Where did English come from? - Claire Bowern

Odakle je došao engleski jezik? - Kler Bovern (Claire Bowern)

5,771,622 views

2015-07-16 ・ TED-Ed


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Where did English come from? - Claire Bowern

Odakle je došao engleski jezik? - Kler Bovern (Claire Bowern)

5,771,622 views ・ 2015-07-16

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
When we talk about English, we often think of it as a single language
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Kada pričamo o engleskom,
često razmišljamo o njemu kao o pojedinačnom jeziku,
00:10
but what do the dialects spoken in dozens of countries around the world
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ali šta dijalekti koji se govore u desetinama zemalja širom sveta
00:14
have in common with each other,
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imaju zajedničko jedni sa drugima
00:17
or with the writings of Chaucer?
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ili sa Čoserovim delima?
00:18
And how are any of them related to the strange words in Beowulf?
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I u kakvoj je vezi bilo koji od njih sa čudnim rečima u „Beovulfu”?
00:23
The answer is that like most languages,
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Odgovor je da se, kao i većina jezika,
00:25
English has evolved through generations of speakers,
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engleski razvio kroz generacije govornika,
00:28
undergoing major changes over time.
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prolazeći kroz značajne promene vremenom.
00:31
By undoing these changes,
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Kroz poništavanje ovih promena,
00:33
we can trace the language from the present day
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možemo da pratimo jezik od današnjeg dana
00:35
back to its ancient roots.
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do njegovih drevnih korena.
00:38
While modern English shares many similar words
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Dok moderni engleski deli mnoge slične reči
00:40
with Latin-derived romance languages,
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sa romanskim jezicima koji potiču iz latinskog,
00:42
like French and Spanish,
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kao što su francuski i španski,
00:44
most of those words were not originally part of it.
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većina ovih reči nije izvorno bila njegov deo.
00:47
Instead, they started coming into the language
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Umesto toga, one su počele da ulaze u jezik
00:50
with the Norman invasion of England in 1066.
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sa normanskom invazijom na Englesku 1066. godine.
Kada su Normani koji su govorili francuski pokorili Englesku
00:55
When the French-speaking Normans conquered England
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00:57
and became its ruling class,
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i postali njena vladajuća klasa,
00:59
they brought their speech with them,
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doneli su svoj govor sa sobom,
01:01
adding a massive amount of French and Latin vocabulary
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dodajući ogromnu količinu francuskog i latinskog vokabulara
01:05
to the English language previously spoken there.
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engleskom jeziku koji se pre toga govorio na ovom području.
01:08
Today, we call that language Old English.
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Danas ovaj jezik nazivamo staroengleski.
01:11
This is the language of Beowulf.
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Ovo je jezik „Beovulfa”.
01:13
It probably doesn't look very familiar,
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Verovatno vam ne izgleda poznato,
01:15
but it might be more recognizable if you know some German.
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ali može vam biti prepoznatljiv ako znate nešto nemačkog.
01:19
That's because Old English belongs to the Germanic language family,
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To je zbog toga što staroengleski pripada germanskoj porodici jezika,
01:23
first brought to the British Isles in the 5th and 6th centuries
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koje su na Britanska ostrva u 5. i 6. veku prvi doneli
01:27
by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
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Angli, Saksonci i Juti.
01:31
The Germanic dialects they spoke would become known as Anglo-Saxon.
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Germanski dijalekat koji su govorili postaće poznat pod imenom anglo-saksonski.
01:35
Viking invaders in the 8th to 11th centuries
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Vikinški osvajači su od 8. do 11. veka
01:38
added more borrowings from Old Norse into the mix.
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dodali još pozajmljenica iz staronordijskog u ovu mešavinu.
01:42
It may be hard to see the roots of modern English
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Može biti teško uvideti korene modernog engleskog
01:45
underneath all the words borrowed
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ispod svih reči pozajmljenih
01:47
from French, Latin, Old Norse and other languages.
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iz francuskog, latinskog, staronordijskog i drugih jezika,
01:51
But comparative linguistics can help us by focusing on grammatical structure,
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ali nam uporedna lingvistika može pomoći kroz fokusiranje na gramatičku strukturu,
01:56
patterns of sound changes,
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obrasce promene glasova
01:58
and certain core vocabulary.
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i određeni osnovni rečnik.
02:01
For example, after the 6th century,
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Na primer, posle 6. veka,
02:03
German words starting with "p," systematically shifted to a "pf" sound
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nemačke reči koje su počinjale slovom „p” sistematski su se prebacile na glas „pf”,
02:09
while their Old English counterparts kept the "p" unchanged.
