Does money make you mean? | Paul Piff

724,698 views ใƒป 2013-12-20

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:12
I want you to, for a moment,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ
๋ชจ๋…ธํด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
think about playing a game of Monopoly.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ๋Š”
00:19
Except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ž‘๋˜์–ด์„œ,
00:24
that helped earn you success in games, as in life,
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์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š”
00:27
has been rendered irrelevant,
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00:28
because this game's been rigged,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜น์€ ์žฌ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์šด์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด
00:30
and you've got the upper hand.
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
00:32
You've got more money,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ 
00:34
more opportunities to move around the board,
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๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํŒ์—์„œ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ 
์ž์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ๋„ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
and more access to resources.
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00:39
And as you think about that experience,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
I want you to ask yourself:
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00:43
How might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game
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์กฐ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ
ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹คํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
00:48
change the way you think about yourself
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‚˜
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
00:51
and regard that other player?
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00:54
So, we ran a study on the UC Berkeley campus
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” U.C. ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
to look at exactly that question.
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01:00
We brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”
100์Œ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™€์„œ,
01:04
and with the flip of a coin,
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๋™์ „ ๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:06
randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game.
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์กฐ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ
๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
They got two times as much money;
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์„ 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
when they passed Go, they collected twice the salary;
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"๊ณ (go)"๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด
2๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
01:17
and they got to roll both dice instead of one,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋˜์ ธ
01:19
so they got to move around the board a lot more.
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๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. .
(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:21
(Laughter)
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15๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
01:24
And over the course of 15 minutes,
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01:25
we watched through hidden cameras what happened.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ถฐ์ง„ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
What I want to do today, for the first time,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ,
์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
is show you a little bit of what we saw.
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01:33
You'll to have to pardon the sound quality,
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์Œ์งˆ์ด ์•ˆ์ข‹์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๊ท€์šธ์ด์…”์•ผ ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
because again, these were hidden cameras.
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01:37
So we've provided subtitles.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž๋ง‰์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
[Video] Rich Player: How many 500s did you have?
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž: ๋„ˆ 500์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์–ด?
๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž: ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด.
01:42
Poor Player: Just one.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋„์ „์ž: ์ •๋ง์ด์•ผ? ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋„์ „์ž: ์–ด.
01:43
RP: Are you serious? PP: Yeah.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋„์ „์ž: ๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ฐœ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ. (์›ƒ์Œ)
01:44
RP: I have three. (Laughs) I don't know why they gave me so much.
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์™œ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์คฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด.
ํด ํ”ผํ”„ : ์ข‹์•„์š”, ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
01:48
Paul Piff: So it was quickly apparent to players that something was up.
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
ํ•œ ์ชฝ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค
01:51
One person clearly has a lot more money than the other person,
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๋ˆ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
01:54
and yet, as the game unfolded,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ,
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—
01:57
we saw very notable differences, dramatic differences begin to emerge
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๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋“ค์ด
02:01
between the two players.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
The rich player started to move around the board louder,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋Š”
๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํŒ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋” ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:07
literally smacking the board with the piece as he went around.
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๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ง๋กœ
๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํŒ ์œ„์— ๊ตฐ๋ฆผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
(Game piece smacks board)
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02:12
We were more likely to see signs of dominance
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
02:15
and nonverbal signs, displays of power
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์šฐ์„ธํ•จ๊ณผ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํž˜๊ณผ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„
02:19
and celebration among the rich players.
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
We had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ฒผ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์„ ์˜†์— ๋†”๋‘์—ˆ๋Š”๋Œ€์š”.
์ €๊ธฐ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ตฌ์„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
It's on the bottom right corner.
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02:27
That allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
So we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ €ํฐ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ฒผ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:35
[Video] RP: Are those pretzels a trick?
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž: ์ € ํ”„๋ ˆ์ฒผ๋“ค์€ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜์ธ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?
02:37
PP: I don't know.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž: ๋‚œ ๋ชฐ๋ผ.
02:39
Paul Piff: OK, so no surprises, people are on to us.
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ํด ํ”ผํ”„: ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ž„ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑธ๋ ค๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
They wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ทธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ฒผ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์ด
์™œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ•œ ๋ช…์€, ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์…จ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
02:46
One even asks, like you just saw,
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๊ทธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ฒผ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์ด ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:48
"Is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick?"
