Does money make you mean? | Paul Piff

翻译人员: Peipei Xiang 校对人员: Tingting Zhao

I want you to, for a moment,

我想让大家花一点时间

想象一下自己正在玩大富翁游戏

think about playing a game of Monopoly.

只不过在这个游戏里面

Except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck

那些帮助你赢得游戏的因素，比如技巧，才能和运气

that helped earn you success in games, as in life,

在此无关紧要

就像对于人生一样

has been rendered irrelevant,

because this game's been rigged,

因为这个游戏被操纵了

and you've got the upper hand.

而你已经占了上风

You've got more money,

你有更多的钱

more opportunities to move around the board,

有更多在棋盘上移动的机会

以及更多获得资源的机会

and more access to resources.

And as you think about that experience,

在你想象这个经历的时候

我想让大家问一下自己

I want you to ask yourself:

How might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game

一个被操纵的游戏里面

作为优势玩家的经历

change the way you think about yourself

会如何改变你思考自己和

对待对手的方式？

and regard that other player?

So, we ran a study on the UC Berkeley campus

在加州大学伯克利分校，我们做了一个试验

来研究这个问题

to look at exactly that question.

We brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab,

我们招募了100多对

陌生人到实验室

and with the flip of a coin,

通过投掷硬币的方式

randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game.

随机选定一对中的一个

作为这个游戏中占上风的玩家

They got two times as much money;

他们拿到了两倍的钱

when they passed Go, they collected twice the salary;

当他们途径起点的时候

他们拿到两倍的工资

and they got to roll both dice instead of one,

而且他们可以同时掷两个骰子而不是一个

so they got to move around the board a lot more.

所以他们可以在棋盘上移动更多

（笑声）

(Laughter)

在接下来的15分钟内

And over the course of 15 minutes,

we watched through hidden cameras what happened.

我们通过隐藏的摄像头观察了现场情况

What I want to do today, for the first time,

今天是第一次

我想和大家分享一下我们观察到的

is show you a little bit of what we saw.

You'll to have to pardon the sound quality,

有的时候音质可能不太好，还请大家原谅

因为毕竟是用隐藏的摄像头

because again, these were hidden cameras.

So we've provided subtitles.

所以我们加上了字幕

[Video] Rich Player: How many 500s did you have?

富玩家：你有多少张500块？

穷玩家：就一张。

Poor Player: Just one.

富玩家：真的吗？！ 穷玩家：是啊。

RP: Are you serious? PP: Yeah.

富玩家：我有三张。（笑声）

RP: I have three. (Laughs) I don't know why they gave me so much.

不知道为什么他们给了我那么多。

保罗-皮夫：所以，玩家们很快就意识到

Paul Piff: So it was quickly apparent to players that something was up.

这个游戏明显有点奇怪

一个玩家比另一个玩家

One person clearly has a lot more money than the other person,

明显有更多的钱

and yet, as the game unfolded,

随着游戏慢慢展开

我们观察到两个玩家

we saw very notable differences, dramatic differences begin to emerge

开始有一些

between the two players.

明显不同的表现

The rich player started to move around the board louder,

富的玩家

在棋盘上移动的声音更大

literally smacking the board with the piece as he went around.

移动的时候

几乎是在狠狠砸棋盘

(Game piece smacks board)

We were more likely to see signs of dominance

我们看到了富玩家们更多的

and nonverbal signs, displays of power

”霸主”信号、肢体动作

权力的显露

and celebration among the rich players.

以及互相庆祝

We had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side.

我们在旁边放了一碗椒盐卷饼

就在右下角

It's on the bottom right corner.

That allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior.

这使得我们可以观察玩家吃椒盐卷饼的行为

So we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.

我们就是看看玩家吃了多少椒盐卷饼

[Video] RP: Are those pretzels a trick?

富玩家：这些椒盐卷饼有什么猫腻么？

PP: I don't know.

穷玩家：不知道啊。

Paul Piff: OK, so no surprises, people are on to us.

保罗·皮夫：好吧，不出所料，大家觉得有问题。

They wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place.

起先他们好奇那一碗椒盐卷饼

为什么会在那里

就像你刚才看到的，其中一个甚至问：

One even asks, like you just saw,

这碗椒盐卷饼有什么猫腻么？

"Is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick?"

