What really happened to the Library of Alexandria? - Elizabeth Cox

2,787,534 views ・ 2018-08-14

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Myung Duk LIM κ²€ν† : Won Jang
00:07
2,300 years ago,
0
7238
1881
2300λ…„ μ „
00:09
the rulers of Alexandria set out to fulfill
1
9119
2682
μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ ν†΅μΉ˜μžλ“€μ€
인λ₯˜μ˜ κ°€μž₯ μ›…λŒ€ν•œ λͺ©ν‘œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό 이루고자 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
one of humanity’s most audacious goals:
2
11801
2395
00:14
to collect all the knowledge in the world under one roof.
3
14196
4394
μ΄λŠ” μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  지식듀을 ν•œ 건물에 λͺ¨μœΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
00:18
In its prime,
4
18590
1234
전성기에,
00:19
the Library of Alexandria housed an unprecedented number of scrolls
5
19824
3799
μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„ λ„μ„œκ΄€μ€ μ „λ‘€ μ—†λŠ” μ–‘μ˜ λ¬Έμ„œλ“€μ„ μ†Œμž₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
00:23
and attracted some of the Greek world’s greatest minds.
6
23623
3534
그리슀의 μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 지성인듀을 λ§€λ£Œμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
But by the end of the 5th century CE, the great library had vanished.
7
27157
4540
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ„œκΈ° 5μ„ΈκΈ° 말, κ·Έ μœ„λŒ€ν–ˆλ˜ λ„μ„œκ΄€μ€ μ‚¬λΌμ Έλ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
Many believed it was destroyed in a catastrophic fire.
8
31697
3530
λ§Žμ€ 이듀은 이곳이 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ ν™”μž¬λ‘œ μ†Œλ©Έλ˜μ—ˆμ„ 것이라 λ―Ώμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:35
The truth of the library’s rise and fall is much more complex.
9
35227
4256
이 λ„μ„œκ΄€μ˜ ν₯망성쇠에 λŒ€ν•œ 진싀은 훨씬 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
The idea for the library came from Alexander the Great.
10
39483
3293
졜초의 건립에 λŒ€ν•œ 생각은 μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ” λŒ€μ™•μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
After establishing himself as a conqueror,
11
42776
2262
μ •λ³΅μžλ‘œμ„œμ˜ μž…μ§€λ₯Ό μ„Έμš΄ ν›„
μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ˜ μ œμžμ˜€λ˜ κ·Έκ°€ 관심을 가진 것은
00:45
the former student of Aristotle turned his attention
12
45038
2808
00:47
to building an empire of knowledge headquartered in his namesake city.
13
47846
4678
μžμ‹ μ˜ 이름을 λ”΄ λ„μ‹œμ— μ§€μ‹μ˜ μ œκ΅­μ„ κ±΄μ„€ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
He died before construction began,
14
52524
2208
κ·ΈλŠ” 곡사가 μ‹œμž‘λ˜κΈ° 전에 μ£½μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜
00:54
but his successor, Ptolemy I,
15
54732
2013
그의 ν›„μž„μžμΈ ν”„ν†¨λ ˆλ§ˆμ΄μ˜€μŠ€ 1μ„Έκ°€
00:56
executed Alexander’s plans for a museum and library.
16
56745
4609
μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ”κ°€ μˆ˜λ¦½ν•œ λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€κ³Ό λ„μ„œκ΄€ κ³„νšμ„ μ‹€ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
Located in the royal district of the city,
17
61354
2386
λ„μ‹œμ˜ 왕ꢁ지역에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ
01:03
the Library of Alexandria
18
63740
1526
μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„ λ„μ„œκ΄€μ€
01:05
may have been built with grand Hellenistic columns,
19
65266
2839
κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 그리슀 μ–‘μ‹μ˜ κΈ°λ‘₯듀을 κ°–μΆ”μ—ˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ 있고
01:08
native Egyptian influences,
20
68105
1835
μ΄μ§‘νŠΈμ˜ μ–‘μ‹μ˜ 영ν–₯을 λ°›μ•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:09
or a unique blend of the two--there are no surviving accounts of its architecture.