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์œ„๋ ฅ์ด
02:51
And yet, despite that, the power of the situation
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์••๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:54
seems to inevitably dominate,
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02:56
and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ฒผ๋“ค์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
(Laughter)
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž: ๋‚œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ฒผ์ด ์ข‹์•„.
03:04
[Video] RP: I love pretzels.
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03:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
ํด ํ”ผํ”„: ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก,
03:10
Paul Piff: And as the game went on,
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03:12
one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทน์ ์ธ
03:14
that we observed begin to emerge
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ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์ด
03:18
was that the rich players actually started to become ruder
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์—๊ฒŒ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ ,
03:21
toward the other person --
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์ ์  ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์—
03:23
less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor players,
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๋”์šฑ ๋ฌด์‹ฌํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:26
and more and more demonstrative of their material success,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์—
๋”์šฑ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๋ ค ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
more likely to showcase how well they're doing.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž: ์ด ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ๋“  ๋‹ค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
03:36
[Video] RP: I have money ...
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03:37
(Laughs) I have money for everything.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž: ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ์•ผ?
03:40
PP: How much is that?
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03:41
RP: You owe me 24 dollars.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž : ๋„ˆ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ 24๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋นš์กŒ์–ด.
03:45
You're going to lose all your money soon.
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๋„ˆ ๊ณง ๊ทธ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‹ค ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๊ฑธ.
03:48
I'll buy it. I have so much money.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด ๊ฒŒ, ๋‚˜ ๋ˆ ์ง„์งœ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
03:50
I have so much money, it takes me forever.
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๋‚˜ ๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ, ์ง„์งœ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„.
03:52
RP 2: I'm going to buy out this whole board.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž2: ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ํŒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ด ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
03:54
RP 3: You're going to run out of money soon.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž3: ๋„ˆ ๊ณง ๋ˆ ๋‹ค ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฑธ.
์ด์ œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์ ์ด์•ผ.
03:56
I'm pretty much untouchable at this point.
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03:58
(Laughter)
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ํด ํ”ผํ”„ : ์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
04:00
Paul Piff: And here's what I think was really, really interesting:
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์ง„์งœ, ์ง„์งœ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ,
15๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—
04:03
it's that, at the end of the 15 minutes,
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04:06
we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฒƒ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
And when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ผ๋น„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋…ธํด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ
๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์ด
04:14
in this rigged game of Monopoly ...
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์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ, -
04:16
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:21
They talked about what they'd done to buy those different properties
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
04:27
and earn their success in the game.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,
04:29
(Laughter)
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04:30
And they became far less attuned
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์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ฌด๊ฐ๊ฐํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
to all those different features of the situation --
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04:35
including that flip of a coin --
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์šฐ์„  ์•ฝ์†๋œ ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ
04:38
that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position
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์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„
๋™์ „ ๋’ค์ง‘๊ธฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:42
in the first place.
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04:43
And that's a really, really incredible insight
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
04:46
into how the mind makes sense of advantage.
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์ •๋ง, ์ •๋ง ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
์ด์ œ ์ด ๋ชจ๋…ธํด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€
04:52
Now, this game of Monopoly can be used
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04:54
as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๊ทธ ์œ„๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ
04:59
wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status,
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด
05:02
and a lot of people don't;
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋น„์œ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
they have a lot less wealth and a lot less status
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€ ๋ถ€์™€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€ ์ž๋ฆฌ,
05:07
and a lot less access to valued resources.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€ ์ž์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๋‚œ 7๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด์˜จ ์ผ์€
05:13
is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ„๊ณ„ ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
What we've been finding across dozens of studies
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์‹ญ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ „๊ตญ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ
์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
05:21
and thousands of participants across this country
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05:24
is that as a person's levels of wealth increase,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ •์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
05:29
their feelings of compassion and empathy go down,
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๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ,
05:35
and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness,
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05:38
and their ideology of self-interest increase.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์š•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
In surveys, we've found
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์„ค๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
05:44
that it's actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize
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ํƒ์š•์„ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ 
์ž๊ธฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ธฐ์˜๊ณ  ๋„๋•์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
05:48
greed being good,
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05:50
and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral.
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ๊ฒƒ์€
05:55
Now, what I want to do today is talk about some of the implications
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์š•์˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ,
05:58
of this ideology self-interest,
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06:01
talk about why we should care about those implications,
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€,
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
and end with what might be done.