但尽管如此

And yet, despite that, the power of the situation

整个现场的主导形势还是不可避免

seems to inevitably dominate,

and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.

那些富的玩家开始吃更多的椒盐卷饼

(Laughter)

富玩家：我爱椒盐卷饼。

[Video] RP: I love pretzels.

(Laughter)

（笑声）

保罗·皮夫：游戏继续进行，

Paul Piff: And as the game went on,

one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns

我们发现了一个很明显的

that we observed begin to emerge

有趣现象

就是富玩家

was that the rich players actually started to become ruder

开始对另一个玩家表现得不友好

toward the other person --

对那些可怜玩家的贫穷困境

less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor players,

越来越不敏感

and more and more demonstrative of their material success,

开始越来越频繁的炫富

开始越来越频繁的炫富

更喜欢展示他们正在做的一切

more likely to showcase how well they're doing.

富玩家：我什么都买得起

[Video] RP: I have money ...

(Laughs) I have money for everything.

穷玩家：你有多少钱？

PP: How much is that?

RP: You owe me 24 dollars.

富玩家：你还欠我24块

You're going to lose all your money soon.

你很快就要输光了

I'll buy it. I have so much money.

我要买它，我太多钱了

I have so much money, it takes me forever.

那么多花都花不完的钱

RP 2: I'm going to buy out this whole board.

富玩家2：我要把整个棋盘都买下来

RP 3: You're going to run out of money soon.

富玩家3：你很快就要没钱了

我已经差不多不可战胜了

I'm pretty much untouchable at this point.

(Laughter)

保罗-皮夫：下面是我觉得

Paul Piff: And here's what I think was really, really interesting:

一个非常非常有意思的现象

在15分钟要结束的时候

it's that, at the end of the 15 minutes,

we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game.

我们请玩家谈论他们在游戏中的经历

And when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won

当富玩家谈论

他们在这个被操纵的游戏里面

in this rigged game of Monopoly ...

为什么必胜的时候

(Laughter)

（笑声）

They talked about what they'd done to buy those different properties

他们提到了自己

为了买到不同地产

and earn their success in the game.

和赢得游戏所做的努力

(Laughter)

And they became far less attuned

而他们忽略了

这个游戏一开始的不同形势

to all those different features of the situation --

including that flip of a coin --

也就是投掷硬币

that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position

随机决定了他们

哪一个获得优势

in the first place.

And that's a really, really incredible insight

而这对我们理解大脑如何看待优势

into how the mind makes sense of advantage.

提供了非常好的启发

我们可以用这个大富翁的游戏作比喻

Now, this game of Monopoly can be used

as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure,

来理解我们的社会以及社会分层

也就是有的人

wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status,

有大量的财富和地位

and a lot of people don't;

而很多人没有

they have a lot less wealth and a lot less status

他们仅有很少的财富和地位

and a lot less access to valued resources.

以及很少获得宝贵资源的机会

And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing

我和我的同事在过去的7年里一直在做的

is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies.

就是研究这些不同层次的影响

What we've been finding across dozens of studies

全国范围内的

大量研究都表明

and thousands of participants across this country

is that as a person's levels of wealth increase,

当一个人的财富增加时

他们的同情心和同理心下降

their feelings of compassion and empathy go down,

而他们的优越感增加

and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness,

and their ideology of self-interest increase.

也更注重个人利益

In surveys, we've found

在调查中，我们发现

that it's actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize

富有的人更可能

把贪婪定义为好的

greed being good,

and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral.

把对个人利益的追求

定义为有利的，道德的

今天我想谈的就是

Now, what I want to do today is talk about some of the implications

这种个人利益思维的影响

of this ideology self-interest,

talk about why we should care about those implications,

谈谈为什么我们应该关注这些影响

以及我们能做些什么

and end with what might be done.

Some of the first studies that we ran in this area

我们在这一领域最初做的一些研究

观察了助人行为

looked at helping behavior,

社会心理学家称之为

something social psychologists call "pro-social behavior."

亲社会行为

And we were really interested

我们很想知道什么人更倾向于

in who's more likely to offer help to another person:

给其他人提供帮助

someone who's rich or someone who's poor.

