The language of lying — Noah Zandan

Jezik laganja - Noa Zandan (Noah Zandan)

Prevodilac: Anja Saric Lektor: Mile Živković

"Sorry, my phone died."

"Izvini, ispraznio mi se telefon."

"It's nothing. I'm fine."

"Nije mi ništa. Dobro sam."

"These allegations are completely unfounded."

"Ovi navodi su potpuno neosnovani."

"The company was not aware of any wrongdoing."

"Kompanija nije bila svesna bilo kakvog prestupa."

"Volim te."

"I love you."

We hear anywhere from 10 to 200 lies a day,

Dnevno čujemo između 10 i 200 laži,

and we spent much of our history coming up with ways to detect them,

i provedemo veći deo naše istorije pronalazeći načine da ih detektujemo,

from medieval torture devices to polygraphs,

od srednjovekovnih sprava za mučenje, do poligrafa,

blood-pressure and breathing monitors, voice-stress analyzers,

kontrole krvnog pritiska i disanja, analizatora stresa u glasu,

eye trackers, infrared brain scanners,

praćenje kretanja očiju, infracrvenih skenera mozga,

and even the 400-pound electroencephalogram.

i elektroencefalograma od skoro 200 kilograma.

But although such tools have worked under certain circumstances,

Ali iako su ovi uređaji radili pod određenim okolnostima,

most can be fooled with enough preparation,

većina se može prevariti uz dovoljnu pripremu.

and none are considered reliable enough to even be admissible in court.

I nijedan nije dovoljno pouzdan da bi bio prihvatljiv na sudu.

But, what if the problem is not with the techniques,

Ali šta ako problem nije u tehnikama,

but the underlying assumption that lying spurs physiological changes?

već u osnovnoj pretpostavci da laganje izaziva fiziološke promene?

Šta ako bismo se okrenuli neposrednijem pristupu,

What if we took a more direct approach,

using communication science to analyze the lies themselves?

i koristili komunikacione nauke kako bismo analizirali same laži?

On a psychological level, we lie partly to paint a better picture of ourselves,

Na psihološkom nivou, delom lažemo kako bismo stvorili bolju sliku sebe,

connecting our fantasies to the person we wish we were

povezivajući svoje fantazije za osobu koju bismo voleli da budemo

rather than the person we are.

umesto osobe koja jesmo.

But while our brain is busy dreaming, it's letting plenty of signals slip by.

Ali dok je naš mozak zauzet sanjanjem, dopušta mnogim signalima da se provuku.

Our conscious mind only controls about 5% of our cognitive function,

Naša svest kontroliše oko 5% naših kognitivnih funkcija,

including communication,

koje uključuju komunikaciju,

while the other 95% occurs beyond our awareness,

dok se drugih 95% dešava bez da smo toga svesni.

and according to the literature on reality monitoring,

Prema literaturi koja govori o nadgledanju stvarnosti,

stories based on imagined experiences

priče bazirane na izmišljenim iskustvima kvalitativno su drugačije

are qualitatively different from those based on real experiences.

od onih baziranih na stvarnim iskustvima.

This suggests that creating a false story about a personal topic takes work

To sugeriše da stvaranje izmišljene priče o ličnoj temi zahteva posla

and results in a different pattern of language use.

i za rezultat ima drugačiji obrazac upotrebe jezika.

A technology known as linguistic text analysis

Tehnologija poznata kao lingvistička analiza teksta

has helped to identify four such common patterns

pomogla je u identifikovanju 4 takva zajednička obrasca

in the subconscious language of deception.

u podsvesnom jeziku obmane.

Prvo, lažovi manje upućuju na sebe prilikom lažnih izjava.

First, liars reference themselves less, when making deceptive statements.

They write or talk more about others, often using the third person

Više pričaju o drugima, često koristeći treće lice

to distance and disassociate themselves from their lie,

kako bi se distancirali i ogradili od svoje laži.

which sounds more false:

Šta zvuči više veštački:

"Absolutely no party took place at this house,"

"Apsolutno nikakva zabava nije se odigrala u ovoj kući,"

or "I didn't host a party here."

ili "Nisam organizovao zabavu ovde"?

Second, liars tend to be more negative,

Drugo, lažovi teže da budu više negativni

because on a subconscious level, they feel guilty about lying.

jer podsvesno osećaju krivicu zbog laganja.

For example, a liar might say something like,

Na primer, lažov će reći nešto ovako:

"Sorry, my stupid phone battery died. I hate that thing."

"Izvini, crkla mi je baterija na glupom telefonu. Mrzim ovu stvarčicu."

Third, liars typically explain events in simple terms

Treće, lažovi obično objašnjavaju događaje prostim jezikom

since our brains struggle to build a complex lie.

jer se naš mozak muči da konstruiše složenu laž.

Judgment and evaluation

Rasuđivanje i procenjivanje su složene stvari za naš mozak da preračuna.

are complex things for our brains to compute.

As a U.S. President once famously insisted:

Kao što je predsednik SAD-a jednom prilikom insistirao:

"I did not have sexual relations with that woman."

"Ja nisam imao seksualnu vezu sa tom ženom."

And finally, even though liars keep descriptions simple,

I konačno, iako lažovi teže ka jednostavnim opisima,

they tend to use longer and more convoluted sentence structure,

imaju tendenciju da koriste duge i uvijene rečenične strukture.

inserting unnecessary words

Umetajući nepotrebne reči

and irrelevant but factual sounding details in order to pad the lie.

i nerelevantne ali činjeničke detalje kako bi podupreli laž.

