How did they build the Great Pyramid of Giza? - Soraya Field Fiorio

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Una Kavazović

As soon as Pharaoh Khufu ascended the throne circa 2575 BCE,

Čim se faraon Keops popeo na tron oko 2575 g.p.n.e.,

work on his eternal resting place began.

rad na njegovom večnom počivalištu je otpočeo.

The structure’s architect, Hemiunu,

Arhitekta građevine, Hemiunu,

determined he would need 20 years to finish the royal tomb.

odredio je da će mu biti potrebno 20 godina da završi kraljevsku grobnicu.

But what he could not predict was that this monument would remain

Međutim, nije mogao da predvidi da će njegov spomenik ostati

the world’s tallest manmade structure for over 3,800 years.

najviša veštačka građevina na svetu preko 3 800 godina.

To construct the Great Pyramid,

Kako bi izgradio Veliku piramidu,

Hemiunu would need to dig a 6-and-a-half-kilometer canal,

Hemiunu će morati da iskopa kanal od šest i po kilometara,

quarry enormous amounts of limestone and granite,

moraće da iskopa ogromne količine krečnjaka i granita

and use kilometers of rope to pull stones into place.

i da koristi kilometre kanapa kako bi doteglio kamenje na pravo mesto.

Today, there are still vigorous debates about the exact methods

Trenutno se i dalje vode žustre debate o tačnim metodama

the Egyptians employed.

koje su Egipćani koristili.

But we do know that first Hemiunu needed a construction site.

Međutim, znamo da je Hemiunu prvenstveno bilo potrebno građevinsko zemljište.

The Egyptians spoke of death as going west like the setting sun,

Egipćani su o smrti govorili kao o odlasku na zapad poput zalazećeg sunca,

and the Nile’s west bank had a plateau of bedrock

a na zapadnoj obali Nila je postojala stenovita zaravan

that could support the pyramid better than shifting sand.

koja je mogla da održava piramidu bolje od klizećeg peska.

In a brilliant timesaving move,

U briljantnom vremenski ekonomičnom potezu,

masons carved the plateau itself to look like the stones

zidari su isklesali samu zaravan da izgleda poput kamenja

used for the rest of the pyramid.

koje će biti korišćeno za ostatak piramide.

With this level foundation in place, construction could begin.

Sa ovom izravnatom osnovom na mestu, izgradnja je mogla da počne.

The project called for a staggering 25,000 workers,

Projekat je zahtevao zapanjujućih 25 000 radnika,

but fortunately, Hemiunu had an established labor supply.

ali srećom, Hemiunu je imao obezbeđene zalihe radnika.

Egyptians were required to perform manual labor for the government

Od Egipćana je zahtevano da izvode fizičke poslove za vladu

throughout the year,

tokom godine,

and citizens from across the country came to contribute.

i građani širom države su dolazili da doprinesu.

Workers performed a wide range of tasks,

Radnici su izvodili širok dijapazon zadataka,

from crafting tools and clothes to administrative work

od izrade alata i odeće, preko administrativnih poslova

to back-breaking manual labor.

do iscrpljujućeg fizičkog rada.

But contrary to popular belief, these workers were not enslaved people.

Nasuprot pak popularnom verovanju, ovi radnici nisu bili robovi.

In fact, these citizens were housed and fed with rations

Zapravo, ovi građani su imali smeštaj i dobijali su sledovanja hrane

better than the average Egyptian could afford.

bolja od onoga što je prosečni Egipćanin mogao da priušti.

To complete the project in 20 years,

Kako bi projekat bio gotov za 20 godina,

one block of stone would need to be quarried, transported,

jedan kameni blok je morao biti iskopan, transportovan

and pushed into place every 3 minutes,

i doguran do gradilišta svaka tri minuta,

365 days a year.

365 dana godišnje.

Workers averaged 10-hour days, hauling limestone from two different quarries.

Radnici su u proseku radili deset sati dnevno,

tegleći krečnjak iz dva različita kamenoloma.

One was close to the site,

Jedan je bio blizu gradilišta,

but its fossil-lined yellow stone was deemed suitable

ali njegov žuti kamen obložen fosilima je ocenjen kao podesan

only for the pyramid’s interior.

samo za unutrašnjost piramide.

Stones for the outside were hauled from roughly 13 kilometers away,

Kamenje za spoljašnjost je tegljeno sa udaljenosti od otprilike 13 kilometara,

using 9-meter long sleds made from giant cedar trunks.

upotrebom sanki dugih devet metara napravljenih od ogromnih debala kedrovine.