富人还是穷人

In one of the studies,

其中一个研究，我们把一个社区的富人和穷人

we bring rich and poor members of the community into the lab,

都带到了实验室

and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars.

给了每个人10美元

We told the participants they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves,

我们告诉他们

他们可以把这10块钱给自己用

也可以把其中一部分拿出来分享

or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to,

如果他们愿意的话

with a stranger, who's totally anonymous.

跟一个陌生人分享

They'll never meet that stranger; the stranger will never meet them.

一个永远不会再相遇的陌生人

And we just monitor how much people give.

我们观察人们给了多少

Individuals who made 25,000, sometimes under 15,000 dollars a year,

那些年收入为25000

甚至低于15000美元的人

gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger

和那些年收入为15万

甚至20万的人比起来

than did individuals making 150,000, 200,000 dollars a year.

多给了44%

多给了44%

We've had people play games

我们还让人们玩游戏

to see who's more or less likely to cheat

看看什么人更可能

to increase their chances of winning a prize.

为了赢得一个奖品而作弊

In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer

其中一个游戏，我们其实操纵了电脑

so that die rolls over a certain score were impossible --

使得某些数字

不可能出现

You couldn't get above 12 in this game, and yet ...

这个游戏里面，你不可能超过12

然而，越富有的人

the richer you were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game

越有可能在这个游戏中作弊

to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize --

去争取那个最终能够赢取50美元现金的分数

sometimes by three to four times as much.

可能性甚至高达3到4倍

我们还做了另一个实验

We ran another study

where we looked at whether people would be inclined to take candy

观察人们是否会

from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified

从糖罐里面拿糖

糖罐上清楚地写着：给小朋友预留……

as being reserved for children --

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I'm not kidding -- I know it sounds like I'm making a joke.

我是认真的

我知道这听上去像我在讲笑话

We explicitly told participants:

我们明确地告诉了参与者

"This candy is for children participating in a developmental lab nearby.

这一罐糖是给隔壁发展中心的

小朋友准备的

They're in studies. This is for them."

他们在实验中，这是给他们的

And we just monitored how much candy participants took.

然后我们观察这些参与者拿了多少糖果

Participants who felt rich took two times as much candy

那些感觉富有的参与者

比那些感觉贫穷的参与者

as participants who felt poor.

多拿了两倍的糖果

We've even studied cars.

我们还研究了汽车

Not just any cars,

不只是汽车

而是不同类型汽车的司机

but whether drivers of different kinds of cars

谁更倾向于做一些违法的事情

are more or less inclined to break the law.

In one of these studies,

其中一个实验，我们观察了

we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian

司机在碰到行人（我们安排的）过马路时的

that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk.

停车行为

在加州，大家都知道

Now in California, as you all know,

因为我相信我们都有这样做

because I'm sure we all do this,

it's the law to stop for a pedestrian who's waiting to cross.

法律规定碰到行人要过马路，我们必须停车

So here's an example of how we did it.

下面我告诉大家我们是怎样做的

That's our confederate off to the left, posing as a pedestrian.

左侧是我们的研究人员

装作一个行人

He approaches as the red truck successfully stops.

他正要过马路，这时候红色的卡车停了下来

In typical California fashion,

当然这是在加州

it's overtaken by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over.

很快一辆巴士呼啸而过，差点要撞倒我们的行人

（笑声）

(Laughter)

Now here's an example of a more expensive car,

这是一辆比较贵的车

a Prius, driving through, and a BMW doing the same.

一辆普锐斯开过来

一辆宝马车也一样

So we did this for hundreds of vehicles

几天内

我们测试了几百辆车

on several days,

just tracking who stops and who doesn't.

记录谁停了谁没有停

What we found was as the expensiveness of a car increased ...

我们发现

随着车价的增加

(Laughter)

the drivers' tendencies to break the law increased as well.

司机违法的倾向

也增加了

None of the cars -- none of the cars --

而在我们的廉价车系里

没有一辆车

in our least expensive car category

broke the law.

做出违法行为

Close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category

而在我们的昂贵车系里

有接近50%的车

broke the law.

都违法了

We've run other studies,

我们还做了其它研究并发现

finding that wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations,

越有钱的人越有可能在谈判中说谎

to endorse unethical behavior at work,

赞同工作中的不道德行为

like stealing cash from the cash register,

比如从收银台偷现金

taking bribes, lying to customers.

