What really happened to the Library of Alexandria? - Elizabeth Cox

2,750,422 views ใƒป 2018-08-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
2,300 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 2300 ืฉื ื”,
00:09
the rulers of Alexandria set out to fulfill
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืœื
00:11
one of humanityโ€™s most audacious goals:
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ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™:
00:14
to collect all the knowledge in the world under one roof.
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ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชื—ืช ื’ื’ ืื—ื“.
00:18
In its prime,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืื”,
00:19
the Library of Alexandria housed an unprecedented number of scrolls
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช
00:23
and attracted some of the Greek worldโ€™s greatest minds.
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ื•ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™.
00:27
But by the end of the 5th century CE, the great library had vanished.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” 5 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ืขืœืžื”.
00:31
Many believed it was destroyed in a catastrophic fire.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ืช.
00:35
The truth of the libraryโ€™s rise and fall is much more complex.
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ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื ืคื™ืœืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
00:39
The idea for the library came from Alexander the Great.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
00:42
After establishing himself as a conqueror,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ,
00:45
the former student of Aristotle turned his attention
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื•
00:47
to building an empire of knowledge headquartered in his namesake city.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื•.
00:52
He died before construction began,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื”,
00:54
but his successor, Ptolemy I,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉื•, ืชืœืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
00:56
executed Alexanderโ€™s plans for a museum and library.
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ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ืกืคืจื™ื”.
01:01
Located in the royal district of the city,
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ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
01:03
the Library of Alexandria
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”
01:05
may have been built with grand Hellenistic columns,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขื ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
01:08
native Egyptian influences,
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ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
01:09
or a unique blend of the two--there are no surviving accounts of its architecture.
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ืื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื - ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”.
01:15
We do know it had lecture halls, classrooms, and, of course, shelves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช, ื›ื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ืคื™ื.
01:20
As soon as the building was complete,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืœื,
01:21
Ptolemy I began to fill it with primarily Greek and Egyptian scrolls.
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ืชืœืžื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื•ืช.
01:26
He invited scholars to live and study in Alexandria at his expense.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•.
01:30
The library grew as they contributed their own manuscripts,
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืชืจืžื• ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
01:34
but the rulers of Alexandria still wanted a copy of every book in the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื• ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:39
Luckily, Alexandria was a hub for ships traveling through the Mediterranean.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:44
Ptolemy III instituted a policy requiring any ship that docked in Alexandria
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ืชืœืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืžื›ืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืขื’ื ื” ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”
01:49
to turn over its books for copying.
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ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื” ืœื”ืขืชืงื”.
01:51
Once the Libraryโ€™s scribes had duplicated the texts,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ืคืœื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜,
01:55
they kept the originals and sent the copies back to the ships.
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ื”ื ืฉืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืœืกืคื™ื ื”.
01:58
Hired book hunters also scoured the Mediterranean
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ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืกืงืจื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
02:02
in search of new texts,
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:03
and the rulers of Alexandria attempted to quash rivals
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžื—ื•ืฅ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื
02:06
by ending all exports of the Egyptian papyrus used to make scrolls.
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ื‘ื”ืคืกืงืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช.
02:12
These efforts brought hundreds of thousands of books to Alexandria.
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ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”.
02:16
As the library grew,
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ื›ืฉื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”,
02:17
it became possible to find information on more subjects than ever before,
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ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:21
but also much more difficult to find information on any specific subject.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
02:26
Luckily, a scholar named Callimachus of Cyrene set to work on a solution,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฉื ืงืœื™ืžืงื•ืก ืžืงื™ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ,
02:32
creating the pinakes,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ืืงืก,
02:33
a 120-volume catalog of the libraryโ€™s contents,
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ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืŸ 120 ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื”,
02:37
the first of its kind.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื•.
02:39
Using the pinakes,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื ืืงืก,
02:40
others were able to navigate the Libraryโ€™s swelling collection.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื”.
02:43
They made some astounding discoveries.
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
02:46
1,600 years before Columbus set sail,
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1600 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืขื•,
02:49
Eratosthenes not only realized the earth was round,
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ืืจื˜ื•ืกื˜ื ืก ืœื ืจืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื’ื•ืœ,
02:52
but calculated its circumference and diameter
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ืืœื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืคื• ื•ืงื•ื˜ืจื•
02:55
within a few miles of their actual size.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
02:57
Heron of Alexandria created the worldโ€™s first steam engine
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ื”ืจื•ืŸ ืžืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:01
over a thousand years before
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ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™
03:03
it was finally reinvented during the Industrial Revolution.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
03:06
For about 300 years after its founding in 283 BCE, the library thrived.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš 300 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ 283 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉื’ืฉื’ื”.
03:13
But then, in 48 BCE, Julius Caesar laid siege to Alexandria
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื‘ 48 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”
03:19
and set the ships in the harbor on fire.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืžืœ.
03:21
For years, scholars believed the library burned as the blaze spread into the city.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื ืฉืจืคื” ื›ืฉื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
03:26
It's possible the fire destroyed part of the sprawling collection,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื’ื“ืœ,
03:30
but we know from ancient writings
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
03:32
that scholars continued to visit the library for centuries after the siege.
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ืฉื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ.
03:36
Ultimately, the library slowly disappeared as the city changed from Greek,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื ืขืœืžื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:41
to Roman,
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ืœืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
03:42
Christian,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช,
03:43
and eventually Muslim hands.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช.
03:45
Each new set of rulers viewed its contents as a threat
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ื›ืœ ืกื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืจืื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื›ืื™ื•ื
03:48
rather than a source of pride.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื’ืื•ื•ื”.
03:50
In 415 CE,
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ื‘ 415 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:52
the Christian rulers even had a mathematician named Hypatia
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืฆื—ื• ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™
03:56
murdered for studying the libraryโ€™s ancient Greek texts,
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ื‘ืฉื ื”ื™ืคื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”,
03:59
which they viewed as blasphemous.
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ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ื›ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ืฉ.
04:02
Though the Library of Alexandria and its countless texts are long gone,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื ืขืœืžื• ืžื–ืžืŸ,
04:06
weโ€™re still grappling with the best ways to collect,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืกื•ืฃ,
04:09
access,
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ืœื’ืฉืช,
04:10
and preserve our knowledge.
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ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•.
04:12
Thereโ€™s more information available today
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื
04:14
and more advanced technology to preserve it,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืฉืžืฉืžืจืช ืื•ืชื•,
04:17
though we canโ€™t know for sure
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
04:19
that our digital archives will be more resistant to destruction
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ืฉื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืจืก
04:22
than Alexandriaโ€™s ink and paper scrolls.
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ืžื”ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”.
04:25
And even if our reservoirs of knowledge are physically secure,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
04:29
they will still have to resist the more insidious forces
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:32
that tore the library apart:
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ืฉืงืจืขื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื:
04:34
fear of knowledge,
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ืคื—ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข,
04:36
and the arrogant belief that the past is obsolete.
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ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
04:39
The difference is that, this time, we know what to prepare for.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืคืขื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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