6 myths about the Middle Ages that everyone believes - Stephanie Honchell Smith

1,620,184 views ・ 2023-03-07

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seoyoung Ann κ²€ν† : κ΄€μ›… λ¬Έ
00:07
Medieval Europe.
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쀑세 유럽.
00:08
Where unbathed, sword-wielding knights ate rotten meat,
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λͺ©μš•μ„ μ•ˆ ν•˜κ³  검을 νœ˜λ‘λ₯΄λŠ” 기사듀이 썩은 κ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό λ¨Ήκ³ ,
00:11
thought the Earth was flat, defended chastity-belt wearing maidens,
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지ꡬ가 ν‰ν‰ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ , μ •μ‘°λŒ€ μ°¬ μ²˜λ…€λ“€μ„ 지킀며
00:15
and tortured their foes with grisly gadgets.
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적듀은 λ”μ§ν•œ λ„κ΅¬λ‘œ κ³ λ¬Έν•˜λ˜ κ³³.
00:18
Except... this is more fiction than fact.
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μ΄λŠ” 사싀보단 ν—ˆκ΅¬μ— κ°€κΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
So, where do all the myths about the Middle Ages come from?
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그럼 이 λͺ¨λ“  쀑세 미신듀은 μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ μ™”μ„κΉŒμš”?
00:23
And what were they actually like?
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그리고 μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” μ–΄λ• μ„κΉŒμš”?
00:25
The β€œMiddle Ages” refers to a 1,000-year timespan,
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β€œμ€‘μ„Έβ€œλŠ” 5μ„ΈκΈ° 둜마의 λͺ°λ½μ—μ„œ
00:28
stretching from the fall of Rome in the 5th century
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15μ„ΈκΈ° μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„ λ₯΄λ„€μƒμŠ€κΉŒμ§€
00:31
to the Italian renaissance in the 15th.
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천 λ…„μ˜ 세월을 λœ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
Though it’s been applied to other parts of the world,
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이 μš©μ–΄λŠ” μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 지역에도 μ“°μ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
00:35
the term traditionally refers specifically to Europe.
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특히 μœ λŸ½μ„ 가리킬 λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ£ .
00:38
One misconception is that medieval people were all ignorant and uneducated.
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ν•œ 가지 μ˜€ν•΄λŠ” 쀑세 μœ λŸ½μΈλ“€μ΄ λ¬΄μ§€ν•˜κ³  κ΅μœ‘μ„ λͺ» λ°›μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
For example, a 19th century biography of Christopher Columbus
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, 19μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€ν† νΌ μ½œλŸΌλ²„μŠ€ μ „κΈ°λŠ”
00:46
incorrectly purported that medieval Europeans thought the Earth was flat.
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쀑세 μœ λŸ½μΈλ“€μ΄ 지ꡬ가 ν‰ν‰ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ μ¨λ†¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
Sure, many medieval scholars describe the Earth as the center of the universeβ€”
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λ¬Όλ‘ , λ§Žμ€ 쀑세 ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 지ꡬλ₯Ό 우주의 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:54
but there wasn't much debate as to its shape.
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κ·Έ λͺ¨μ–‘에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 별닀λ₯Έ λ…ΌμŸμ΄ μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
00:57
A popular 13th century text was literally called β€œOn the Sphere of the World.”
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13μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ 유λͺ…ν•œ μ±… 이름은 β€œμ„Έκ³„λΌλŠ” ꡬ μœ„μ—μ„œβ€œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
And literacy rates gradually increased during the Middle Ages
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글을 μ•„λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λΉ„μœ¨λ„ 사원, μˆ˜λ„μ›, λŒ€ν•™μ˜ 섀립과 ν•¨κ»˜
01:04
alongside the establishment of monasteries, convents and universities.
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점점 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚¬μ£ .
01:09
Ancient knowledge was also not β€œlost”;
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κ³ λŒ€μ˜ 지식 μ—­μ‹œ 이어져 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
Greek and Roman texts continued to be studied.
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κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ™€ 둜마 μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ 글듀이 계속 μ—°κ΅¬λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
01:14
The idea that medieval people ate rotten meat and used spices to cover the taste
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쀑세 μ‹œλŒ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μƒν•œ 고기의 맛을 감좔렀고 ν–₯μ‹ λ£Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각은
01:18
was popularized in the 1930s by a British book.
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1930λ…„λŒ€ 영ꡭ의 μ±…μ—μ„œ 널리 νΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
It misinterpreted one medieval recipe
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μ΄λŠ” ν•œ 쀑세 μš”λ¦¬λ²•μ˜ μ˜€μ—­μ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
01:24
and used the existence of laws barring the sale of putrid meat
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썩은 고기의 판맀 κΈˆμ§€λ²•μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을
01:27
as evidence it was regularly consumed.
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이듀이 자주 μ†ŒλΉ„λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 증거둜 μ‚Όμ•˜μ£ .
