Are we born to run? | Christopher McDougall

譯者: yuanyuan liang 審譯者: Joan Liu

Running: it's basically just right, left, right, left, yeah?

跑步：基本上就是右，左，右，左——對吧？

I mean, we've been doing it for two million years,

就是說，我們已經這樣跑了兩百萬年，

所以我這樣可能有點不知天高地厚

so it's kind of arrogant to assume that I've got something to say

如果我說我知道一些東西

that hasn't been said and performed better a long time ago.

是很久以來都沒人能更好表述和演示過的。

But the cool thing about running, as I've discovered,

但是我所發現的關於跑步的最有意思的

就是有些奇怪的事情

is that something bizarre happens in this activity all the time.

發生在這個運動的全過程。

Case in point: A couple months ago, if you saw the New York City Marathon,

舉個例子：幾個月前，如果你看了紐約城的馬拉松，

我敢肯定你看到了

I guarantee you, you saw something that no one has ever seen before.

一些前所未見的東西。

An Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu turns up at the starting line.

有一位埃塞俄比亞女子叫 Derartu Tulu

出現在起跑線上。

她37歲，

She's 37 years old.

She hasn't won a marathon of any kind in eight years,

在過去8年裡從未贏過任何一場馬拉松比賽，

而就在幾個月前，

and a few months previously,

she had almost died in childbirth.

她幾乎難產而死。

Derartu Tulu was ready to hang it up and retire from the sport,

Derartu Tulu 已經準備挂靴而去，退出體育運動，

但是她決定要全力以赴

but she decided she'd go for broke

and try for one last big payday in the marquee event,

做一次最後的衝刺，

她選擇了一個盛會

the New York City Marathon.

紐約市馬拉松比賽。

Except -- bad news for Derartu Tulu -- some other people had the same idea,

但是——對Derartu Tulu來說有個壞消息——有人和她帶著同樣的想法，

包括奧運會金牌得主，

including the Olympic gold medalist,

以及Paula Radcliffe，她簡直就是猛獸，

and Paula Radcliffe, who is a monster,

她是有史以來速度最快的馬拉松女選手。

the fastest woman marathoner in history by far.

Only 10 minutes off the men's world record,

與男子的世界紀錄就差10分鐘。

基本上Paula Radcliffe 是不可戰勝的。

Paula Radcliffe is essentially unbeatable.

這就是她要面對的競賽。

That's her competition.

槍響了，而她甚至不算是跟跑者；

The gun goes off, and -- I mean, she's not even an underdog;

她是跟跑者的跟跑者。

she's, like, under the underdogs.

But the under-underdog hangs tough,

但是這個跟跑者的跟跑者頑強地堅持著。

在整個26英里賽程跑完22英里時，

and 22 miles into a 26-mile race,

there is Derartu Tulu, up there with the lead pack.

Derartu Tulu的位置

已在領跑隊伍中。

Now, this is when something really bizarre happens.

就是現在，一件非常奇怪的事情發生了。

Paula Radcliffe, the one person who is sure to snatch the big paycheck

Paula Radcliffe，那個注定要從跟跑者的跟跑者

Derartu Tulu手裡奪取獎金支票的那個人，

from Derartu Tulu's under-underdog hands,

突然握住自己的腿開始落後。

suddenly grabs her leg and starts to fall back.

So we all know what to do in this situation, right?

我們都知道這種情況該怎麼辦，是不是？

你應該舉起你的胳膊肘衝著她的嘴來一下

You give her a quick crack in the teeth with your elbow

然後閃電一樣的奔向終點。

and blaze for the finish line.

Derartu Tulu ruins the script.

Dearartu Tulu 卻出乎大家意料。

Instead of taking off,

她非但沒有拋開對手，

she falls back and she grabs Paula Radcliffe,

反而落在後面，抓住Paula Radcliffe

and says, "Come on. Come with us. You can do it."

說，“加油，跟上我們，你能行。”

So Paula Radcliffe, unfortunately, does it.

