Are we born to run? | Christopher McDougall

1,974,908 views ・ 2011-02-04

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00:15
Running: it's basically just right, left, right, left, yeah?
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I mean, we've been doing it for two million years,
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so it's kind of arrogant to assume that I've got something to say
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that hasn't been said and performed better a long time ago.
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But the cool thing about running, as I've discovered,
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is that something bizarre happens in this activity all the time.
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Case in point: A couple months ago, if you saw the New York City Marathon,
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I guarantee you, you saw something that no one has ever seen before.
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An Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu turns up at the starting line.
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She's 37 years old.
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She hasn't won a marathon of any kind in eight years,
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and a few months previously,
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she had almost died in childbirth.
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Derartu Tulu was ready to hang it up and retire from the sport,
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but she decided she'd go for broke
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and try for one last big payday in the marquee event,
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the New York City Marathon.
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Except -- bad news for Derartu Tulu -- some other people had the same idea,
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including the Olympic gold medalist,
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and Paula Radcliffe, who is a monster,
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the fastest woman marathoner in history by far.
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Only 10 minutes off the men's world record,
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Paula Radcliffe is essentially unbeatable.
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That's her competition.
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The gun goes off, and -- I mean, she's not even an underdog;
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she's, like, under the underdogs.
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But the under-underdog hangs tough,
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and 22 miles into a 26-mile race,
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there is Derartu Tulu, up there with the lead pack.
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Now, this is when something really bizarre happens.
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Paula Radcliffe, the one person who is sure to snatch the big paycheck
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from Derartu Tulu's under-underdog hands,
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suddenly grabs her leg and starts to fall back.
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So we all know what to do in this situation, right?
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You give her a quick crack in the teeth with your elbow
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and blaze for the finish line.
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Derartu Tulu ruins the script.
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Instead of taking off,
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she falls back and she grabs Paula Radcliffe,
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and says, "Come on. Come with us. You can do it."
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So Paula Radcliffe, unfortunately, does it.
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She catches up with the lead pack
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and is pushing toward the finish line.
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But then she falls back again.
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The second time, Derartu Tulu grabs her and tries to pull her.
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And Paula Radcliffe, at that point, says, "I'm done. Go."
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So that's a fantastic story, and we all know how it ends.
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She loses the check,
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but she goes home with something bigger and more important.
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Except Derartu Tulu ruins the script again.
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Instead of losing, she blazes past the lead pack and wins.
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Wins the New York City Marathon,
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goes home with a big fat check.
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It's a heartwarming story,
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but if you drill a little bit deeper,
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you've got to sort of wonder about what exactly was going on there.
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When you have two outliers in one organism,
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it's not a coincidence.
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When you have someone who is more competitive and more compassionate
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than anybody else in the race, again, it's not a coincidence.
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You show me a creature with webbed feet and gills;
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somehow water's involved.
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Someone with that kind of heart, there's some kind of connection there.
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And the answer to it, I think, can be found
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down in the Copper Canyons of Mexico,
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where there's a reclusive tribe, called the Tarahumara Indians.
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Now, the Tarahumara are remarkable for three things.
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Number one is:
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they have been living essentially unchanged for the past 400 years.
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When the conquistadors arrived in North America you had two choices:
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you either fight back and engage or you could take off.
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The Mayans and Aztecs engaged,
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which is why there are very few Mayans and Aztecs.
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The Tarahumara had a different strategy.
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They took off and hid
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in this labyrinthine, networking, spider-webbing system of canyons
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called the Copper Canyons.
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And there they've remained since the 1600s,
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essentially the same way they've always been.
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The second thing remarkable about the Tarahumara is:
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deep into old age -- 70 to 80 years old --
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these guys aren't running marathons;
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they're running mega-marathons.
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They're not doing 26 miles,
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they're doing 100, 150 miles at a time,
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and apparently without injury, without problems.