21
69940
5121
λ‘˜ λ‹€κ°€ μ„žμ˜€μ„ 지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 건좕물에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” μžλ£Œκ°€ 없기에 μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ§€μš”.
01:15
We do know it had lecture halls, classrooms, and, of course, shelves.
22
75061
5028
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 것은
이곳에 κ°•λ‹Ή, ꡐ싀, 그리고 λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μ±…μž₯듀이 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
As soon as the building was complete,
23
80089
1869
이 건물이 μ™„μ„±λ˜μžλ§ˆμž
01:21
Ptolemy I began to fill it with primarily Greek and Egyptian scrolls.
24
81958
4483
ν”„ν†¨λ ˆλ§ˆμ΄μ˜€μŠ€ 1μ„ΈλŠ” 이곳을 주둜 κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ™€ μ΄μ§‘νŠΈμ˜ λ¬Έμ„œλ“€λ‘œ μ±„μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
He invited scholars to live and study in Alexandria at his expense.
25
86441
4401
κ·ΈλŠ” μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ— ν•™μžλ“€μ„ μ΄ˆμ²­ν•΄μ„œ
그의 지원 ν•˜μ— μƒν™œν•˜κ³  μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
The library grew as they contributed their own manuscripts,
26
90842
3648
그듀이 μž‘μ„±ν•œ 필사본 덕뢄에 λ„μ„œκ΄€μ€ μ„±μž₯ν–ˆμœΌλ‚˜,
01:34
but the rulers of Alexandria still wanted a copy of every book in the world.
27
94490
5205
μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ ν†΅μΉ˜μžλ“€μ€ 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ±…λ“€μ˜ 사본을 μ›ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
01:39
Luckily, Alexandria was a hub for ships traveling through the Mediterranean.
28
99695
4637
λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„, μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” 지쀑해 ν•­ν•΄μ˜ μ€‘μ‹¬μ§€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
Ptolemy III instituted a policy requiring any ship that docked in Alexandria
29
104332
5109
ν”„ν†¨λ ˆλ§ˆμ΄μ˜€μŠ€ 3μ„ΈλŠ” μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ— μ •λ°•ν•˜λŠ” λ°°λ“€μ—κ²Œ
볡사본을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 책듀을 내놓도둝 ν•˜λŠ” 정책을 μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
to turn over its books for copying.
30
109441
2502
01:51
Once the Library’s scribes had duplicated the texts,
31
111943
3137
일단 λ„μ„œκ΄€μ˜ 필경사듀이 사본을 μ œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄
01:55
they kept the originals and sent the copies back to the ships.
32
115080
3473
원본은 그듀이 가지고 사본을 배둜 λŒλ €λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
Hired book hunters also scoured the Mediterranean
33
118553
3541
λ˜ν•œ μ±… μ°ΎλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ³ μš©ν•˜μ—¬
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 지쀑해λ₯Ό 샅샅이 λ’€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
in search of new texts,
34
122094
1818
02:03
and the rulers of Alexandria attempted to quash rivals
35
123912
2823
그리고 μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ ν†΅μΉ˜μžλ“€μ€ κ²½μŸμžλ“€μ„ μ–΅λˆ„λ₯΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:06
by ending all exports of the Egyptian papyrus used to make scrolls.
36
126735
5438
λ¬Έμ„œμ˜ 재료인 μ΄μ§‘νŠΈ νŒŒν”Όλ£¨μŠ€μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μˆ˜μΆœμ„ μ’…μ‹μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
These efforts brought hundreds of thousands of books to Alexandria.
37
132173
4101
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯으둜 μˆ˜μ‹­λ§Œ ꢌ의 책듀이 μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ— λ“€μ–΄μ˜€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
As the library grew,
38
136274
1551
λ„μ„œκ΄€μ΄ μ„±μž₯함에 따라,
02:17
it became possible to find information on more subjects than ever before,
39
137825
4031
μ–΄λŠ λ•Œ 보닀 더 λ§Žμ€ μ£Όμ œλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό 찾을 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜
02:21
but also much more difficult to find information on any specific subject.