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dok su njihovi staroengleski parnjaci zadržali „p” kao nepromenjeno.
02:13
In another split, words that have "sk" sounds in Swedish
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U drugim razgraničavanjima, reči koje imaju glasove „sk” u švedskom
02:16
developed an "sh" sound in English.
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razvile su glas „š” u engleskom.
02:20
There are still some English words with "sk,"
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I dalje postoje neke engleske reči sa glasovima „sk”,
02:23
like "skirt," and "skull,"
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kao „skirt” i „skull”,
02:25
but they're direct borrowings from Old Norse
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ali one su direkne pozajmljenice iz staronordijskog
02:27
that came after the "sk" to "sh" shift.
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koje su usvojene posle prelaska „sk” u „š”.
02:31
These examples show us
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Ovi primeri nam pokazuju da,
02:33
that just as the various Romance languages descended from Latin,
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kao što su različiti romanski jezici potekli iz latinskog,
02:37
English, Swedish, German, and many other languages
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engleski, švedski, nemački i mnogi drugi jezici
02:41
descended from their own common ancestor known as Proto-Germanic
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potekli su iz zajedničkog pretka pod nazivom pragermanski
02:46
spoken around 500 B.C.E.
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koji se govorio oko 500. godine pre Hrista.
02:48
Because this historical language was never written down,
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Pošto ovaj istorijski jezik nikada nije zapisan,
02:52
we can only reconstruct it by comparing its descendants,
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možemo samo da ga rekonstruišemo kroz poređenje njegovih potomaka,
02:56
which is possible thanks to the consistency of the changes.
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što je moguće zahvaljujući doslednosti ovih promena.
02:59
We can even use the same process to go back one step further,
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Možemo čak i da koristimo isti proces da bismo otišli korak unazad
03:03
and trace the origins of Proto-Germanic to a language called Proto-Indo-European,
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i pratili poreklo pragermanskog do jezika koji se naziva praindoevropski,
03:09
spoken about 6000 years ago
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koji se govorio pre oko 6000 godina
03:11
on the Pontic steppe in modern day Ukraine and Russia.
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u Pontijskoj stepi, u današnjoj Ukrajini i Rusiji.
03:16
This is the reconstructed ancestor of the Indo-European family
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Ovo je rekonstruisani predak indoevropske porodice
03:20
that includes nearly all languages historically spoken in Europe,
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koji uključuje skoro sve jezike koji su se u prošlosti govorili u Evropi,
03:25
as well as large parts of Southern and Western Asia.
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kao i u značajnim delovima južne i zapadne Azije.
03:28
And though it requires a bit more work,
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Iako ovo zahteva malo više rada,
03:31
we can find the same systematic similarities, or correspondences,
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možemo da nađemo iste sistematične sličnosti ili povezanosti
03:35
between related words in different Indo-European branches.
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između povezanih reči u različitim indoevropskim granama.
03:39
Comparing English with Latin,
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Ako uporedimo engleski sa latinskim,
03:42
we see that English has "t" where Latin has "d",
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vidimo da engleski ima „t” na mestu gde latinski ima „d”,
03:45
and "f" where latin has "p" at the start of words.
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a „f” gde latinski ima „p” na početku reči.
03:49
Some of English's more distant relatives include Hindi, Persian
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Neki od daljih rođaka engleskog su hindi, persijski i keltski jezici
03:53
and the Celtic languages it displaced in what is now Britain.
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koji su preseljeni u deo koji je danas poznat kao Britanija.
03:58
Proto-Indo-European itself descended from an even more ancient language,
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Sam praindoevropski potekao je iz još starijeg jezika,
04:02
but unfortunately, this is as far back as historical and archeological evidence
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ali, nažalost, istorijski i arheološki dokazi
04:07
will allow us to go.
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dozvoljavaju nam da stignemo samo do ovog mesta.
04:10
Many mysteries remain just out of reach,
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Mnoge misterije ostaju van dometa,
04:12
such as whether there might be a link between Indo-European
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kao što je da li postoji veza između indoevropske
04:15
and other major language families,
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i drugih glavnih jezičkih porodica
04:17
and the nature of the languages spoken in Europe prior to its arrival.
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i prirode jezika koji se govorio u Evropi pre njegovog pojavljivanja.
04:22
But the amazing fact remains that nearly 3 billion people around the world,
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Međutim, ostaje zapanjujuća činjenica da skoro 3 milijarde ljudi širom sveta,
04:27
many of whom cannot understand each other,
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od kojih mnogi ne mogu da se međusobno razumeju,
04:29
are nevertheless speaking the same words shaped by 6000 years of history.
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ipak koriste iste reči koje je oblikovala istorija duga 6000 godina.
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