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06:07
Some of the first studies that we ran in this area
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
06:10
looked at helping behavior,
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์‚ฌํšŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ”ํžˆ
06:11
something social psychologists call "pro-social behavior."
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์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:15
And we were really interested
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,
06:16
in who's more likely to offer help to another person:
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
06:20
someone who's rich or someone who's poor.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
In one of the studies,
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ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜
06:24
we bring rich and poor members of the community into the lab,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€
06:30
and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด 10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
We told the participants they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด 10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ
06:38
or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ต๋ช…์ธ
06:40
with a stranger, who's totally anonymous.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
They'll never meet that stranger; the stranger will never meet them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:46
And we just monitor how much people give.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
Individuals who made 25,000, sometimes under 15,000 dollars a year,
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25,000 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ํ˜น์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
์ผ ๋…„์— 15,000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด
06:54
gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger
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์ผ๋…„์— 150,000 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜น์€
200,000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
06:57
than did individuals making 150,000, 200,000 dollars a year.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ 44ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋ˆ์„
๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
We've had people play games
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์ผœ
07:05
to see who's more or less likely to cheat
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์ƒ์„ ํƒˆ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š”์ง€
07:08
to increase their chances of winning a prize.
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๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
07:13
so that die rolls over a certain score were impossible --
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์œ„ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
You couldn't get above 12 in this game, and yet ...
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์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ๋Š” 12๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
๋” ๋ถ€์ž์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ก
07:22
the richer you were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game
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50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:25
to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize --
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์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋ฐ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
sometimes by three to four times as much.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” 3๋ฐฐ, ๋˜๋Š” 4๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์–ด์š”.
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ
07:33
We ran another study
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07:34
where we looked at whether people would be inclined to take candy
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ค€
07:38
from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified
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์‚ฌํƒ• ํ†ต์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํƒ•์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„
์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -
07:41
as being reserved for children --
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07:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:46
I'm not kidding -- I know it sounds like I'm making a joke.
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๋†๋‹ด์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋„ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์žฅ๋‚œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
07:51
We explicitly told participants:
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ
07:53
"This candy is for children participating in a developmental lab nearby.
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์ด ์‚ฌํƒ•์ด ์˜†์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
They're in studies. This is for them."
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํƒ•์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
07:59
And we just monitored how much candy participants took.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํƒ•์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
Participants who felt rich took two times as much candy
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๋ถ€์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์žกํžŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
08:06
as participants who felt poor.
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2๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌํƒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
We've even studied cars.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:12
Not just any cars,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Š” ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
08:14
but whether drivers of different kinds of cars
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๋ฒ•์„ ๋” ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋œ ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
are more or less inclined to break the law.
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08:20
In one of these studies,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—์„œ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š”
08:22
we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian
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์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฑด๋„๋ชฉ์—์„œ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„
08:27
that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk.
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์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋‹ค ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
08:30
Now in California, as you all know,
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ๋Š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ์•„์‹คํ…๋ฐ์š”.
08:32
because I'm sure we all do this,
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08:34
it's the law to stop for a pedestrian who's waiting to cross.
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๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
So here's an example of how we did it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
That's our confederate off to the left, posing as a pedestrian.
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์ €๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€
๋ณดํ–‰์ž๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
He approaches as the red truck successfully stops.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
In typical California fashion,
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
08:50
it's overtaken by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์น ๋ป” ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์›”์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:53
(Laughter)
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08:54
Now here's an example of a more expensive car,
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์ด์ œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋” ๋น„์‹ผ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
a Prius, driving through, and a BMW doing the same.
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ํ”„๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
BMW๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
So we did this for hundreds of vehicles
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉฐ์น ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
09:06
on several days,
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09:08
just tracking who stops and who doesn't.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
What we found was as the expensiveness of a car increased ...
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด
์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
09:16
(Laughter)
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09:18
the drivers' tendencies to break the law increased as well.
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์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์„ ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜
์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
None of the cars -- none of the cars --
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ๊ฐ’์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ
์ฐจ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—๋Š”
09:25
in our least expensive car category
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09:28
broke the law.
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์–ด๋Š ์ฐจ๋„ ๋ฒ•์„ ์–ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
Close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์‹ผ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ๋„ฃ์€
์ฐจ์—์„œ๋Š” 50 %์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
09:34
broke the law.