40
141856
4833
νŠΉμ • μ£Όμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” 것은 였히렀 더 μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
Luckily, a scholar named Callimachus of Cyrene set to work on a solution,
41
146689
5370
λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„, ν‚€λ ˆλ„€μ˜ μΉΌλ¦¬λ§ˆμ½”μŠ€λΌλŠ” ν•™μžκ°€ 해결책을 찾을 μ°Ύλ‹€κ°€
02:32
creating the pinakes,
42
152059
1792
ν”Όλ‚˜μΌ€μŠ€λΌλŠ” 것을 μ œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
a 120-volume catalog of the library’s contents,
43
153851
3387
μ΄λŠ” 120ꢌ으둜 된 세계 졜초의 λ„μ„œ λͺ©λ‘ν‘œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
the first of its kind.
44
157238
2069
02:39
Using the pinakes,
45
159307
1438
ν”Όλ‚˜μΌ€μŠ€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
02:40
others were able to navigate the Library’s swelling collection.
46
160745
3143
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μ†Œμž₯ν’ˆλ“€μ„ 탐색해낼 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
02:43
They made some astounding discoveries.
47
163888
2833
λ†€λΌμš΄ λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ„ ν•΄λ‚΄κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
1,600 years before Columbus set sail,
48
166721
2693
μ½œλŸΌλ²„μŠ€κ°€ ν•­ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° 1600λ…„ μ „,
02:49
Eratosthenes not only realized the earth was round,
49
169414
3318
μ—λΌν† μŠ€ν…Œλ„€μŠ€λŠ” 지ꡬ가 λ‘₯κΈ€λ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:52
but calculated its circumference and diameter
50
172732
2502
μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 원주와 λ°˜μ§€λ¦„κΉŒμ§€λ„ 계산해 λƒˆλŠ”λ°,
02:55
within a few miles of their actual size.
51
175234
2494
κ·Έ μ˜€μ°¨κ°€ μ‹€μ œ 크기와 λͺ‡ λ§ˆμΌλ°–μ— λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
Heron of Alexandria created the world’s first steam engine
52
177728
3602
μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ 헀둠은 세계 졜초의 증기기관을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
03:01
over a thousand years before
53
181330
1875
1000λ…„ 이상이 μ§€λ‚˜μ„œ
03:03
it was finally reinvented during the Industrial Revolution.
54
183205
3433
μ‚°μ—…ν˜λͺ… μ‹œκΈ°μ— μ™€μ„œμ•Ό 이것이 재발λͺ… λ˜μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
03:06
For about 300 years after its founding in 283 BCE, the library thrived.
55
186638
7047
기원전 283λ…„ λ„μ„œκ΄€μ΄ μ„€λ¦½λœ 이후 300λ…„κ°„ λ²ˆμ°½ν•΄λ‚˜κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
But then, in 48 BCE, Julius Caesar laid siege to Alexandria
56
193685
5526
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ ν›„ 기원전 48λ…„, μ€„λ¦¬μ–΄μŠ€ μ‹œμ €κ°€ μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό ν¬μœ„ν•˜μ—¬
03:19
and set the ships in the harbor on fire.
57
199211
2589
항ꡬ에 μ •λ°• μ€‘μ΄λ˜ 배듀을 λΆˆνƒœμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
For years, scholars believed the library burned as the blaze spread into the city.
58
201800
5027
μˆ˜λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ ν•™μžλ“€μ€
이 화염이 λ„μ‹œλ‘œ λ²ˆμ§€λ©΄μ„œ λ„μ„œκ΄€μ΄ 타버렸닀고 λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
It's possible the fire destroyed part of the sprawling collection,
59
206827
3487
ν™”μž¬λ‘œ 인해 λ°©λŒ€ν•œ μ†Œμž₯ν’ˆμ˜ 일뢀가 μ†Œμ‹€λ˜μ—ˆμ„ κ°€λŠ₯성도 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:30
but we know from ancient writings
60
210314
1821
κ³ λŒ€μ˜ λ¬Έμ„œλ“€μ„ 톡해
03:32
that scholars continued to visit the library for centuries after the siege.