受贿，忽悠顾客等

Now, I don't mean to suggest

我并不是说

that it's only wealthy people who show these patterns of behavior.

只是有钱人

会表现出类似的行为

Not at all -- in fact, I think that we all,

完全不是。事实上，我觉得我们每个人

in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives,

在我们日常的分分秒秒中

struggle with these competing motivations

都要跟这些动机作斗争

of when or if to put our own interests above the interests of other people.

什么时候以及是否把我们的利益置于

他人的利益之上

And that's understandable,

这很容易理解

because the American dream is an idea

因为美国梦告诉我们

每个人都有同等的机会

in which we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper,

可以成功、发达

as long as we apply ourselves and work hard.

只要我们足够努力

And a piece of that means that sometimes,

而这也意味着有的时候

you need to put your own interests

你需要把自己的利益

above the interests and well-being of other people around you.

置于你周边人的利益和幸福之上

但是我们的发现是

But what we're finding is that the wealthier you are,

你越有钱，则越有可能

the more likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success,

去追求一种个人的成功

of achievement and accomplishment,

个人的成果和成就

to the detriment of others around you.

这可能是建立在对旁人的损害之上

Here I've plotted for you the mean household income

这里我为大家画出了

在过去20年里

received by each fifth and top five percent of the population

over the last 20 years.

每个1/5和最高5%人口的平均家庭收入

In 1993,

1993年

the differences between the different quintiles of the population,

每个1/5之间的收入差异

in terms of income,

还是相当大的

are fairly egregious.

It's not difficult to discern that there are differences.

我们不难看出其中的差别

But over the last 20 years, that significant difference

但是在过去的20年里面

has become a Grand Canyon of sorts

这种巨大差异最终成为了

between those at the top and everyone else.

顶层人群与其他所有人之间的鸿沟

In fact, the top 20 percent of our population

事实是，顶层20%的人口

own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country.

拥有整个国家接近90%的财富

We're at unprecedented levels of economic inequality.

我们正在经历史无前例的

经济上的不平等

What that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concentrated

而这不仅意味着财富

更多地聚集在为数很少的一群人手里

in the hands of a select group of individuals,

but the American dream is becoming increasingly unattainable

还意味着美国梦

对越来越多的人来说

都变得越来越遥远

for an increasing majority of us.

如果事实果真如我们发现的那样

And if it's the case, as we've been finding,

你越有钱

that the wealthier you are,

the more entitled you feel to that wealth,

就越发觉得这些财富是你应得的

越会把自己的利益

and the more likely you are to prioritize your own interests

置于他人的利益之上

above the interests of other people,

and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest,

越会做那些利己的事情

well, then, there's no reason to think that those patterns will change.

那么没有理由可以相信

这个现状会有所改变

事实上，我们有更多的理由认为

In fact, there's every reason to think that they'll only get worse,

情况会变得更糟糕

and that's what it would look like if things just stayed the same,

这是在接下来的20年内

at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.

保持和原来一样、相同线性速率的情况

不平等，经济上的不平等

Now inequality -- economic inequality --

is something we should all be concerned about,

是我们每个人都要关心的问题

不仅是因为社会底层的人

and not just because of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy,

不仅是因为社会底层的人

but because individuals and groups

而是因为经济不平等

会让个人和集体都变得糟糕

with lots of economic inequality do worse ...

not just the people at the bottom, everyone.

不仅仅是底层的人，是每一个人

有很多来自世界各地顶级实验室的

There's a lot of really compelling research

coming out from top labs all over the world,

非常有说服力的研究

showcasing the range of things that are undermined

展示了日益增加的经济不平等

造成的影响范围

as economic inequality gets worse.

造成的影响范围

Social mobility, things we really care about,

社会流动性，那些我们非常关心的东西

如身体健康、社会信任

physical health, social trust,

all go down as inequality goes up.

都会随着不平等的增加而削弱

Similarly, negative things in social collectives and societies,

同样的，社会中消极的东西

同样的，社会中消极的东西

比如肥胖、暴力

things like obesity, and violence,

徒刑和惩罚

imprisonment, and punishment,

are exacerbated as economic inequality increases.

