Why are eating disorders so hard to treat? - Anees Bahji

1,819,185 views ใƒป 2022-05-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Jenny Rublevsky
00:07
Globally, about 10% of people
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ื›-10% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:09
will experience an eating disorder during their lifetime.
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ื™ื—ื•ื• ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
00:13
And yet, eating disorders are profoundly misunderstood.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง.
00:17
Misconceptions about everything from symptoms to treatment,
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ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
00:21
make it difficult to navigate an eating disorder
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ืžืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
00:24
or support someone you love as they do so.
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ืื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.
00:26
So letโ€™s walk through what isโ€” and isnโ€™tโ€” true about eating disorders.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
00:31
First, what is an eating disorder?
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”?
00:34
Eating disorders are a range of psychiatric conditions
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ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื™ื
00:38
characterized by these main patterns of behavior:
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ืฉืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช:
00:41
restricting food intake, bingeing, or rapidly consuming large amounts of food,
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ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื–ืœื™ืœื” ืื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
00:46
and purging or eliminating calories
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ื•ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืื• ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช
00:48
through vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise, and other harmful means.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืื•ืช, ืžืฉืœืฉืœื™ื, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:53
An eating disorder can involve any one or any combination of these behaviors.
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ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•.
00:58
For example, people living with anorexia
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”
01:00
usually restrict the amount of food they eat,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื,
01:03
while bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
01:06
characterized by recurrent binges and purges.
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ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
01:10
Importantly, these behaviors determine whether someone has an eating disorder.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
01:15
You canโ€™t tell whether someone has an eating disorder
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
01:17
from their weight alone.
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ืžืžืฉืงืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:19
People who weigh what medical professionals might consider
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘
01:22
a healthy range can have eating disorders,
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ื›ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”,
01:25
including severe ones that damage their long-term health in invisible ways,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช,
01:30
including osteoporosis, anemia, heart damage, and kidney damage.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก, ืื ืžื™ื”, ื ื–ืง ืœืœื‘, ื•ื ื–ืง ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
01:36
Just as we canโ€™t tell whether someone has an eating disorder
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
01:39
based on their weight alone,
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืฉืงืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
01:41
we canโ€™t get rid of these disorders simply by eating differently.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:45
Thatโ€™s because eating disorders are, at their core, psychiatric illnesses.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกืŸ, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:50
From what we understand,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
01:51
they involve a disruption to someoneโ€™s self-perception.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:55
Most people who experience them are severely critical of themselves
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ
01:58
and report many self-perceived flaws.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
02:02
They may use eating to try to regain some control
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ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
ืงืฆืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืื•ืก.
02:05
over an internal sense of chaos.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
02:09
We still donโ€™t know exactly what causes eating disorders.
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02:12
There likely isnโ€™t a single cause, but a combination
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช, ืืœื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘
02:15
of genetic and environmental risk factors that contribute.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื.
02:19
Sometimes, other mental illnessesโ€” like depression or anxietyโ€”
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื•ืช- ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ืจื“ื” -
02:23
can cause symptoms of eating disorders.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
02:26
In addition, certain psychological factors,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
02:29
such as perfectionism and body image dissatisfaction,
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจืคืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:32
are risk factors for eating disorders.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
02:36
Several social factors contribute, too,
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ื’ื ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื,
02:38
including internalized weight stigma, exposure to bullying,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื•ืคื ืžืช, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
02:43
racial and ethnic assimilation, and limited social networks.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ื•ืืชื ื™ืช, ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
02:48
Although there is a common misconception that only women
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืจืง ื ืฉื™ื
02:51
experience eating disorders,
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ื—ื•ื•ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”,
02:53
people of all genders can be affected.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื.
02:56
As these disorders intimately affect the development
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
02:58
of oneโ€™s identity and self-esteem,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื,
03:01
people are particularly vulnerable to developing them during adolescence.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
03:06
Although these are among the most challenging
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
03:08
psychiatric disorders to treat,
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ื”ืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
03:10
effective therapies and interventions exist,
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ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื
03:13
and many people who receive treatment make a full recovery.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืžื” ืžืœืื”.
03:17
Treatment has a higher chance of success the earlier it starts
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:20
after someone develops disordered eating behaviors.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืคืชื— ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืคืจืขื•ืช.
03:23
But unfortunately, less than half of people with an eating disorder
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
03:27
will seek and receive treatment.
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ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
03:30
Because of the complex effects of eating disorders
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
03:32
on both the body and the mind,
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ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ,
03:34
treatment usually includes a combination of nutritional counseling and monitoring,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™,
03:39
psychotherapy, and in some cases, medications.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
03:43
Evidence-based psychotherapies exist as treatments for most eating disorders,
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ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”,
03:47
including cognitive-behavioral therapy and family-based therapy.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™.
03:52
These are talk-therapies that help people gain the skills
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
03:54
to deal with underlying psychological problems
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
03:57
that drive eating disorder symptoms.
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ืฉืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
04:00
Because not all patients will respond to these treatments,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืืœื•,
04:03
researchers are also investigating treatments outside of psychotherapy,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
04:07
such as transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื˜ืจื ืกื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืชื™.
04:11
Proper treatment can reduce the chances of dying from a severe eating disorder.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
04:17
Eating disorders can provoke a powerful sense of powerlessness,
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ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื,
04:22
but education for individuals, families, and communities
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช
04:26
helps erode the stigma and improve access to treatment.
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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