很不幸， Paula Radcliffe做到了。

她追上了領跑者隊伍，

She catches up with the lead pack

and is pushing toward the finish line.

一直衝向終點。

But then she falls back again.

但是接著她又一次落後了。

The second time, Derartu Tulu grabs her and tries to pull her.

而 Derartu Tulu 再次抓住她，試圖拉扯她前進。

這一次Paula Radcliffe 說，

And Paula Radcliffe, at that point, says, "I'm done. Go."

“我不行了。你走吧。”

So that's a fantastic story, and we all know how it ends.

這是一個美妙的故事，我們都知道故事的結尾。

She loses the check,

她失去了獎金，

but she goes home with something bigger and more important.

但是她收穫了更偉大更重要的東西。

Except Derartu Tulu ruins the script again.

只不過Derartu Tulu 再次讓大家意外。

Instead of losing, she blazes past the lead pack and wins.

她非但沒輸，反而超過了領跑組，贏得第一。

Wins the New York City Marathon,

贏得紐約市馬拉松比賽，

goes home with a big fat check.

獲得巨額獎金。

It's a heartwarming story,

這是一個暖人肺腑的故事，

but if you drill a little bit deeper,

但是如果你仔細想想，

you've got to sort of wonder about what exactly was going on there.

你會想知道到底發生了什麼。

When you have two outliers in one organism,

當你從一個有機體上錄得兩次異常值時，

這不是一個巧合。

it's not a coincidence.

When you have someone who is more competitive and more compassionate

當在比賽中有一個人比任何人都

更有競爭力也更有同情心，這也不是一個巧合。

than anybody else in the race, again, it's not a coincidence.

當你讓我看到一個動物有著扁平的足和鱗片時，

You show me a creature with webbed feet and gills;

somehow water's involved.

它多少應該和水有關係。

Someone with that kind of heart, there's some kind of connection there.

一個有著那樣的心（臟）的人，一定和什麼東西有關。

And the answer to it, I think, can be found

我認為答案

就在墨西哥的銅峽谷（Copper Canyons ），

down in the Copper Canyons of Mexico,

where there's a reclusive tribe, called the Tarahumara Indians.

在那裡有一個部落，一個隱居的部落，

叫做 Tarahumara 族印第安人。

Now, the Tarahumara are remarkable for three things.

現在Tarahumara族人因三件事而出名。

第一，

Number one is:

they have been living essentially unchanged for the past 400 years.

他們的生活基本沒發生變化

已經400年。

When the conquistadors arrived in North America you had two choices:

當西班牙征服者到達北美時，你有兩個選擇：

要麼還擊被征服要麼離開。

you either fight back and engage or you could take off.

瑪雅人和阿茲特克人被征服了，

The Mayans and Aztecs engaged,

這就是為什麼現在瑪雅人和阿茲特克人都很稀少。

which is why there are very few Mayans and Aztecs.

The Tarahumara had a different strategy.

Tarahumara人有著不同的策略。

They took off and hid

他們逃走藏進了

in this labyrinthine, networking, spider-webbing system of canyons

迷宮一般蜿蜒曲折

如蛛網一般複雜的峽谷群中，

這就是銅峽谷，

called the Copper Canyons.

And there they've remained since the 1600s,

他們從17世紀開始就一直生活在那裡——

一直以來基本沒有變化。

essentially the same way they've always been.

The second thing remarkable about the Tarahumara is:

Tarahumara人出名的第二件事是

deep into old age -- 70 to 80 years old --

直至高齡階段——70到80歲——

these guys aren't running marathons;

這些人跑的不是馬拉松，

they're running mega-marathons.

而是超級馬拉松。

They're not doing 26 miles,

他們不跑26英里，

they're doing 100, 150 miles at a time,

他們一次跑100，150英里。

and apparently without injury, without problems.

