Catherine Crump: The small and surprisingly dangerous detail the police track about you

翻译人员: Yuchen Shen 校对人员: Karen SONG

The shocking police crackdown on protestors in Ferguson, Missouri,

在密苏里州弗格森的一场 令人震惊的对抗议者的镇压中，

in the wake of the police shooting of Michael Brown,

警察开枪射杀了迈克尔▪布朗，

underscored the extent to which advanced military weapons and equipment,

揭示了为作战而设计的

军用高级武器，

designed for the battlefield,

are making their way

正向

to small-town police departments across the United States.

全美国镇级警署渗透。

Although much tougher to observe,

虽然更加不易察觉，

this same thing is happening with surveillance equipment.

但军用监控设备也以同样方式来到了我们身边。

NSA-style mass surveillance is enabling

美国国家安全局形制的大型监控系统，

local police departments to gather vast quantities

让本地警察局能够收集超大量的

of sensitive information about each and every one of us

个人敏感信息，

in a way that was never previously possible.

这是前所未有的。

Location information can be very sensitive.

位置信息可以是非常敏感的。

If you drive your car around the United States,

如果你在美国范围内开车，

it can reveal if you go to a therapist,

它能显示你是去看医生，

attend an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting,

还是去参加匿名酗酒者会议

if you go to church or if you don't go to church.

去教堂，或者没去教堂。

And when that information about you

如果将你的信息

is combined with the same information about everyone else,

和其他人的同类信息相结合，

the government can gain a detailed portrait

政府就能详细地描绘出

of how private citizens interact.

公民间的私人关系。

This information used to be private.

这样的信息曾经是私密的，

Thanks to modern technology,

而因为现代科技，

the government knows far too much about what happens behind closed doors.

政府对家务事也知道的太多了。

And local police departments make decisions about who they think you are

地方警察局能根据这些信息，

based on this information.

对你的为人做出“官方”判断。

One of the key technologies driving mass location tracking

方位跟踪最常用的，

is the innocuous-sounding Automatic License Plate Reader.

是一种利用无害声波 自动抓拍车牌的技术。

If you haven't seen one,

如果你没见过这种监控，

it's probably because you didn't know what to look for --

很可能是因为你不知道怎么去找，

they're everywhere.

它无处不在。

Mounted on roads or on police cars,

有的装在马路上方，有的在警车上，

Automatic License Plate Readers capture images of every passing car

自动抓拍车牌相机会拍下经过的每一辆车，

and convert the license plate into machine-readable text

然后把汽车牌照转换成可机读的文字，

这样就可以对照着黑名单

so that they can be checked against hot lists

of cars potentially wanted for wrongdoing.

查出可疑车辆。

But more than that, increasingly,

不仅如此，现在日益增多的情况是，

local police departments are keeping records

地方警察局不仅会

not just of people wanted for wrongdoing,

查可疑车辆，

but of every plate that passes them by,

而是只要有车经过都查，

resulting in the collection of mass quantities of data

收集每一个美国人的大量信息，

about where Americans have gone.

了解他们的动态。

Did you know this was happening?

这件事你知道吗？

When Mike Katz-Lacabe asked his local police department

当迈克▪卡茨拉卡德向当地警局

for information about the plate reader data they had on him,

询问他的拍照记录，

this is what they got:

这是他得到的结果：

in addition to the date, time and location,

除了日期，时间和地点

the police department had photographs that captured

还有各种监控照片，

where he was going and often who he was with.

显示他经常去哪、和谁在一起。

The second photo from the top is a picture of Mike and his two daughters

上边数下来第二张照片是 迈克和他的两个女儿

getting out of their car in their own driveway.

在家门前一起下车的照片。

The government has hundreds of photos like this

政府有几百张这样的照片，

about Mike going about his daily life.

能知道迈克每天的行踪。

如果你也在美国境内开车，

And if you drive a car in the United States,

I would bet money that they have photographs

我打赌他们也有

关于你的各种生活照。

like this of you going about your daily life.

Mike hasn't done anything wrong.