When mined from the ground,

Kada se iskopava iz zemlje,

limestone is soft and splits easily into straight lines.

krečnjak je mek i lako se cepa u prave linije.

But after air exposure it hardens,

Međutim, nakon izlaganja vazduhu očvršćava,

requiring wooden mallets and copper chisels to shape.

zahtevajući drvene čekiće i bakarna dleta da se oblikuje.

The pyramid used over 2 million stones, each weighing up to 80 tons.

Za piramidu je iskorišćeno preko dva miliona kamenja, svaki težine do 80 tona.

And there was no room for error in how they were shaped.

I nije bilo prostora za grešku kod toga kako su oblikovani.

Even the smallest inaccuracy at the bottom of the pyramid could result

Čak i najmanja nepreciznost na dnu piramide je mogla da rezultira

in a catastrophic failure at the top.

katastrofalnim neuspehom na vrhu.

Researchers know where the materials used to build the pyramids came from

Istraživači znaju odakle su stigli korišćeni materijali za izgradnju piramide

and how they were transported,

i kako su transportovani,

but the actual construction process remains mysterious.

ali stvarni proces izgradnje ostaje misterija.

Most experts agree that limestone ramps were used to move the stones into place,

Većina stručnjaka se slaže da su korišćene krečnjačke rampe za smeštanje kamenja,

but there are many theories on the number of ramps and their locations.

ali postoje brojne teorije o broju rampi i njihovoj lokaciji.

And the pyramid’s exterior is just half the story.

A spoljašnjost piramide je tek deo priče.

Since death could come for the pharaoh at any time,

Kako je smrt mogla da zadesi faraona u bilo kom trenutku,

Hemiunu always needed an accessible burial chamber at the ready,

Hemiunu je stalno bila potrebna spremna odaja za pogreb,

so three separate burial chambers were built during construction.

zbog čega su tokom izgradnje sagrađene tri odvojene odaje za pogreb.

The last of these, known as the King’s Chamber,

Poslednja od njih, poznata kao Kraljevska odaja,

is a spacious granite room with a soaring ceiling,

prostrana je granitna prostorija sa vrtoglavom tavanicom,

located at the heart of the pyramid.

smeštena u središtu piramide.

it lay on top of an 8.5-meter high passageway called the Grand Gallery,

Smeštena je iznad 8,5 metara visokog prolaza nazvanog Velika galerija,

which may have been used as an ancient freight elevator

koji je možda korišćen kao drevni teretni lift

to move granite up the pyramid’s interior.

za pomeranje granita uz unutrašnjost piramide.

Granite was used for all the pyramid’s support beams.

Granit je korišćen za sve potporne grede piramide.

Much stronger than limestone, but extremely difficult to shape,

Kako je daleko snažniji od krečnjaka, ali je izuzetno težak za oblikovanje,

workers used dolerite rocks as hammers to slowly quarry the stone.

radnici su koristili doleritno kamenje kao čekiće da polako iskopaju kamen.

To ensure the granite beams would be ready when he needed them,

Kako bi obezbedio da su granitne grede spremne kad mu budu potrebne,

Hemiunu dispatched 500 workers in the project’s first year

Hemiunu je rasporedio 500 radnika u prvoj godini projekta

so that the material would be ready 12 years later.

da bi materijal bio spreman 12 godina kasnije.

Five stories of granite sit atop the King’s Chamber,

Pet spratova granita se nalazi iznad kraljevske odaje,

preventing the pyramid from collapsing in on itself.

sprečavajući piramidu da se uruši.

Once complete, the entire structure was encased with white limestone,

Kada je završena, čitava struktura je uokvirena belim krečnjakom,

polished with sand and stone until it gleamed.

koji je poliran peskom i kamenom dok nije zasjajio.

Finally, a capstone was placed on top.

Naposletku, završni kamen je smešten na vrh.

Covered with electrum and glimmering like gold,

Prekriven elektrumom i blešteći poput zlata,

this peak shined like a second sun over all of Egypt.

ovaj vrh je sijao poput drugog sunca preko čitavog Egipta.

This video was made possible with support from Marriott Hotels.

Ovaj video je omogućen uz podršku hotela Meriot.

With over 590 hotels and resorts across the globe,

Sa preko 590 hotela i rizorta širom sveta,

Marriott Hotels celebrates the curiosity that propels us to travel.

hoteli Meriot slave znatiželju koja nas navodi da putujemo.

Check out some of the exciting ways TED-Ed and Marriott are working together

Proverite neke od uzbudljivih načina na koje TED-Ed i Meriot sarađuju

and book your next journey at Marriott Hotels.

i zakažite sledeće putovanje u hotelima Meriot.