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The last thing that's remarkable about the Tarahumara is:
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all the things we're going to be talking about today,
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all the things we're trying to use all of our technology
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and brain power to solve --
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things like heart disease and cholesterol and cancer;
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crime, warfare and violence; clinical depression -- all this stuff --
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the Tarahumara don't know what you're talking about.
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They are free from all of these modern ailments.
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So what's the connection?
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Again, we're talking about outliers;
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there's got to be some kind of cause and effect.
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Well, there are teams of scientists at Harvard and the University of Utah
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that are bending their brains and trying to figure out
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what the Tarahumara have known forever.
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They're trying to solve those same kinds of mysteries.
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And once again, a mystery wrapped inside of a mystery --
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perhaps the key to Derartu Tulu and the Tarahumara
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is wrapped in three other mysteries, which go like this:
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Three things -- if you have the answer, come up and take the microphone,
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because nobody else knows the answer.
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If you know it, you're smarter than anybody on planet Earth.
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Mystery number one is this:
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Two million years ago, the human brain exploded in size.
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Australopithecus had a tiny little pea brain.
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Suddenly humans show up, Homo erectus, big old melon head.
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To have a brain of that size,
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you need to have a source of condensed caloric energy.
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In other words, early humans are eating dead animals --
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no argument, that's a fact.
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The only problem is,
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the first edged weapons only appeared about 200,000 years ago.
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So somehow, for nearly two million years,
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we are killing animals without any weapons.
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Now, we're not using our strength,
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because we are the biggest sissies in the jungle.
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Every other animal is stronger than we are,
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they have fangs, they have claws, they have nimbleness, they have speed.
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We think Usain Bolt is fast.
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Usain Bolt can get his ass kicked by a squirrel.
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We're not fast.
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That would be an Olympic event:
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turn a squirrel loose, whoever catches it gets a gold medal.
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(Laughter)
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So no weapons, no speed, no strength, no fangs, no claws.
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How were we killing these animals? Mystery number one.
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Mystery number two:
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Women have been in the Olympics for quite some time now,
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but one thing that's remarkable about all women sprinters:
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they all suck; they're terrible.
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There's not a fast woman on the planet and there never has been.
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The fastest woman to ever run a mile did it in 4:15.
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I could throw a rock and hit a high-school boy
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who can run faster than 4:15.
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For some reason, you guys are just really slow.
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But --
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(Laughter)
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But, you get to the marathon we were just talking about --
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you've only been allowed to run the marathon for 20 years,
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because prior to the 1980s, medical science said
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if a woman tried to run 26 miles -- does anyone know what would happen
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if you tried to run 26 miles?
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Why you were banned from the marathon before the 1980s?
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Audience Member: Her uterus would be torn.
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Christopher McDougall: Her uterus would be torn, yes.
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Torn reproductive organs.
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The uterus would literally fall out of the body.
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(Laughter)
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Now, I've been to a lot of marathons,
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and I've yet to see any ...
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(Laughter)
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So it's only been 20 years
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that women have been allowed to run the marathon.
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In that very short learning curve, you've gone from broken organs
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up to the fact that you're only 10 minutes off the male world record.
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Then you go beyond 26 miles, into the distance
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that medical science also told us would be fatal to humans --
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remember Pheidippides died when he ran 26 miles --
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you get to 50 and 100 miles, and suddenly, it's a different game.
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You take a runner like Ann Trason or Nikki Kimball or Jenn Shelton,
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put them in a race of 50 or 100 miles against anybody in the world,
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and it's a coin toss who's going to win.
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I'll give you an example.
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A couple years ago, Emily Baer signed up for a race
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called the Hardrock 100,
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which tells you all you need to know about the race.
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They give you 48 hours to finish this race.
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Well, Emily Baer -- 500 runners --
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she finishes in eighth place, in the top 10,
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even though she stopped at all the aid stations
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to breastfeed her baby during the race.
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(Laughter)
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And yet, she beat 492 other people.
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The last mystery:
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Why is it that women get stronger as distances get longer?