而且顯然不受任何損傷，也沒有其他問題。

The last thing that's remarkable about the Tarahumara is:

Tarahumara人出名的最後的一個事，

all the things we're going to be talking about today,

就是我們今天所探討的所有東西

所有那些我們想要弄明白的，

all the things we're trying to use all of our technology

動用我們所有的技術和腦力去解決的問題——

and brain power to solve --

things like heart disease and cholesterol and cancer;

像心髒病，膽固醇，癌症，

犯罪，戰爭，暴力和臨床性的抑鬱症——

crime, warfare and violence; clinical depression -- all this stuff --

所有這些東西，對Tarahumara 人來說都是聞所未聞的。

the Tarahumara don't know what you're talking about.

他們不受

They are free from all of these modern ailments.

所有這些疾病的影響。

那麼這裡的關聯是什麼？

So what's the connection?

我們在回去討論異常值。

Again, we're talking about outliers;

這裡肯定有某種因果關係。

there's got to be some kind of cause and effect.

有一些科學家

Well, there are teams of scientists at Harvard and the University of Utah

在哈佛和猶他大學，

在絞盡腦汁想搞清楚的東西

that are bending their brains and trying to figure out

卻是Tarahumara一直以來都知道的。

what the Tarahumara have known forever.

They're trying to solve those same kinds of mysteries.

他們試圖解決一些同類的奧秘。

And once again, a mystery wrapped inside of a mystery --

而再一次，一個秘密裡藏著另一個秘密——

perhaps the key to Derartu Tulu and the Tarahumara

也許解開 Derartu Tulu和Tarahumara人的秘密的鑰匙

就在這三個秘密中，它們是：

is wrapped in three other mysteries, which go like this:

Three things -- if you have the answer, come up and take the microphone,

這三件事——如果你知道答案，請上台來對著話筒說，

因為沒別人知道答案。

because nobody else knows the answer.

而如果你知道，你就比地球人的所有人都聰明。

If you know it, you're smarter than anybody on planet Earth.

第一個謎團：

Mystery number one is this:

2百萬年前，人類的大腦突然增大。

Two million years ago, the human brain exploded in size.

南方古猿只有豌豆般大的大腦。

Australopithecus had a tiny little pea brain.

突然，人類出現了——直立人——

Suddenly humans show up, Homo erectus, big old melon head.

西瓜一般大的大腦。

To have a brain of that size,

要有這麼大的大腦，

you need to have a source of condensed caloric energy.

你需要具備濃縮的熱量能量源。

In other words, early humans are eating dead animals --

換言之，早期人類吃死去的動物——

毫無疑問，這是事實。

no argument, that's a fact.

唯一的問題是，

The only problem is,

the first edged weapons only appeared about 200,000 years ago.

最早的帶刃的武器只出現在20萬年前。

因此不知怎樣在大約200萬年裡，

So somehow, for nearly two million years,

we are killing animals without any weapons.

我們在赤手空拳地獵取動物。

Now, we're not using our strength,

現在我們不怎麼使用自己的力量，

because we are the biggest sissies in the jungle.

因為我們是叢林裡最最膽小的傢伙。

Every other animal is stronger than we are,

所有別的動物都比我們更強壯。

they have fangs, they have claws, they have nimbleness, they have speed.

它們有尖牙，利爪，機敏和速度。

我們都知道Usain Bolt （世界百米冠軍）跑得很快，但他在松鼠面前簡直不值一提。

We think Usain Bolt is fast.

Usain Bolt can get his ass kicked by a squirrel.

我們跑的並不快。

We're not fast.

That would be an Olympic event:

奧運會應該有這麼個比賽：放出一隻松鼠，

turn a squirrel loose, whoever catches it gets a gold medal.

誰抓到松鼠誰得金牌。

(Laughter)

那麼，沒有武器，沒有速度，沒有力量，沒有尖牙利爪。

So no weapons, no speed, no strength, no fangs, no claws.

我們是如何獵殺這些動物的？這是第一個謎團。

How were we killing these animals? Mystery number one.

Mystery number two:

第二個謎團:

Women have been in the Olympics for quite some time now,

婦女參加奧運會至今已經有相當長一段歷史了，

but one thing that's remarkable about all women sprinters:

但是有件事是在所有女短跑選手身上都很明顯的——

她們都跑太慢，慢的可怕。

they all suck; they're terrible.

