Catherine Crump: The small and surprisingly dangerous detail the police track about you

129,583 views ・ 2014-12-11

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譯者: Hanling Chen 審譯者: Adrienne Lin
00:13
The shocking police crackdown on protestors in Ferguson, Missouri,
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在密蘇里州佛格森 警方鎮壓抗議者令人震驚,
00:17
in the wake of the police shooting of Michael Brown,
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這些人為了警方開槍 射擊邁克爾·布朗的事件抗議,
00:20
underscored the extent to which advanced military weapons and equipment,
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從事件中可看出 極為先進的軍事裝備
00:24
designed for the battlefield,
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為戰場而設計的武器,
00:26
are making their way
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正在慢慢進入
00:27
to small-town police departments across the United States.
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全美國縣城的警察局。
00:32
Although much tougher to observe,
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雖然很難察覺到,
00:34
this same thing is happening with surveillance equipment.
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但是同樣的事情也發生在監控設備上,
00:38
NSA-style mass surveillance is enabling
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國土安全局級別的大規模監控
00:40
local police departments to gather vast quantities
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使得地方警察部門獲取大量
00:43
of sensitive information about each and every one of us
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關於我們每一個人的敏感訊息
00:47
in a way that was never previously possible.
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以一種前所未有的方式。
00:51
Location information can be very sensitive.
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所在位置的訊息會非常敏感。
00:54
If you drive your car around the United States,
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如果你在美國開著車,
00:57
it can reveal if you go to a therapist,
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它可以揭露你去看了治療師,
00:59
attend an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting,
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還是參加匿名戒酒會議,
01:01
if you go to church or if you don't go to church.
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你是否會上教堂。
01:04
And when that information about you
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如果這些關於你的訊息
01:06
is combined with the same information about everyone else,
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和那些其他人的訊息整合到一起,
01:09
the government can gain a detailed portrait
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政府就得到了一份詳細的
01:12
of how private citizens interact.
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關於每個普通公民如何相互交流的影像。
01:15
This information used to be private.
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這些訊息曾經是隱私。
01:17
Thanks to modern technology,
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由於現代科技,
01:19
the government knows far too much about what happens behind closed doors.
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政府知道了太多關著的門背後發生的事情。
01:23
And local police departments make decisions about who they think you are
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而且當地警察局也根據這些訊息
01:27
based on this information.
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來判斷你是怎樣的人。
01:31
One of the key technologies driving mass location tracking
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推動大量定位追蹤的一項關鍵技術是
01:35
is the innocuous-sounding Automatic License Plate Reader.
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冠冕堂皇的車牌自動閱讀器。
01:38
If you haven't seen one,
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如果你從未見過它,
01:40
it's probably because you didn't know what to look for --
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很有可能是你不知道往哪裡看——
01:43
they're everywhere.
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它們無處不在。
01:45
Mounted on roads or on police cars,
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裝在道路上或者警車上,
01:48
Automatic License Plate Readers capture images of every passing car
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車牌自動閱讀器抓拍過往的每一輛車
01:52
and convert the license plate into machine-readable text
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然後把車牌轉化成機器辨識的文字
01:56
so that they can be checked against hot lists
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這樣就可以
和違規名單上的車牌對照。
01:59
of cars potentially wanted for wrongdoing.
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02:02
But more than that, increasingly,
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而且不止這些,大量增長的是,
02:04
local police departments are keeping records
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當地警察局保留了
02:07
not just of people wanted for wrongdoing,
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不光是違法者的記錄,
02:10
but of every plate that passes them by,
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而且是每一輛經過的車的記錄,
02:13
resulting in the collection of mass quantities of data
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導致得到大量關於
02:17
about where Americans have gone.
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美國人去了哪裡的數據。
02:19
Did you know this was happening?
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你們知道有這種事嗎?
02:21
When Mike Katz-Lacabe asked his local police department
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當邁克·卡茨拉卡布問他當地的警察局
02:25
for information about the plate reader data they had on him,
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要車牌閱讀器關於他的記錄時,
02:28
this is what they got:
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這是警察得到的:
02:30
in addition to the date, time and location,
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除了日期、時間、地點,
02:33
the police department had photographs that captured
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警察局還有抓拍的照片
02:36
where he was going and often who he was with.
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關於他去了哪裡,和誰在一起。
02:39
The second photo from the top is a picture of Mike and his two daughters
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第二張照片是邁克和他的兩個女兒
02:43
getting out of their car in their own driveway.
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在他們家門口從車中下來時。
02:47
The government has hundreds of photos like this
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政府部門有數百張這樣的照片
02:50
about Mike going about his daily life.
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關於邁克和他的日常生活。
02:53
And if you drive a car in the United States,
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如果你在美國開著車,
02:55
I would bet money that they have photographs
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我敢用金錢打賭他們也有類似照片
02:58
like this of you going about your daily life.
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關於你的日常生活。
03:00
Mike hasn't done anything wrong.
