
00:56
executed Alexander’s plans for a museum and library.
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ostvario je Aleksandrove planove za muzej i biblioteku.
01:01
Located in the royal district of the city,
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Smeštena u kraljevskom delu grada,
01:03
the Library of Alexandria
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Aleksandrijska biblioteka
01:05
may have been built with grand Hellenistic columns,
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je možda bila izgrađena sa velikim helenskim stubovima,
01:08
native Egyptian influences,
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izvornim egipatskim uticajima
01:09
or a unique blend of the two--there are no surviving accounts of its architecture.
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ili kao jedinstven spoj oboje - ne postoje preživeli zapisi o njenoj arhitekturi.
01:15
We do know it had lecture halls, classrooms, and, of course, shelves.
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Znamo da je imala sale za predavanja, učionice i, naravno, police.
01:20
As soon as the building was complete,
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Čim je zgrada završena,
01:21
Ptolemy I began to fill it with primarily Greek and Egyptian scrolls.
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Ptolomej je počeo da je ispunjava prvenstveno grčkim i egipatskim svicima.
01:26
He invited scholars to live and study in Alexandria at his expense.
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Pozivao je učenjake da žive i uče u Aleksandriji o njegovom trošku.
01:30
The library grew as they contributed their own manuscripts,
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Biblioteka je rasla zahvaljujući njihovom doprinosu u vidu rukopisa,
01:34
but the rulers of Alexandria still wanted a copy of every book in the world.
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ali vladari Aleksandrije su i dalje želeli primerak svake knjige u svetu.
01:39
Luckily, Alexandria was a hub for ships traveling through the Mediterranean.
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Srećom, Aleksandrija je bila stecište za brodove koji su putovali Mediteranom.
01:44
Ptolemy III instituted a policy requiring any ship that docked in Alexandria
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Ptolomej III je doneo zakon zahtevajući da bilo koji brod usidren u Aleksandriji
01:49
to turn over its books for copying.
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mora da preda svoje knjige radi kopiranja.
01:51
Once the Library’s scribes had duplicated the texts,
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Nakon što bi pisari biblioteke prekopirali tekstove,
01:55
they kept the originals and sent the copies back to the ships.
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zadržali bi originale i vraćali kopije nazad na brodove.
01:58
Hired book hunters also scoured the Mediterranean
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Unajmljeni lovci na knjige su takođe pretraživali Mediteran
02:02
in search of new texts,
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tragajući za novim tekstovima,
02:03
and the rulers of Alexandria attempted to quash rivals
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a aleksandrijski vladari su pokušali da unište konkurenciju
02:06
by ending all exports of the Egyptian papyrus used to make scrolls.
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tako što su zaustavili sav izvoz egipatskog papirusa za izradu svitaka.
02:12
These efforts brought hundreds of thousands of books to Alexandria.
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Ove mere su donele na stotine hiljada knjiga u Aleksandriju.
02:16
As the library grew,
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Kako je biblioteka rasla,
02:17
it became possible to find information on more subjects than ever before,
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postalo je moguće pronaći informaciju o više tema nego ikad pre,
02:21
but also much more difficult to find information on any specific subject.
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ali je bilo i mnogo teže pronaći informaciju o bilo kojoj posebnoj temi.
02:26
Luckily, a scholar named Callimachus of Cyrene set to work on a solution,
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Srećom, učenjak po imenu Kalimak iz Kirene se zaputio da radi na rešenju,
02:32
creating the pinakes,
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stvarajući pinake,
02:33
a 120-volume catalog of the library’s contents,
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katalog od 120 tomova sa sadržajem biblioteke,
02:37
the first of its kind.
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prvi te vrste.
02:39
Using the pinakes,
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Koristeći pinake,
02:40
others were able to navigate the Library’s swelling collection.
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drugi su mogli da se snalaze u rastućoj kolekciji biblioteke.
02:43
They made some astounding discoveries.
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Došli su do nekih zapanjujućih otkrića.