There's not a fast woman on the planet and there never has been.

地球上就沒有跑的快的女人

永遠也不會有。

The fastest woman to ever run a mile did it in 4:15.

一英里跑的最快的女選手用時4分15秒。

I could throw a rock and hit a high-school boy

我扔個石頭隨便砸到一個高中男生

who can run faster than 4:15.

他也能跑的比4分15秒還快。

For some reason, you guys are just really slow.

出於某些原因，你們跑的確實太慢了。

But --

（觀眾笑聲）

(Laughter)

But, you get to the marathon we were just talking about --

但是回到我們剛剛提到的馬拉松——

you've only been allowed to run the marathon for 20 years,

你們女人被允許跑馬拉松只是近20年的事。

因為在80年代前，

because prior to the 1980s, medical science said

醫學界認為如果一個女人試圖跑26英里——

if a woman tried to run 26 miles -- does anyone know what would happen

有誰知道如果跑26英里會發生什麼嗎？

if you tried to run 26 miles?

為什麼在80年代以前禁止你們跑馬拉松？

Why you were banned from the marathon before the 1980s?

Audience Member: Her uterus would be torn.

（某觀眾：會撕裂子宮）她的子宮會撕裂。

Christopher McDougall: Her uterus would be torn, yes.

是的。會撕裂生殖器官。

Torn reproductive organs.

子宮會脫垂，真的脫到體外。

The uterus would literally fall out of the body.

(Laughter)

我去過很多馬拉松比賽，

Now, I've been to a lot of marathons,

我從來沒見過這種事發生。

and I've yet to see any ...

（觀眾笑聲）

(Laughter)

所以自女子可以參加馬拉松以來只有20年。

So it's only been 20 years

that women have been allowed to run the marathon.

在這麼短的學習曲線上，

In that very short learning curve, you've gone from broken organs

你們從器官損傷一下跳躍到

up to the fact that you're only 10 minutes off the male world record.

僅有10分鐘的差距就可以追上

男子的世界紀錄。

Then you go beyond 26 miles, into the distance

然後你們超越了26英里，

達到的長度是醫學認為對全人類來說都是致命的——

that medical science also told us would be fatal to humans --

remember Pheidippides died when he ran 26 miles --

還記得Pheidippides（公元前5世紀希臘長跑運動員）跑到26英里時死了——

你們跑了50到100英里，

you get to 50 and 100 miles, and suddenly, it's a different game.

然後突然之間變成了不同的比賽。

You take a runner like Ann Trason or Nikki Kimball or Jenn Shelton,

長跑運動員如Ann Trason, Nikki Kimball, Jenn Shelton,

put them in a race of 50 or 100 miles against anybody in the world,

你讓他們和世界上隨便一些人比賽跑50到100英里，

誰會贏就只能靠扔硬幣預測了。

and it's a coin toss who's going to win.

給你們一個例子。

I'll give you an example.

A couple years ago, Emily Baer signed up for a race

幾年前，Emily Baer 報名參加名為

硬石100（Hardrock 100）的比賽，

called the Hardrock 100,

which tells you all you need to know about the race.

從名字你就能知道比賽的內容。

They give you 48 hours to finish this race.

你有48小時完成比賽。

Well, Emily Baer -- 500 runners --

而Emily Baer 在500個選手中

she finishes in eighth place, in the top 10,

以第八的成績完成比賽，居於前十名。

even though she stopped at all the aid stations

她甚至在每個補給站都停下來

好在比賽中還能給自己的孩子餵母乳——

to breastfeed her baby during the race.

(Laughter)

但還是打敗了其他492個人。

And yet, she beat 492 other people.

最後一個謎團：就是為什麼當距離越長

The last mystery:

Why is it that women get stronger as distances get longer?

女人就越有力？

最後一個謎團是這樣的：

The third mystery is this:

At the University of Utah, they started tracking finishing times

在猶他大學，他們開始追踪那些跑馬拉松的人

跑完全程的次數。

for people running the marathon.

