6 myths about the Middle Ages that everyone believes - Stephanie Honchell Smith

2,263,827 views ใƒป 2023-03-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Medieval Europe.
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ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:08
Where unbathed, sword-wielding knights ate rotten meat,
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ื‘ื”ื ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงืœื—ื• ืื›ืœื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืจืงื•ื‘,
00:11
thought the Earth was flat, defended chastity-belt wearing maidens,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืœืžื•ืช ืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช,
00:15
and tortured their foes with grisly gadgets.
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ื•ืขื™ื ื• ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ืขื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื.
00:18
Except... this is more fiction than fact.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
00:20
So, where do all the myths about the Middle Ages come from?
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ืื–, ืžืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื?
00:23
And what were they actually like?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”?
00:25
The โ€œMiddle Agesโ€ refers to a 1,000-year timespan,
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โ€œื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืโ€ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืช 1000 ืฉื ื”,
00:28
stretching from the fall of Rome in the 5th century
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืžื ืคื™ืœืช ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืžืื” ื” 5
00:31
to the Italian renaissance in the 15th.
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ืขื“ ืœืจื ืกืื ืก ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื” 15.
00:33
Though itโ€™s been applied to other parts of the world,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:35
the term traditionally refers specifically to Europe.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:38
One misconception is that medieval people were all ignorant and uneducated.
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ื“ืขื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื—ื•ื ื›ื™ื.
00:42
For example, a 19th century biography of Christopher Columbus
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 19 ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก
00:46
incorrectly purported that medieval Europeans thought the Earth was flat.
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื˜ื•ื—.
00:50
Sure, many medieval scholars describe the Earth as the center of the universeโ€”
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ื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื --
00:54
but there wasn't much debate as to its shape.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
00:57
A popular 13th century text was literally called โ€œOn the Sphere of the World.โ€
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ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 13 ื ืงืจื ืคืฉื•ื˜ โ€ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.โ€
01:01
And literacy rates gradually increased during the Middle Ages
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ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืœื• ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:04
alongside the establishment of monasteries, convents and universities.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื–ืจื™ื, ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช.
01:09
Ancient knowledge was also not โ€œlostโ€;
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ื™ื“ืข ืขืชื™ืง ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื โ€œืื‘ื“โ€œ;
01:11
Greek and Roman texts continued to be studied.
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ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืœืžื“.
01:14
The idea that medieval people ate rotten meat and used spices to cover the taste
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื›ืœื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืจืงื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื
01:18
was popularized in the 1930s by a British book.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20 ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
01:21
It misinterpreted one medieval recipe
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:24
and used the existence of laws barring the sale of putrid meat
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืืกืจื• ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืจืงื•ื‘
01:27
as evidence it was regularly consumed.
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ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
01:30
In fact, medieval Europeans avoided rancid foods
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ื— ืจืข
01:33
and had methods for safely preserving meats,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืฉืจ,
01:35
like curing them with salt.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื ื‘ืžืœื—.
01:37
Spices were popular.
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ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
01:39
But they were oftentimes pricier than meat itself.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:42
So if someone could afford them, they could also buy unspoiled food.
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ืื– ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ื’ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ.
01:46
Meanwhile, the 19th century French historian Jules Michelet
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 19 ื’โ€™ื•ืœืก ืžื™ืฉืœื˜
01:49
referred to the Middle Ages as โ€œa thousand years without a bath.โ€
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ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›โ€œืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืจื—ืฆื”.โ€
01:53
But even small towns boasted well-used public bathhouses.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืจื—ืฆื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:57
People lathered up with soaps made of things
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืกื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:59
like animal fat, ash, and scented herbs.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืืคืจ ื•ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืจื™ื—ื ื™ื™ื.
02:02
And they used mouthwash, teeth-scrubbing cloths with pastes and powders,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ ืคื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืจื—ืฆืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื—ื•ืช ื•ืื‘ืงื•ืช,
02:06
and spices and herbs for fresh-smelling breath.
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ื•ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืœ ืคื” ืฉืžืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:09
So, how about medieval torture devices?