02:46
1,600 years before Columbus set sail,
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Hiljadu i šeststo godina pre nego što je Kolumbo isplovio,
02:49
Eratosthenes not only realized the earth was round,
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Eratosten ne samo da je shvatio da je zemlja okrugla,
02:52
but calculated its circumference and diameter
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već je čak izračunao njen obim i prečnik
02:55
within a few miles of their actual size.
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s preciznošću od nekoliko kilometara njene stvarne veličine.
02:57
Heron of Alexandria created the world’s first steam engine
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Heron iz Aleksandrije je napravio prvi parni motor na svetu
03:01
over a thousand years before
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više od hiljadu godina pre nego što je konačno nanovo izumljen
03:03
it was finally reinvented during the Industrial Revolution.
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tokom Industrijske revolucije.
03:06
For about 300 years after its founding in 283 BCE, the library thrived.
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Nekih 300 godina nakon što je osnovana 283. g. p. n. e, biblioteka je cvetala.
03:13
But then, in 48 BCE, Julius Caesar laid siege to Alexandria
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Međutim, 48. g. p. n. e. Julije Cezar je postavio opsadu oko Aleksandrije
03:19
and set the ships in the harbor on fire.
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zapalivši brodove u luci.
03:21
For years, scholars believed the library burned as the blaze spread into the city.
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Godinama su akademici verovali da je biblioteka spaljena
nakon što se stihija proširila na grad.
03:26
It's possible the fire destroyed part of the sprawling collection,
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Moguće je da je vatra uništila deo zamašne kolekcije,
03:30
but we know from ancient writings
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ali znamo iz antičkih zapisa
03:32
that scholars continued to visit the library for centuries after the siege.
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da su učenjaci nastavili da posećuju biblioteku vekovima nakon opsade.
03:36
Ultimately, the library slowly disappeared as the city changed from Greek,
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Naposletku, biblioteka je polako nestala dok je vlast u gradu prelazila od grčkih,
03:41
to Roman,
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preko rimskih,
03:42
Christian,
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hrišćanskih
03:43
and eventually Muslim hands.
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i na kraju muslimanskih ruku.
03:45
Each new set of rulers viewed its contents as a threat
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Svaki novi skup vladara je gledao na njen sadržaj kao na pretnju
03:48
rather than a source of pride.
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umesto kao na izvor ponosa.
03:50
In 415 CE,
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Godine 415. n. e,
03:52
the Christian rulers even had a mathematician named Hypatia
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hrišćanski vladari su čak ubili matematičara po imenu Hipatija
03:56
murdered for studying the library’s ancient Greek texts,
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jer je izučavao antičke grčke tekstove iz biblioteke,
03:59
which they viewed as blasphemous.
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na koje su oni gledali kao na bogohuljenje.
04:02
Though the Library of Alexandria and its countless texts are long gone,
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Iako Aleksandrijske biblioteke i njenih bezbrojnih tekstova više odavno nema,
04:06
we’re still grappling with the best ways to collect,
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još uvek muku mučimo sa najboljim načinima za sakupljanje,
04:09
access,
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pristupanje
04:10
and preserve our knowledge.
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i čuvanje našeg znanja.
04:12
There’s more information available today
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Trenutno imamo više dostupnih informacija
04:14
and more advanced technology to preserve it,
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i napredniju tehnologiju za njihovo čuvanje,
04:17
though we can’t know for sure
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iako ne možemo da budemo sigurni
04:19
that our digital archives will be more resistant to destruction
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da će naše digitalne arhive da budu otpornije na uništenje
04:22
than Alexandria’s ink and paper scrolls.
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od aleksandrijskih svitaka od mastila i papira.
04:25
And even if our reservoirs of knowledge are physically secure,
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A čak i ako su naši rezervoari znanja fizički bezbedni,
04:29
they will still have to resist the more insidious forces
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i dalje će morati da se odupru podmuklijim silama
04:32
that tore the library apart:
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koje su uništile biblioteku:
04:34
fear of knowledge,
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strahu od znanja
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and the arrogant belief that the past is obsolete.
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i osionom uverenju da je prošlost prevaziđena.
04:39
The difference is that, this time, we know what to prepare for.
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Jedina razlika je to što ovog puta znamo za šta da se pripremimo.
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