01:30
In fact, medieval Europeans avoided rancid foods
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사싀, 쀑세 μœ λŸ½μΈμ€ μ‚°νŒ¨λœ μŒμ‹μ„ κΊΌλ Έκ³ 
01:33
and had methods for safely preserving meats,
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μ†ŒκΈˆμ— μ ˆμ΄κΈ°μ™€ 같은
μ•ˆμ „ν•œ 윑λ₯˜ 보관법을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
like curing them with salt.
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01:37
Spices were popular.
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ν–₯μ‹ λ£Œκ°€ 인기λ₯Ό 끌긴 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
But they were oftentimes pricier than meat itself.
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그런데 보톡은 고기보닀도 더 λΉ„μŒŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
So if someone could afford them, they could also buy unspoiled food.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ ν–₯μ‹ λ£Œλ₯Ό μ‚΄ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ‹ μ„ ν•œ 고기도 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ² μ£ .
01:46
Meanwhile, the 19th century French historian Jules Michelet
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ν•œνŽΈ 19μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€ μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μž μ€„μŠ€ λ―ΈμŠλ ˆλŠ”
01:49
referred to the Middle Ages as β€œa thousand years without a bath.”
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쀑세 μ‹œλŒ€λ₯Ό β€œλͺ©μš• μ—†λŠ” 천 λ…„β€œμ΄λΌκ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
But even small towns boasted well-used public bathhouses.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μž‘μ€ λ§ˆμ„μ—μ„œλ„ 곡곡 λͺ©μš•νƒ•μ΄ 인기λ₯Ό λŒμ—ˆμ£ .
01:57
People lathered up with soaps made of things
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 동물 지방, μžΏλ”λ―Έλ‚˜
01:59
like animal fat, ash, and scented herbs.
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ν–₯기둜운 ν—ˆλΈŒ λ“±μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  λΉ„λˆ„λ‘œ κ±°ν’ˆμΉ μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
And they used mouthwash, teeth-scrubbing cloths with pastes and powders,
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λ˜ν•œ ꡬ강 청결제λ₯Ό μ“°κ³  반죽, 밀가루, ν—κ²μœΌλ‘œ μ–‘μΉ˜λ„ ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
02:06
and spices and herbs for fresh-smelling breath.
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μƒμΎŒν•œ μž…λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ ν–₯μ‹ λ£Œλ‚˜ ν—ˆλΈŒκΉŒμ§€ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμ£ .
02:09
So, how about medieval torture devices?
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그럼 μ€‘μ„Έμ˜ κ³ λ¬Έ μž₯치λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³ΌκΉŒμš”?
02:11
In the 1890s, a collection of allegedly β€œterrible relics of a semi-barbarous age”
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1890λ…„λŒ€μ—λŠ” 이λ₯Έλ°” β€œλ°˜κ°œμΈ μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ λ”μ°ν•œ μž”μž¬β€
λΌλŠ” μ΄λ¦„μ˜ μ „μ‹œνšŒκ°€ μ—΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
went on tour.
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02:17
Among them: the Iron Maiden, which fascinated viewers with its spiked doorsβ€”
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이 쀑 아이언 메이든은 λͺ»μ΄ λ°•νžŒ 문으둜 관객을 μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘μ•˜λŠ”λ°
02:22
but it was fabricated, possibly just decades before.
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사싀은 λͺ‡μ‹­ λ…„ μ „μ―€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ œμž‘ν’ˆμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:25
And there’s no indication Iron Maidens actually existed in the Middle Ages.
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아이언 메이든이 쀑세 μ‹œλŒ€μ— μ‹€μ œν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ¦κ±°λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
The β€œPear of Anguish,” meanwhile, did existβ€”
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ν•œνŽΈ β€˜κ³ ν†΅μ˜ λ°°β€™λŠ” μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κΈ΄ ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:31
but probably later on and it couldn’t have been used for torture.
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ—λ‚˜ λ“±μž₯ν–ˆκ³  고문에 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμ„ 리도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
It may have just been a shoe-stretcher.
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μ‹ λ°œμ„ λ„“νž λ•Œλ‚˜ 썼겠죠.
02:37
Indeed, many ostensibly medieval torture devices are far more recent inventions.
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겉보기엔 쀑세 κ³ λ¬Έ κΈ°κ΅¬μ˜€λ˜ λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘  훨씬 μ΅œκ·Όμ— 발λͺ…λœ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
Medieval legal proceedings were overall less gruesome than these gadgets suggest.
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μ€‘μ„Έμ˜ 법 집행은 이런 기ꡬ듀보닀 덜 μ†Œλ¦„λΌμΉ˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:47
They included fines, imprisonment, public humiliation,
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주둜 벌금, 징역, 곡개 망신 정도에
02:50
and certain forms of corporal punishment.
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νŠΉμ • λ°©μ‹μ˜ νƒœν˜•μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Torture and executions did happen,
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κ³ λ¬Έμ΄λ‚˜ μ²˜ν˜•λ„ μ§‘ν–‰λ˜κΈ΄ ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:56
but especially violent punishments, like drawing and quartering,
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λŠ₯μ§€μ²˜μ°Έ 같은 μž”μΈν•œ ν˜•λ²Œμ€
02:59
were generally reserved for crimes like high treason.