What they found is that if you start running the marathon at age 19,

他們發現

如果你從19歲就開始跑馬拉松，

you'll get progressively faster, year by year,

隨著年歲的增長你會越跑越快，

直到27歲的時候到達頂峰。

until you reach your peak at age 27.

然後，你屈服於

And then after that, you succumb to the rigors of time.

時間的嚴酷。

你會跑的越來越慢，

And you'll get slower and slower,

until eventually you're back to running the same speed you were at age 19.

直到你逐漸回复到你19歲時的速度。

因此大概在7到8年的時間裡你攀上頂峰，

So about seven, eight years to reach your peak,

然後逐漸從高峰滑落，

and then gradually you fall off your peak,

直到你回到起點。

until you go back to the starting point.

You'd think it might take eight years to go back to the same speed,

你可能會以為要再花8年時間回到19歲的速度

也可能是10年——不，是45年。

maybe 10 years -- no, it's 45 years.

64-year-old men and women

60歲的男子和女子

are running as fast as they were at age 19.

和19歲時跑的一樣快。

Now, I defy you to come up with any other physical activity --

我挑戰你們能舉出其他任何一種體育運動——

and please don't say golf -- something that's actually hard --

不過拜託別說高爾夫球——要真正有難度的運動——

(Laughter)

在這個運動裡老年人的表現

where geriatrics are performing as well as they did as teenagers.

與十幾歲時一樣。

So you have these three mysteries.

就這樣你面對這三個謎團。

Is there one piece in the puzzle which might wrap all these things up?

在這迷霧中是否有一小塊拼圖能

把所有這些謎都收攏起來？

任何時候你都要非常小心

You've got to be careful anytime someone looks back in prehistory

某個人會回顧史前時代然後就試圖丟給你一個整體上的答案，

and tries to give you a global answer because,

因為那是史前時代，

it being prehistory, you can say whatever the hell you want

你可以想說什麼就說什麼然後一走了之。

and get away with it.

但我要呈現給大家的是：

But I'll submit this to you:

如果你把一小塊碎片放在這個大拼圖的中央，

If you put one piece in the middle of this jigsaw puzzle,

突然之間，它開始組成一幅條理清晰的圖畫。

suddenly it all starts to form a coherent picture.

如果你想知道為什麼Tarahumara人不反抗，

If you're wondering why the Tarahumara don't fight

也沒有死於心髒病，

and don't die of heart disease,

為什麼一個貧窮的埃塞俄比亞女子Derartu Tulu

why a poor Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu

can be the most compassionate and yet the most competitive,

會是最有同情心同時又是最有競爭力的選手，

and why we somehow were able to find food without weapons,

以及為什麼我們不知怎樣卻可以

沒有武器而獲得食物，

perhaps it's because humans,

也許這只是因為人類，

as much as we like to think of ourselves as masters of the universe,

儘管我們喜歡把自己想像為宇宙的主人，

actually evolved as nothing more than a pack of hunting dogs.

但事實上我們只是進化為

一群獵犬。

Maybe we evolved as a hunting pack animal.

也許我們進化為

一種群體狩獵的動物。

Because the one advantage we have in the wilderness --

因為我們在荒野中所具備的一個優勢——

再說一次，不是我們的牙齒爪子和速度——

again, it's not our fangs, our claws or our speed --

我們能幹非常非常好的唯一一件事就是出汗。

the only thing we do really well is sweat.

We're really good at being sweaty and smelly.

我們很善於大汗淋漓渾身汗臭。

Better than any other mammal on Earth, we can sweat really well.

與地球上的任何其他動物相比，我們真的很能出汗。

But the advantage of that little bit of social discomfort

但是這個

會造成小小的社交不適的優點

is the fact that, when it comes to running under hot heat for long distances,

其實質就是當在

高溫下長距離奔跑時，

我們是很出色的，我們是星球上最棒的。

we're superb -- the best on the planet.