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๋ฒ•์„ ์–ด๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
We've run other studies,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
09:38
finding that wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:42
to endorse unethical behavior at work,
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์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์ „ ๋“ฑ๋ก๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ํ›”์นœ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:44
like stealing cash from the cash register,
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๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์†๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
09:47
taking bribes, lying to customers.
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09:52
Now, I don't mean to suggest
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด
09:54
that it's only wealthy people who show these patterns of behavior.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ 
์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
Not at all -- in fact, I think that we all,
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์ „ํ˜€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
10:00
in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‚ถ์—์„œ
10:03
struggle with these competing motivations
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์–ธ์ œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ค
10:06
of when or if to put our own interests above the interests of other people.
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์šฐ์œ„์— ๋‘˜ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ํ˜น์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ง์„ค์ด๋Š”
๋™๊ธฐ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
And that's understandable,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
because the American dream is an idea
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋“œ๋ฆผ์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ
10:17
in which we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
10:22
as long as we apply ourselves and work hard.
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ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
10:24
And a piece of that means that sometimes,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ ์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ
10:27
you need to put your own interests
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ํ–‰๋ณต๋ณด๋‹ค
10:30
above the interests and well-being of other people around you.
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์šฐ์œ„์— ๋†“์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:34
But what we're finding is that the wealthier you are,
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๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:37
the more likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”
10:41
of achievement and accomplishment,
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์„ฑ์ทจ์™€ ์—…์ ,
10:43
to the detriment of others around you.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
Here I've plotted for you the mean household income
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„๊ฐ„
๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 5๋ถ„์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ ์ƒ์œ„ 5 %๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์€
10:50
received by each fifth and top five percent of the population
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10:53
over the last 20 years.
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ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ์†Œ๋“์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
In 1993,
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1993 ๋…„์—, ์†Œ๋“ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
10:56
the differences between the different quintiles of the population,
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 5๋ถ„์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
10:59
in terms of income,
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์ •๋ง ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
are fairly egregious.
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11:03
It's not difficult to discern that there are differences.
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์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
But over the last 20 years, that significant difference
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚œ 20 ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
11:09
has become a Grand Canyon of sorts
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์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
11:11
between those at the top and everyone else.
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๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋…„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
In fact, the top 20 percent of our population
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ์œ„ 20%๋Š”
11:18
own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country.
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์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ด ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ 90% ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
We're at unprecedented levels of economic inequality.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜
๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
What that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concentrated
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ๋ถ€์œ ํ•จ์€
์„ ํƒ๋œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์†์— ์ ์  ๋” ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:31
in the hands of a select group of individuals,
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11:34
but the American dream is becoming increasingly unattainable
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์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋“œ๋ฆผ์ด
์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ
์ ์  ๋” ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฟˆ์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
for an increasing majority of us.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
11:42
And if it's the case, as we've been finding,
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๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก,
11:45
that the wealthier you are,
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11:46
the more entitled you feel to that wealth,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€์— ๋” ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ค
11:49
and the more likely you are to prioritize your own interests
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์šฐ์œ„์— ๋‘˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
11:52
above the interests of other people,
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11:53
and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest,
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
well, then, there's no reason to think that those patterns will change.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ฐ”๋€” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
ํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋‹ค์Œ 20๋…„๊ฐ„
12:01
In fact, there's every reason to think that they'll only get worse,
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์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ด์œ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:04
and that's what it would look like if things just stayed the same,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
12:07
at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ œ, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€
12:12
Now inequality -- economic inequality --
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12:14
is something we should all be concerned about,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค
12:17
and not just because of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy,
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:20
but because individuals and groups
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๊ณ ํ†ต ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:23
with lots of economic inequality do worse ...
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12:28
not just the people at the bottom, everyone.
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๋” ๋ชป ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
12:31
There's a lot of really compelling research
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12:33
coming out from top labs all over the world,
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์ •๋ง ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
12:35
showcasing the range of things that are undermined
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์žƒ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ
12:40
as economic inequality gets worse.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
Social mobility, things we really care about,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋™์„ฑ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค,
์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š”
12:46
physical health, social trust,
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12:48
all go down as inequality goes up.