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보톡 λ°˜μ—­μ£„ μ •λ„μ—λ‚˜ μ§„ν–‰λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Surely chastity belts were real, though, right?
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κ·Έλž˜λ„ μ •μ‘°λŒ€λŠ” μ§„μ§œμ˜€κ² μ£ ?
03:06
Probably not.
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μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
They were first mentioned by a 15th century German engineer, likely in jest,
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이건 15μ„ΈκΈ° λ…μΌμ˜ μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄κ°€ λ†λ‹΄μ‘°λ‘œ 처음 κ±°λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
alongside fart jokes and a device for invisibility.
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λ°©κ·€ μž₯λ‚œμ΄λ‚˜ 투λͺ… μž₯μΉ˜μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜μš”.
03:15
From there, they became popular subjects of satire
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ–΄ ν’μž μ†Œμž¬λ‘œ 인기λ₯Ό λŒλ‹€κ°€
03:18
that were later mistaken for medieval reality.
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ—” μ€‘μ„Έμ˜ ν˜„μ‹€μΈ λ“― μ˜€ν•΄λ₯Ό 샀죠.
03:21
Ideas about the Middle Ages have varied
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쀑세에 λŒ€ν•œ 생각은 ν›„μ„Έ μΈλ¬Όλ“€μ˜ 이해 관계에 따라 λ‹¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
depending on the interest of those in later times.
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03:25
The termβ€” along with the pejorative β€œDark Ages”—
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β€œμ•”ν‘κΈ°β€œμ™€ 같은 경멸적인 μš©μ–΄λ“€μ΄ 15, 16μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ 널리 νΌμ‘ŒλŠ”λ°
03:28
was popularized during the 15th and 16th centuries
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03:31
by scholars biased toward the Classical and Modern periods
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쀑세 μ „ν›„μ˜ κ³ λŒ€μ™€ ν˜„λŒ€μ—λ§Œ 관심을 κ°€μ‘Œλ˜ ν•™μžλ“€ λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
03:34
that came before and after.
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03:36
And, as Enlightenment thinkers celebrated their dedication to reason,
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계λͺ½μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ 이성에 μ „λ…ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλ“€ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό μžμΆ•ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ,
03:40
they depicted medieval people as superstitious and irrational.
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쀑세 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 미신을 λ―Ώκ³  비이성적이라고 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
In the 19th century, some Romantic European nationalist thinkersβ€” wellβ€”
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19μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ λ‚­λ§ŒνŒŒ 유럽 민쑱주의자 μΌλΆ€λŠ”
03:48
romanticized the Middle Ages.
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쀑세λ₯Ό λ‚­λ§Œμ μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
They described isolated, white, Christian societies,
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κ³ λ…ν•œ 백인 기독ꡐ인 집단을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
03:53
emphasizing narratives of chivalry and wonder.
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기사도와 경의둜운 이야기λ₯Ό κ°•μ‘°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
But knights played minimal roles in medieval warfare.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ€‘μ„Έμ˜ μ „νˆ¬μ—μ„œ κΈ°μ‚¬μ˜ 역할은 크지 μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
03:59
And the Middle Ages saw large-scale interactions.
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또 쀑세 μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ” 큰 규λͺ¨μ˜ ꡐλ₯˜κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
Ideas flowed into Europe along Byzantine, Muslim, and Mongol trade routes.
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λΉ„μž”ν‹΄, 무슬림, λͺ½κ³¨κ³Όμ˜ 무역을 톡해 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 사상이 ν˜λŸ¬λ“€μ–΄μ™”μ£ .
04:06
And merchants, intellectuals, and diplomats of diverse origins
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ§€μ—­μ˜ 상인, 지식인, 외ꡐ관이
04:09
visited medieval European cities.
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쀑세 유럽 λ„μ‹œλ“€μ„ λ°©λ¬Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
The biggest myth may be that the millennium of the Middle Ages
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κ°€μž₯ 큰 미신은 μ€‘μ„Έμ˜ 천 년이 유럽 역사 μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ
04:15
amounts to one distinct, cohesive period of European history at all.
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λšœλ ·ν•˜κ²Œ κ΅¬λΆ„λ˜λŠ” μ‹œκΈ°μ˜€λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œ 점일 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
Originally defined less by what they were than what they weren’t,
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μ‹€μ œμ™€ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ κ·Έλ €μ§€λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ 더 λ§Žμ•„μ§€λ©΄μ„œ,
04:23
the Middle Ages became a ground for dueling ideasβ€”
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μ€‘μ„ΈλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‚¬μƒμ˜ 결투μž₯이 λ˜μ–΄λ²„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
fueling more fantasy than fact.
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μ‹€μƒλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” ν™˜μƒμ΄ μ²¨κ°€λ˜λ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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