You take a horse on a hot day,

你在一個炎熱天氣裡騎馬

and after about five or six miles, that horse has a choice:

經過5到6英里，這匹馬面臨一個選擇。

它要麼繼續喘氣，要麼讓自己降溫，

it's either going to breathe or it's going to cool off.

But it ain't doing both. We can.

但它不能兩者同時進行——我們就能。

So what if we evolved as hunting pack animals?

所以要是我們就是進化為群體狩獵的動物呢？

What if the only natural advantage we had in the world

要是我們在這個世界上所擁有的唯一一個優勢

was the fact that we could get together as a group,

就是我們事實上組成一個群體，

在非洲的熱帶大草原上看準一只羚羊，

go out there on that African savanna, pick out an antelope,

成群結隊地追趕那個動物直到它倒地而亡？

go out as a pack, and run that thing to death?

那就是我們所能做的；

That's all we could do.

We could run really far on a hot day.

我們能在炎熱天氣裡跑很遠很遠。

Well, if that's true, a couple other things had to be true as well.

如果這是事實，那必須還要加上另外幾個事實。

The key to being part of a hunting pack is the word "pack."

要成為一個狩獵群體的一員的關鍵在於「群體」。

If you go out by yourself and try to chase an antelope,

如果你單獨行動想追捕一隻羚羊，

我向你保證最後草原上將倒下兩具屍體。

I guarantee there will be two cadavers out in the savanna.

你需要一個群體集體合作。

You need a pack to pull together.

你需要有一些64，65歲的人，

You need to have those 64- and 65-year-olds

他們長期以來都在做這件事，

who have been doing this for a long time

能了解你真正想追趕的是哪頭羚羊。

to understand which antelope you're trying to catch.

羊群會散開然後又聚攏。

The herd explodes and it gathers back again.

Those expert trackers have to be part of the pack.

那些專業的追踪者必須成為群體的一員。

他們不能落在後面10英里。

They can't be 10 miles behind.

You need the women and the adolescents there,

你還需要婦女和青少年加入

because the two times in your life you most benefit from animal protein

因為在人生中有兩個最需要蛋白質的階段

就是哺乳期的母親和生長發育時的青少年。

is when you're a nursing mother and a developing adolescent.

要是一隻羚羊死在這裡

It makes no sense to have the antelope over there, dead,

而需要吃它的人卻在50英里以外那就毫無意義了。

and the people who want to eat it 50 miles away.

他們也必須是群體的成員。

They need to be part of the pack.

你需要那些27歲到達巔峰狀態的領跑者

You need those 27-year-old studs at the peak of their powers

準備完成撲殺，

ready to drop the kill,

你還需要那些青少年在這裡

and you need those teenagers who are learning the whole thing involved.

他們在全程參與中學習這一切。

這個群體必須在一起。

The pack stays together.

Another thing that has to be true: this pack cannot be materialistic.

要讓這個群體存在需要的另一個事實是：這個群體不能太多物質。

You can't be hauling all your crap around, trying to chase the antelope.

你不可能拖著你的大包小包還去追趕那隻羚羊。

你也不能是一群脾氣暴躁的人，你不能帶著不滿捕獵。

You can't be a pissed-off pack.

You can't be bearing grudges, like, "I'm not chasing that guy's antelope.

例如：「我才不要追那個人的羚羊。

他讓我不爽。讓他自己追他自己的羊去吧。」

He pissed me off. Let him go chase his own antelope."

這個群體的成員必須放下自己的自負，

The pack has got to be able to swallow its ego,

齊心協力，團結合作。

be cooperative, and pull together.

換言之，你最終形成的

What you end up with, in other words,

is a culture remarkably similar to the Tarahumara,

是一種文化非常接近於

Tarahumara人的文化——

a tribe that has remained unchanged since the Stone Age.

這個部族自石器時代以來

都一直保持不變。

It's a really compelling argument

這是個很有說服力的觀點

that maybe the Tarahumara are doing exactly what all of us had done

即 Tarahumara 人所做的

正是我們所有人2百萬年來所做的。

for two million years,

that it's us in modern times who have sort of gone off the path.