Another President confronted with a scandal proclaimed:

Drugi predsednik, suočen sa skandalom, izjavio je:

"I can say, categorically, that this investigation indicates

"Mogu kategorički da kažem da ova istraga nagoveštava

that no one on the White House staff,

da niko od osoblja Bele kuće, niko iz administracije

no one in this administration presently employed

koja je trenutno zaposlena nije umešan u ovaj veoma bizaran incident."

was involved in this very bizarre incident."

Let's apply linguistic analysis to some famous examples.

Hajde da primenimo lingvističku analizu na neke od poznatih primera.

Take seven-time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong.

Uzmimo sedmostrukog pobednika Tur de Fransa, Lensa Armstronga.

When comparing a 2005 interview,

Kada poredimo intervju iz 2005.

in which he had denied taking performance-enhancing drugs

u kojem je porekao dopingovanje

to a 2013 interview, in which he admitted it,

sa intervjuom iz 2013. u kojem je priznao doping,

his use of personal pronouns increased by nearly 3/4.

korišćenje ličnih zamenica poraslo je za skoro tri četvrtine.

Note the contrast between the following two quotes.

Primetite kontrast između sledeća dva citata:

First: "Okay, you know, a guy in a French, in a Parisian laboratory

Prvi: "Ok, znate, neki tip u francuskoj... u pariskoj laboratoriji

opens up your sample, you know, Jean-Francis so-and-so, and he tests it.

otvori vaš uzorak, znate, Žan Fransis taj i taj, i testira ga.

And then you get a phone call from a newspaper that says:

I onda primite poziv iz novina i kažu vam:

'We found you to be positive six times for EPO."

'Pronašli smo šest puta da ste pozitivni na EPO.'"

Second: "I lost myself in all of that.

Drugi: "Ja sam se izgubio u svemu tome. Ja sam siguran da ima još ljudi koji

I'm sure there would be other people that couldn't handle it,

to ne bi podneli, ali ja zasigurno nisam mogao,

but I certainly couldn't handle it,

and I was used to controlling everything in my life.

a ja sam navikao da kontrolišem sve u svom životu.

I controlled every outcome in my life."

Ja sam kontrolisao svaki ishod u svom životu."

In his denial, Armstrong described a hypothetical situation

U svom poricanju, Armstrong je opisao hipotetičku situaciju

focused on someone else,

fokusiranu na nekog drugog,

removing himself from the situation entirely.

potpuno odstranjujući sebe iz čitave situacije.

In his admission, he owns his statements,

U svom priznanju, on poseduje svoju izjavu,

delving into his personal emotions and motivations.

zadubljujući se u svoje lične emocije i motivacije.

But the use of personal pronouns is just one indicator of deception.

Ali korišćenje ličnih zamenica je samo jedan indikator obmane.

Let's look at another example from former Senator

Pogledajmo još jedan primer od bivšeg senatora

and U.S. Presidential candidate John Edwards:

i kandidata za predsednika SAD-a, Džona Edvardsa.

"Ja samo znam da je navodni otac javno izjavio

"I only know that the apparent father has said publicly

that he is the father of the baby.

da je on otac bebe.

I also have not been engaged in any activity of any description

Ja takođe nisam bio angažovan u bilo kakvoj aktivnosti

that requested, agreed to, or supported payments of any kind

koja je zahtevala, složila se ili podržavala bilo kakve isplate

to the woman or to the apparent father of the baby."

ženi ili navodnom ocu bebe."

Not only is that a pretty long-winded way to say, "The baby isn't mine,"

To nije samo uvijeni način da se kaže: "Beba nije moja.",

but Edwards never calls the other parties by name,

nego Edvards nikada druge stranke ne oslovljava imenom,

instead saying "that baby," "the woman," and "the apparent father."

umesto toga govori "ta beba", "žena" i "navodni otac".

Hajde sada da vidimo šta je imao da kaže u svom priznanju očinstva.

Now let's see what he had to say when later admitting paternity:

"I am Quinn's father.

"Ja sam Kvinin otac.

I will do everything in my power to provide her

Uradiću sve što je u mojoj moći da joj pružim

ljubav i podršku koju zaslužuje."

with the love and support she deserves."

Izjava je kratka i direktna,

The statement is short and direct,

calling the child by name and addressing his role in her life.

dete je oslovljeno po imenu i adresira se njegova uloga u njenom životu.

So how can you apply these lie-spotting techniques to your life?

I kako možete primeniti ove tehnike osmatranja laži u svom životu?

First, remember that many of the lies we encounter on a daily basis

Prvo, setite se da su mnoge laži na koje nailazimo u svakodnevnom životu

are far less serious that these examples, and may even be harmless.

mnogo manje ozbiljne od ovih primera, i možda čak bezopasne.

But it's still worthwhile to be aware of telltale clues,

Ali ipak je vredno truda biti svestan jasnih znakova

like minimal self-references, negative language,

kao što su minimalno korišćenje ličnih zamenica, negativni jezik,

simple explanations and convoluted phrasing.

jednostavna objašnjenja i uvijena formulacija.

It just might help you avoid an overvalued stock,

Možda će vam pomoći da izbegnete precenjene akcije,

an ineffective product, or even a terrible relationship.

neefikasan proizvod ili čak užasnu vezu.