迈克没做过任何错事

Why is it okay that the government is keeping all of this information?

为什么政府可以这样收集他的信息？

The reason it's happening is because,

原因就是，

as the cost of storing this data has plummeted,

由于储存信息的成本迅速下降，

the police departments simply hang on to it,

警局就紧紧抓住它不放，

just in case it could be useful someday.

以防有朝一日能用上。

The issue is not just that one police department

但问题是暗中搜集信息的

is gathering this information in isolation

不是只有一家警局单干，

or even that multiple police departments are doing it.

或者只有几家各干各的。

At the same time, the federal government

与此同时，政府也在

is collecting all of these individual pots of data,

将这数以亿计的各种个人信息，

and pooling them together into one vast database

都收录到一个

统一的数据库中，

with hundreds of millions of hits,

showing where Americans have traveled.

跟踪美国人都去过哪里。

This document from the Federal Drug Enforcement Administration,

联邦缉毒局的这个文件

which is one of the agencies primarily interested in this,

是缉毒局的主要关注点之一，

is one of several that reveal the existence of this database.

证明了这样的数据库的存在。

Meanwhile, in New York City,

同时，在纽约市，

the NYPD has driven police cars equipped with license plate readers

纽约市警局派出装有摄像头的警车

past mosques in order to figure out who is attending.

开过清真寺，看有谁在里面。

The uses and abuses of this technology aren't limited to the United States.

不是只有美国在滥用这项技术。

In the U.K., the police department

在英国，警察局

put 80-year-old John Kat on a plate reader watch list

把80岁的约翰▪卡加入了黑名单

after he had attended dozens of lawful political demonstrations

因为他出现在很多次合法的政治游行当中，

where he liked to sit on a bench and sketch the attendees.

坐在一旁的长椅上，为游行者画素描。

License plate readers aren't the only mass location tracking technology

自动抓拍相机可不是执法机构

唯一使用的跟踪技术。

available to law enforcement agents today.

Through a technique known as a cell tower dump,

通过基站定位技术，

law enforcement agents can uncover who was using

执法机构能够知道谁

one or more cell towers at a particular time,

在某一时刻正在使用哪些个基站，

a technique which has been known to reveal

这项技术能用来确定

the location of tens of thousands and even hundreds of thousands of people.

几万甚至几十万人的位置。

Also, using a device known as a StingRay,

另外还有一种设备叫做“魟鱼”，（即“IMSI捕手”）

law enforcement agents can send tracking signals

执法机关能够在人们家里发送跟踪信号，

inside people's houses to identify the cell phones located there.

来确定家里都有哪些手机在工作。

And if they don't know which house to target,

如果他们没有明确的目标

they've been known to drive this technology

据说就会

让这个设备在住宅区全部运行一遍。

around through whole neighborhoods.

Just as the police in Ferguson possess high-tech military weapons and equipment,

就像弗格森的警察配备了 高科技军用武器，

so too do police departments across the United States

全美国的警察也都配备了

高科技的监控设备。

possess high-tech surveillance gear.

你看不到（那些监控）

Just because you don't see it,

doesn't mean it's not there.

不代表它们就不存在。

The question is, what should we do about this?

问题是，我们应对此该做些什么？

I think this poses a serious civil liberties threat.

我认为已这严重威胁到了公民的自由。

History has shown that once the police have massive quantities of data,

历史表明，一旦警察有足够大量的数据，

tracking the movements of innocent people,

跟踪无辜民众的行踪，

it gets abused, maybe for blackmail, maybe for political advantage,

数据就会被滥用，可能用于勒索、 政治获利，

or maybe for simple voyeurism.

抑或是单纯的偷窥。

Fortunately, there are steps we can take.

所幸的是，我们还是能采取一些措施。

Local police departments can be governed by the city councils,

地方警察局由市议会管理，

which can pass laws requiring the police

议会可以通过法律，要求警察

to dispose of the data about innocent people

销毁无罪民众的数据，

while allowing the legitimate uses of the technology to go forward.

同时允许进一步的合法使用这些科技。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause).

（掌声）