61
212135
4526
이 침곡 이후에도 λͺ‡ μ„ΈκΈ°λ™μ•ˆ ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ„μ„œκ΄€μ„ λ°©λ¬Έν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
Ultimately, the library slowly disappeared as the city changed from Greek,
62
216661
4574
ꢁ극적으둜 이 λ„μ„œκ΄€μ΄ μ„œμ„œνžˆ μ‚¬λΌμ§€κ²Œ 된 것은
이 λ„μ‹œκ°€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ—μ„œ 둜마제ꡭ으둜
03:41
to Roman,
63
221235
1031
03:42
Christian,
64
222266
906
그리고 κΈ°λ…κ΅λ‘œ
03:43
and eventually Muslim hands.
65
223172
2005
κ²°κ΅­ μ΄μŠ¬λžŒκ΅λ„μ˜ 손에 λ„˜μ–΄κ°€λ©΄μ„œ μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
Each new set of rulers viewed its contents as a threat
66
225177
3146
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν†΅μΉ˜ 집단듀은
λ„μ„œκ΄€μ˜ μ†Œμž₯ν’ˆλ“€μ„
03:48
rather than a source of pride.
67
228323
2463
μžλΆ€μ‹¬μ˜ 근원이 μ•„λ‹Œ μΌμ’…μ˜ μœ„ν˜‘μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
In 415 CE,
68
230786
2096
μ„œκΈ° 415λ…„,
03:52
the Christian rulers even had a mathematician named Hypatia
69
232882
3406
기독ꡐ ν†΅μΉ˜μžλ“€μ€ 심지어 νžˆνŒŒν‹°μ•„λΌλŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μžλ₯Ό μ‚΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ°
03:56
murdered for studying the library’s ancient Greek texts,
70
236288
3668
κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” κ·Έλ…€κ°€ 그듀이 λΆˆκ²½μŠ€λŸ½λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κΈ°λŠ”
03:59
which they viewed as blasphemous.
71
239956
2423
κ³ λŒ€ 그리슀 λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
Though the Library of Alexandria and its countless texts are long gone,
72
242379
4524
비둝 μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„ λ„μ„œκ΄€κ³Ό μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ¬Έμ„œλ“€μ€ μ˜€λž˜μ „ μ‚¬λΌμ‘Œμ§€λ§Œ
04:06
we’re still grappling with the best ways to collect,
73
246903
2722
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ 지식을 μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κ³  닀루고 λ³΄μ‘΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
access,
74
249625
932
04:10
and preserve our knowledge.
75
250557
1949
04:12
There’s more information available today
76
252506
2231
μš”μ¦˜μ—λŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 정보듀이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³ 
04:14
and more advanced technology to preserve it,
77
254737
2646
이λ₯Ό 보쑴할 μ§„λ³΄λœ κΈ°μˆ λ“€λ„ λ§Žμ•„μ‘Œμ§€λ§Œ
04:17
though we can’t know for sure
78
257383
1657
κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ ν™•μ‹ ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 것은
04:19
that our digital archives will be more resistant to destruction
79
259040
3447
우리의 디지털식 기둝이 μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ μž‰ν¬μ™€ λ¬Έμ„œλ“€λ³΄λ‹€
04:22
than Alexandria’s ink and paper scrolls.
80
262487
3303
μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 더 νŒŒμ†μ— 잘 κ²¬λŽŒλ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ ν•˜λŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
And even if our reservoirs of knowledge are physically secure,
81
265790
3616
우리의 μ§€μ‹μ˜ μ €μž₯μ†Œκ°€ 물리적으둜 μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ‹€ ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
04:29
they will still have to resist the more insidious forces
82
269406
3266
그듀이 κ²¬λŽŒλ‚΄μ•Ό ν•  것은 이보닀 더 κ΅ν™œν•œ
04:32
that tore the library apart:
83
272672
2197
μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„ λ„μ„œκ΄€μ„ νŒŒκ΄΄μ‹œμΌ°λ˜
04:34
fear of knowledge,
84
274869
1383
지식에 λŒ€ν•œ λ‘λ €μ›€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
and the arrogant belief that the past is obsolete.
85
276252
3539
그리고 κ³Όκ±°λŠ” μ“Έλͺ¨κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” μ˜€λ§Œν•œ λ―ΏμŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
The difference is that, this time, we know what to prepare for.
86
279791
4176
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κΈˆμ˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이에 λŒ€λΉ„ ν•  수 μžˆκ² μ§€μš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7