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The third mystery is this:
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At the University of Utah, they started tracking finishing times
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for people running the marathon.
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What they found is that if you start running the marathon at age 19,
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you'll get progressively faster, year by year,
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until you reach your peak at age 27.
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And then after that, you succumb to the rigors of time.
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And you'll get slower and slower,
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until eventually you're back to running the same speed you were at age 19.
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So about seven, eight years to reach your peak,
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and then gradually you fall off your peak,
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until you go back to the starting point.
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You'd think it might take eight years to go back to the same speed,
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maybe 10 years -- no, it's 45 years.
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64-year-old men and women
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are running as fast as they were at age 19.
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Now, I defy you to come up with any other physical activity --
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and please don't say golf -- something that's actually hard --
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(Laughter)
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where geriatrics are performing as well as they did as teenagers.
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So you have these three mysteries.
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Is there one piece in the puzzle which might wrap all these things up?
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You've got to be careful anytime someone looks back in prehistory
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and tries to give you a global answer because,
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it being prehistory, you can say whatever the hell you want
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and get away with it.
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But I'll submit this to you:
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If you put one piece in the middle of this jigsaw puzzle,
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suddenly it all starts to form a coherent picture.
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If you're wondering why the Tarahumara don't fight
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and don't die of heart disease,
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why a poor Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu
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can be the most compassionate and yet the most competitive,
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and why we somehow were able to find food without weapons,
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perhaps it's because humans,
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as much as we like to think of ourselves as masters of the universe,
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actually evolved as nothing more than a pack of hunting dogs.
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Maybe we evolved as a hunting pack animal.
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Because the one advantage we have in the wilderness --
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again, it's not our fangs, our claws or our speed --
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the only thing we do really well is sweat.
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We're really good at being sweaty and smelly.
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Better than any other mammal on Earth, we can sweat really well.
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But the advantage of that little bit of social discomfort
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is the fact that, when it comes to running under hot heat for long distances,
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we're superb -- the best on the planet.
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You take a horse on a hot day,
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and after about five or six miles, that horse has a choice:
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it's either going to breathe or it's going to cool off.
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But it ain't doing both. We can.
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So what if we evolved as hunting pack animals?
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What if the only natural advantage we had in the world
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was the fact that we could get together as a group,
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go out there on that African savanna, pick out an antelope,
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go out as a pack, and run that thing to death?
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That's all we could do.
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We could run really far on a hot day.
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Well, if that's true, a couple other things had to be true as well.
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The key to being part of a hunting pack is the word "pack."
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If you go out by yourself and try to chase an antelope,
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I guarantee there will be two cadavers out in the savanna.
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You need a pack to pull together.
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You need to have those 64- and 65-year-olds
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who have been doing this for a long time
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to understand which antelope you're trying to catch.
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The herd explodes and it gathers back again.
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Those expert trackers have to be part of the pack.
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They can't be 10 miles behind.
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You need the women and the adolescents there,
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because the two times in your life you most benefit from animal protein
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is when you're a nursing mother and a developing adolescent.
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It makes no sense to have the antelope over there, dead,
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and the people who want to eat it 50 miles away.
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They need to be part of the pack.
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You need those 27-year-old studs at the peak of their powers
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ready to drop the kill,
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and you need those teenagers who are learning the whole thing involved.
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The pack stays together.
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Another thing that has to be true: this pack cannot be materialistic.
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You can't be hauling all your crap around, trying to chase the antelope.
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You can't be a pissed-off pack.
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You can't be bearing grudges, like, "I'm not chasing that guy's antelope.
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He pissed me off. Let him go chase his own antelope."
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The pack has got to be able to swallow its ego,
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be cooperative, and pull together.
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What you end up with, in other words,
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is a culture remarkably similar to the Tarahumara,
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a tribe that has remained unchanged since the Stone Age.
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It's a really compelling argument
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that maybe the Tarahumara are doing exactly what all of us had done
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for two million years,
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that it's us in modern times who have sort of gone off the path.