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ืื–, ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื?
02:11
In the 1890s, a collection of allegedly โ€œterrible relics of a semi-barbarous ageโ€
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ โ€œืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ืกืžื™-ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™โ€ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ
02:16
went on tour.
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ื™ืฆืื• ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ืชืฆื•ื’ื”.
02:17
Among them: the Iron Maiden, which fascinated viewers with its spiked doorsโ€”
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ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ื‘ืชื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืฉื”ืงืกื™ืžื” ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” --
02:22
but it was fabricated, possibly just decades before.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
02:25
And thereโ€™s no indication Iron Maidens actually existed in the Middle Ages.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:29
The โ€œPear of Anguish,โ€ meanwhile, did existโ€”
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โ€œืื’ืก ื”ื›ืื‘,โ€ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื --
02:31
but probably later on and it couldnโ€™t have been used for torture.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
02:35
It may have just been a shoe-stretcher.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง โ€œืžื•ืชื— ื ืขืœื™ื™ื.โ€
02:37
Indeed, many ostensibly medieval torture devices are far more recent inventions.
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:43
Medieval legal proceedings were overall less gruesome than these gadgets suggest.
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ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื•ื•ืขืชื™ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื’ืื“ื’โ€™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืžื–ื™ื.
02:47
They included fines, imprisonment, public humiliation,
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ื”ื ื›ืœืœื• ืงื ืกื•ืช, ืžืืกืจ, ื”ืฉืคืœื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช,
02:50
and certain forms of corporal punishment.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช.
02:54
Torture and executions did happen,
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ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืื›ืŸ ืงืจื•,
02:56
but especially violent punishments, like drawing and quartering,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืชื•ืจ
02:59
were generally reserved for crimes like high treason.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
03:03
Surely chastity belts were real, though, right?
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:06
Probably not.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื.
03:07
They were first mentioned by a 15th century German engineer, likely in jest,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-15, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง,
03:11
alongside fart jokes and a device for invisibility.
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ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืคืœื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื•ืช.
03:15
From there, they became popular subjects of satire
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ืžืฉื ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืื˜ื™ืจื”
03:18
that were later mistaken for medieval reality.
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:21
Ideas about the Middle Ages have varied
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื
03:22
depending on the interest of those in later times.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืœื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:25
The termโ€” along with the pejorative โ€œDark Agesโ€โ€”
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ื”ืžื•ื ื—- โ€œืขื™ื“ื ื™ื ืืคืœื™ืโ€ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืœ -
03:28
was popularized during the 15th and 16th centuries
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ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”-15 ื•ื”-16
03:31
by scholars biased toward the Classical and Modern periods
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
03:34
that came before and after.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™.
03:36
And, as Enlightenment thinkers celebrated their dedication to reason,
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื’ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
03:40
they depicted medieval people as superstitious and irrational.
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ื”ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช.
03:44
In the 19th century, some Romantic European nationalist thinkersโ€” wellโ€”
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19, ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื - ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ -
03:48
romanticized the Middle Ages.
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ืขืฉื• ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:50
They described isolated, white, Christian societies,
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ื”ื ืชื™ืืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
03:53
emphasizing narratives of chivalry and wonder.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืœื™ืื”.
03:56
But knights played minimal roles in medieval warfare.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:59
And the Middle Ages saw large-scale interactions.
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ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:02
Ideas flowed into Europe along Byzantine, Muslim, and Mongol trade routes.
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืจืžื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื, ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื.
04:06
And merchants, intellectuals, and diplomats of diverse origins
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ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื, ื•ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื
04:09
visited medieval European cities.
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ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
04:12
The biggest myth may be that the millennium of the Middle Ages
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ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
04:15
amounts to one distinct, cohesive period of European history at all.
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ืžืกืชื›ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:20
Originally defined less by what they were than what they werenโ€™t,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื”,
04:23
the Middle Ages became a ground for dueling ideasโ€”
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ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืงืจืงืข ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•-ืงืจื‘-
04:26
fueling more fantasy than fact.
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ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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