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邁克並沒有做任何壞事。
03:02
Why is it okay that the government is keeping all of this information?
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為什麼政府可以保留這些訊息?
03:06
The reason it's happening is because,
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原因是,
03:08
as the cost of storing this data has plummeted,
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隨著儲蓄數據的成本下降
03:12
the police departments simply hang on to it,
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警察局就簡單地保留下來,
03:14
just in case it could be useful someday.
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以防有一天成為有用訊息。
03:18
The issue is not just that one police department
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這件事並不是一個警察局
03:20
is gathering this information in isolation
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收集訊息,
03:23
or even that multiple police departments are doing it.
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或者幾個警察局收集訊息。
03:26
At the same time, the federal government
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同時,聯邦政府
03:28
is collecting all of these individual pots of data,
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正在收集所有個人的點滴訊息,
03:32
and pooling them together into one vast database
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並且把它們同其他成百上千萬
03:35
with hundreds of millions of hits,
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訊息一起放在一個大數據庫裡,
03:37
showing where Americans have traveled.
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顯示出美國人都去了哪些地方。
03:39
This document from the Federal Drug Enforcement Administration,
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聯邦緝毒局,
03:42
which is one of the agencies primarily interested in this,
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對此極有興趣的機構之一,
03:45
is one of several that reveal the existence of this database.
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裡頭的這份文件透漏了數據庫的存在。
03:50
Meanwhile, in New York City,
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同時,在紐約,
03:52
the NYPD has driven police cars equipped with license plate readers
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紐約警察局開著裝有車牌閱讀器的警車
03:56
past mosques in order to figure out who is attending.
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經過清真寺以搞清楚誰參加了。
04:00
The uses and abuses of this technology aren't limited to the United States.
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這項技術的使用和濫用不僅限於美國。
04:04
In the U.K., the police department
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在英國,警察局
04:07
put 80-year-old John Kat on a plate reader watch list
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把 80 歲的約翰·卡特放進了車牌讀取名單,
04:11
after he had attended dozens of lawful political demonstrations
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因為他先前參加 幾十個合法的政治示威活動時,
04:16
where he liked to sit on a bench and sketch the attendees.
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他喜歡坐在凳子上為參與者畫像。
04:20
License plate readers aren't the only mass location tracking technology
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車牌讀取器不是目前提供給執法機構的
04:24
available to law enforcement agents today.
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唯一大規模追蹤技術。
04:26
Through a technique known as a cell tower dump,
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通過一個名為小區塔轉儲的技術,
04:29
law enforcement agents can uncover who was using
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執法人員可以破察誰在某個時刻
04:32
one or more cell towers at a particular time,
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正在使用一個或者多個電話通信塔,
04:34
a technique which has been known to reveal
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這是一項被大眾熟知的技術
04:37
the location of tens of thousands and even hundreds of thousands of people.
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被用來定位成千上百的人。
04:41
Also, using a device known as a StingRay,
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同樣,使用一種名為黃貂魚的設備,
04:44
law enforcement agents can send tracking signals
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執法人員可以追蹤
04:47
inside people's houses to identify the cell phones located there.
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在人們家裡的信號 來確認手機就在那裡。
04:51
And if they don't know which house to target,
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而且如果他們不知道目標是哪棟房子,
04:53
they've been known to drive this technology
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他們會在整個街區
04:55
around through whole neighborhoods.
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使用這項技術。
04:59
Just as the police in Ferguson possess high-tech military weapons and equipment,
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正如弗格森警方 擁有高科技軍用武器裝備,
05:04
so too do police departments across the United States
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全美國的警察局同樣也有
05:07
possess high-tech surveillance gear.
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高科技的監控設備。
05:09
Just because you don't see it,
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你沒有看見它
05:11
doesn't mean it's not there.
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並不意味著它不存在。
05:13
The question is, what should we do about this?
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問題是,我們應該對此做些什麼?
05:16
I think this poses a serious civil liberties threat.
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我認為這嚴重的威脅了公民自由。
05:19
History has shown that once the police have massive quantities of data,
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歷史已經證明一旦警察有了大量的數據,
05:24
tracking the movements of innocent people,
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追蹤無辜大眾的行動,
05:26
it gets abused, maybe for blackmail, maybe for political advantage,
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它就會被濫用, 或者用於勒索、政治目的,
05:30
or maybe for simple voyeurism.
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或者簡單的偷窺。
05:32
Fortunately, there are steps we can take.
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幸運的是,我們可以採取一些措施。
05:35
Local police departments can be governed by the city councils,
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當地警察部門可以被市議會管轄,
05:38
which can pass laws requiring the police
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議會有權利通過法律要求警察
05:41
to dispose of the data about innocent people
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丟棄無辜人的數據,
05:44
while allowing the legitimate uses of the technology to go forward.
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同時允許合法的繼續使用這些科技。
05:47
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:49
(Applause).
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(鼓掌)
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