都会随着经济不平等的增加而加剧

Again, these are outcomes not just experienced by a few,

而这些后果

不是少数人所经历的

but that resound across all strata of society.

而是会影响社会的各个阶层

Even people at the top experience these outcomes.

即使是在顶层的人也要遭受这些后果

那我们该怎么办呢？

So what do we do?

This cascade of self-perpetuating,

这些带有延续性的

pernicious, negative effects

有害的消极影响

could seem like something that's spun out of control,

看上去像是什么东西失控了

and there's nothing we can do about it,

而我们无能为力

certainly nothing we as individuals could do.

特别是作为个人更是无能为力

But in fact, we've been finding in our own laboratory research

但是事实上，我们发现

在我们自己的实验室研究中

that small psychological interventions,

小小的心理干预

small changes to people's values,

价值观的小小改变

small nudges in certain directions,

某些特定的微小暗示

就可以将平等和同理心恢复

can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy.

For instance, reminding people of the benefits of cooperation

比如，提醒人们

合作的好处

或者社区的优点

or the advantages of community,

cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian

就能够让富人和穷人一样关注平等

as poor people.

就能够让富人和穷人一样关注平等

In one study, we had people watch a brief video, just 46 seconds long,

其中一个实验中，我们让参与者看一短片

46秒，关于儿童贫困

about childhood poverty

以此提醒大家周围人的需要

that served as a reminder of the needs of others in the world around them.

以此提醒大家周围人的需要

看过这个视频后

And after watching that,

我们观察了他们

we looked at how willing people were to offer up their own time

为实验中一个压抑的陌生人

to a stranger presented to them in the lab, who was in distress.

提供帮助的积极性

看完这个视频一个小时后

After watching this video, an hour later,

rich people became just as generous of their own time

富人变得和穷人一样大方

他们愿意花时间帮助别人

to help out this other person, a stranger,

帮助那些陌生人

as someone who's poor,

suggesting that these differences are not innate or categorical,

这意味着这些差别不是

与生俱来或一成不变的

but are so malleable to slight changes in people's values,

它们很容易改变

只需要价值观的微小变化

and little nudges of compassion and bumps of empathy.

同情心的一点点推动

和同理心的轻微触碰

And beyond the walls of our lab,

在实验室之外

we're even beginning to see signs of change in society.

我们也开始看到社会上的改变

Bill Gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals,

比尔-盖茨，我们国家的富豪之一

in his Harvard commencement speech,

在哈佛的开学典礼演讲中

说到这个社会所面临的问题

talked about the problem of inequality facing society

他说不平等是我们目前面临的最严峻挑战

as being the most daunting challenge,

and talked about what must be done to combat it,

他谈论了我们应该如何战胜它

他说：“人类最伟大的进步”

saying, "Humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries --

“不在于它的各种发现”

but in how those discoveries are applied

“而在于如何将这些发现”

to reduce inequity."

用于削弱不平等”

And there's the Giving Pledge,

还有捐赠承诺

in which more than 100 of our nation's wealthiest individuals

我们国家100多个

最富有的人

正在承诺将他们一半的财产捐赠给慈善事业

are pledging half of their fortunes to charity.

And there's the emergence of dozens of grassroots movements,

还有很多草根运动的出现

还有很多草根运动的出现

like "We are the 1 percent,"

比如“我们是那百分之一”

"Resource Generation,"

“资源一代”

or "Wealth for Common Good,"

“共同的财富”等

in which the most privileged members of the population,

在这些组织中

那些最有优势的成员

members of the one percent and elsewhere,

那些1%的人

people who are wealthy,

和其他有钱的人

are using their own economic resources,

其中有成人有青少年，这是最让我震惊的

他们正在利用自己的优势

adults and youth alike -- that's what's most striking to me --

他们正在利用自己的优势

leveraging their own privilege, their own economic resources,

利用自己的经济资源

to combat inequality

与不平等抗争

by advocating for social policies,

通过倡导社会政策

changes in social values

社会价值的改变

and changes in people's behavior

人类行为的改变

这有悖于他们自身的经济利益

that work against their own economic interests,

但却会最终重建美国梦！

but that may ultimately restore the American dream.

Thank you.

谢谢！

(Applause)

（掌声）