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
Similarly, negative things in social collectives and societies,
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜
๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
๋น„๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํญ๋ ฅ,
12:56
things like obesity, and violence,
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๊ตฌ๊ธˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์€
12:58
imprisonment, and punishment,
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12:59
are exacerbated as economic inequality increases.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์•…ํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
Again, these are outcomes not just experienced by a few,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€
๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:07
but that resound across all strata of society.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ „ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
Even people at the top experience these outcomes.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
13:14
So what do we do?
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13:17
This cascade of self-perpetuating,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์˜์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ
13:20
pernicious, negative effects
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํญํฌ๋Š”
13:23
could seem like something that's spun out of control,
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ํ†ต์ œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„,
13:26
and there's nothing we can do about it,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
certainly nothing we as individuals could do.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
But in fact, we've been finding in our own laboratory research
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ €ํฌ๋Š”
์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
13:38
that small psychological interventions,
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์ž‘์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ,
13:43
small changes to people's values,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”,
13:46
small nudges in certain directions,
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ž๊ทน์ด
ํ‰๋“ฑ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy.
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13:53
For instance, reminding people of the benefits of cooperation
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์ด๋‚˜
๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์žฅ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊นจ์šฐ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:58
or the advantages of community,
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14:00
cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒํผ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
14:04
as poor people.
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ํ‰๋“ฑ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
In one study, we had people watch a brief video, just 46 seconds long,
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ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์˜
์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
14:12
about childhood poverty
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์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
14:15
that served as a reminder of the needs of others in the world around them.
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46์ดˆ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณธ ํ›„์—
14:20
And after watching that,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ
14:22
we looked at how willing people were to offer up their own time
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
14:26
to a stranger presented to them in the lab, who was in distress.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญ ํ›„์—, ๊ฒจ์šฐ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ
14:31
After watching this video, an hour later,
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14:34
rich people became just as generous of their own time
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์“ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
14:37
to help out this other person, a stranger,
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋‚ฏ์„ , ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
14:39
as someone who's poor,
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14:41
suggesting that these differences are not innate or categorical,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์—์„œ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋‚˜
14:45
but are so malleable to slight changes in people's values,
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์ž‘์€ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„,
์ž‘์€ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
14:49
and little nudges of compassion and bumps of empathy.
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์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
๋„ˆ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
And beyond the walls of our lab,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์–ด
14:54
we're even beginning to see signs of change in society.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
Bill Gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๋Š”
15:02
in his Harvard commencement speech,
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์กธ์—…์‹์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
15:04
talked about the problem of inequality facing society
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•ด ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
15:06
as being the most daunting challenge,
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15:09
and talked about what must be done to combat it,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Š” "์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„๋ณด๋Š”
15:12
saying, "Humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
15:17
but in how those discoveries are applied
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:20
to reduce inequity."
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
And there's the Giving Pledge,
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๋˜ "๊ธฐ๋ถ€ ์„œ์•ฝ(Giving Pledge)" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
15:25
in which more than 100 of our nation's wealthiest individuals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ 100๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
์ž์‹ ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„
์ž์„  ๋‹จ์ฒด์— ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
are pledging half of their fortunes to charity.
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15:33
And there's the emergence of dozens of grassroots movements,
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๋˜ ์‹ญ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ’€๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์šด๋™์ด
์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:39
like "We are the 1 percent,"
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1% (We are the One Percent)",
15:41
"Resource Generation,"
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"์ž์›์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€ (Resource Generation)",
15:43
or "Wealth for Common Good,"
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ํ˜น์€ "๊ณต๋™์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€ (Wealth for Common Good)"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
15:45
in which the most privileged members of the population,
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์šด๋™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ
๋‹จ 1%์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
15:49
members of the one percent and elsewhere,
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ํŠน๊ถŒ์ธต์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
15:52
people who are wealthy,
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์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
15:54
are using their own economic resources,
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์„ฑ์ธ์ด๋“  ์ Š์€์ด๋“ ,
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด
15:58
adults and youth alike -- that's what's most striking to me --
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŠน๊ถŒ๊ณผ
16:02
leveraging their own privilege, their own economic resources,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
16:05
to combat inequality
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ 
16:08
by advocating for social policies,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ 
16:11
changes in social values
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ์œผ๋กœ์จ
16:13
and changes in people's behavior
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด๋“์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
16:16
that work against their own economic interests,
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋“œ๋ฆผ์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ ค ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
but that may ultimately restore the American dream.
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16:23
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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