是我們這些現代人在某程度上偏離了這條道路。

You know, we look at running as this kind of alien, foreign thing,

要知道我們視跑步為陌生，異樣的事，

this punishment you've got to do because you ate pizza the night before.

是因為昨天晚上吃了批薩而不得不受的懲罰。

但也許並非如此。

But maybe it's something different.

也許我們本來擁有這一自然的優勢

Maybe we're the ones who have taken this natural advantage we had

卻毀了它。

and we spoiled it.

我們是怎麼毀掉它的呢？跟我們毀掉別的東西一樣。

How do we spoil it? Well, how do we spoil anything?

We try to cash in on it. Right?

我們試圖用它賺錢。

We try to can it and package it and make it "better"

我們試圖給它包裝打扮令它更好，

然後賣給顧客。

and then sell it to people.

And then what happened was, we started creating

我們開始製造出

these fancy cushioned things which can make running "better,"

這些好看的帶氣墊的東西，

它能令跑步更舒服，叫做跑鞋。

called running shoes.

The reason I get personally pissed-off about running shoes

我對跑鞋有私人恩怨

is because I bought a million of them and I kept getting hurt.

我買了那麼多那麼多雙跑鞋可是我還是不斷受傷。

And I think if anybody in here runs --

然後我就想，如果這裡有人也跑步的話——

I just had a conversation with Carol.

我剛和Carol討論過；

We talked for two minutes backstage, and she talked about plantar fasciitis.

我們在後台聊了兩分鐘，然後她說到足底的筋膜炎。

如果你和一個跑步的人聊天，我保證，30秒內，

You talk to a runner, I guarantee within 30 seconds,

the conversation turns to injury.

話題就會轉到傷病。

So if humans evolved as runners, if that's our one natural advantage,

如果人進化為跑手，如果這是我們唯一的自然優勢

then why are we so bad at it?

那麼我們為什麼跑得這麼差？為什麼我們不斷受傷？

Why do we keep getting hurt?

A curious thing about running and running injuries

有關跑步和跑步受傷的一個奇怪的事就是

跑步受傷是我們這個時代的新產物。

is that the running injury is new to our time.

If you read folklore and mythology,

如果你讀民間故事和神話，

any kind of myths, any kind of tall tales,

隨便哪種神話，隨便哪個童話，

running is always associated with freedom and vitality

奔跑總是伴隨著

自由，力量，青春和永恆的活力。

and youthfulness and eternal vigor.

只是到了我們這個時代

It's only in our lifetime that running has become associated

跑步才開始伴隨著恐懼和痛苦。

with fear and pain.

Geronimo（19世紀反抗美國政府的北美印第安武士）曾經說過，

Geronimo used to say, "My only friends are my legs. I only trust my legs."

「我唯一的朋友就是我的腿。我只信任我的腿。」

That's because an Apache triathlon used to be you'd run 50 miles

那是因為阿帕奇部落的鐵人三項運動

包括跑步50英里穿越沙漠，

across the desert,

近身肉搏，偷一群馬，

engage in hand-to-hand combat, steal a bunch of horses,

以及射擊。

and slap leather for home.

Geronimo從來沒說過，「啊，你知道嗎，

Geronimo was never saying, "You know something, my Achilles -- I'm tapering.

我的阿克琉斯之踵啊，——我在調整狀態。我這星期不能跑，」

I've got to take this week off."

或說，「我需要交叉訓練。

Or, "I need to cross-train. I didn't do yoga. I'm not ready."

我沒做瑜伽。我沒準備好。」

(Laughter)

人能跑而且一直在跑。

Humans ran and ran all the time.

We are here today. We have our digital technology.

我們活到今天，有數碼技術。

我們所有的科學都來自於這個事實，

All of our science comes from the fact

即我們的祖先每天都能

that our ancestors were able to do something extraordinary every day,

做這件非比尋常的事，

就是只是依靠光腳和腿

which was just rely on their naked feet and legs

長距離奔跑。

to run long distances.