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You know, we look at running as this kind of alien, foreign thing,
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this punishment you've got to do because you ate pizza the night before.
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But maybe it's something different.
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Maybe we're the ones who have taken this natural advantage we had
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and we spoiled it.
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How do we spoil it? Well, how do we spoil anything?
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We try to cash in on it. Right?
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We try to can it and package it and make it "better"
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and then sell it to people.
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And then what happened was, we started creating
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these fancy cushioned things which can make running "better,"
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called running shoes.
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The reason I get personally pissed-off about running shoes
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is because I bought a million of them and I kept getting hurt.
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And I think if anybody in here runs --
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I just had a conversation with Carol.
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We talked for two minutes backstage, and she talked about plantar fasciitis.
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You talk to a runner, I guarantee within 30 seconds,
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the conversation turns to injury.
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So if humans evolved as runners, if that's our one natural advantage,
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then why are we so bad at it?
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Why do we keep getting hurt?
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A curious thing about running and running injuries
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is that the running injury is new to our time.
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If you read folklore and mythology,
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any kind of myths, any kind of tall tales,
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running is always associated with freedom and vitality
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and youthfulness and eternal vigor.
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It's only in our lifetime that running has become associated
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with fear and pain.
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Geronimo used to say, "My only friends are my legs. I only trust my legs."
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That's because an Apache triathlon used to be you'd run 50 miles
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across the desert,
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engage in hand-to-hand combat, steal a bunch of horses,
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and slap leather for home.
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Geronimo was never saying, "You know something, my Achilles -- I'm tapering.
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I've got to take this week off."
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Or, "I need to cross-train. I didn't do yoga. I'm not ready."
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(Laughter)
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Humans ran and ran all the time.
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We are here today. We have our digital technology.
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All of our science comes from the fact
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that our ancestors were able to do something extraordinary every day,
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which was just rely on their naked feet and legs
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13:40
to run long distances.
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So how do we get back to that again?
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Well, I would submit to you the first thing is:
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get rid of all packaging, all the sales, all the marketing.
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Get rid of all the stinking running shoes.
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Stop focusing on urban marathons,
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which, if you do four hours, you suck,
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and if you do 3:59:59, you're awesome,
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because you qualified for another race.
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We need to get back to that sense of playfulness and joyfulness
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and, I would say, nakedness,
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that has made the Tarahumara
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one of the healthiest and serene cultures in our time.
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So what's the benefit? So what?
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So you burn off the Häagen-Dazs from the night before.
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But maybe there's another benefit there as well.
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14:18
Without getting too extreme about this,
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imagine a world where everybody could go out the door
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14:26
and engage in the kind of exercise
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that's going to make them more relaxed, more serene,
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more healthy,
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burn off stress --
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where you don't come back into your office a raging maniac anymore,
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or go home with a lot of stress on top of you again.
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Maybe there's something between what we are today
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and what the Tarahumara have always been.
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I don't say let's go back to the Copper Canyons
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and live on corn and maize, which is the Tarahumara's preferred diet,
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but maybe there's somewhere in between.
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And if we find that thing,
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maybe there is a big fat Nobel Prize out there.
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Because if somebody could find a way to restore that natural ability
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that we all enjoyed for most of our existence
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up until the 1970s or so,
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the benefits -- social and physical and political and mental --
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could be astounding.
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What I've been seeing today is there is a growing subculture
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of barefoot runners, people who've gotten rid of their shoes.
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And what they have found uniformly is,
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you get rid of the shoes, you get rid of the stress,
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you get rid of the injuries and the ailments.
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And what you find is something the Tarahumara have known
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for a very long time:
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that this can be a whole lot of fun.
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I've experienced it personally myself.
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I was injured all my life; then in my early 40s, I got rid of my shoes
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and my running ailments have gone away, too.
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So hopefully it's something we can all benefit from.
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I appreciate your listening to this story.
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Thanks very much.
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(Applause)
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1991
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