那麼我們如何再次回到那個狀態？

So how do we get back to that again?

Well, I would submit to you the first thing is:

那麼我要告訴你們的第一件事就是

擺脫所有的包裝，減價和推銷。

get rid of all packaging, all the sales, all the marketing.

Get rid of all the stinking running shoes.

擺脫所有那些討厭的跑鞋。

不要再關注城市馬拉松，

Stop focusing on urban marathons,

那種東西你要跑4小時的話你真是太慢了。

which, if you do four hours, you suck,

and if you do 3:59:59, you're awesome,

如果你3小時59分59秒就能完成那你真是太棒了。

because you qualified for another race.

因為你夠格參加另外一種比賽。

我們需要找回那種遊戲和快樂的感覺，

We need to get back to that sense of playfulness and joyfulness

我還想說，赤裸裸的感覺，

and, I would say, nakedness,

正是它使得 Tarahumara族成為

that has made the Tarahumara

我們這個時代最健康最平和的文化。

one of the healthiest and serene cultures in our time.

那麼好處在哪裡？又會怎樣？

So what's the benefit? So what?

就只是能燃燒掉頭天晚上吃的哈根達斯了嗎？

So you burn off the Häagen-Dazs from the night before.

But maybe there's another benefit there as well.

但也許還有另外一個好處。

Without getting too extreme about this,

我說的一點沒有將其極端化，

imagine a world where everybody could go out the door

想像一個世界

每個人都能走出家門

參加某種運動

and engage in the kind of exercise

可以使他們更放鬆，更平和，

that's going to make them more relaxed, more serene,

更健康，

more healthy,

burn off stress --

釋放壓力——

where you don't come back into your office a raging maniac anymore,

在那裡你不再帶著極度的狂躁踏進辦公室，

也不再背著一堆壓力回到家裡。

or go home with a lot of stress on top of you again.

也許在我們現在的狀態和

Maybe there's something between what we are today

and what the Tarahumara have always been.

Tarahumara 人一直以來的狀態之間存在著某種東西。

I don't say let's go back to the Copper Canyons

我並不是說讓我們回到銅峽谷，

and live on corn and maize, which is the Tarahumara's preferred diet,

吃玉米為生，這是Tarahumara人的最愛。

但也許是中間的某個狀態。

but maybe there's somewhere in between.

如果我們能夠找到那個狀態，

And if we find that thing,

maybe there is a big fat Nobel Prize out there.

也許有個諾貝爾獎正等著我們拿呢。

Because if somebody could find a way to restore that natural ability

因為如果有人能想辦法

恢復這種天然的能力

that we all enjoyed for most of our existence

使我們能從鍛煉中得到最大的享受，

up until the 1970s or so,

我們直到70年代前一直都在享受的

the benefits -- social and physical and political and mental --

社會和生理上的

政治和精神上的益處，

could be astounding.

將會是驚人的。

What I've been seeing today is there is a growing subculture

因此我到今天所看到的是一個正在成長中的次文化，

光腳跑步，人們丟掉他們的鞋子。

of barefoot runners, people who've gotten rid of their shoes.

And what they have found uniformly is,

他們無一例外地發現

you get rid of the shoes, you get rid of the stress,

當你丟掉鞋子，你也丟掉了壓力，

you get rid of the injuries and the ailments.

丟掉了傷痛和不適。

And what you find is something the Tarahumara have known

你所找到的是

Tarahumara人一直以來都了解的，

for a very long time:

that this can be a whole lot of fun.

而這一切都非常有趣。

I've experienced it personally myself.

我自己已經親身體驗過。

I was injured all my life; then in my early 40s, I got rid of my shoes

我一輩子都在受傷，而直到我40歲出頭我丟掉了我的鞋，

and my running ailments have gone away, too.

而我因跑步而來的傷病也隨之消失了。

因此希望這使我們大家都能獲益。

So hopefully it's something we can all benefit from.

謝謝大家聽我講的故事。非常感謝。

I appreciate your listening to this story.

Thanks very much.

（觀眾鼓掌）

(Applause)