Does money make you mean? | Paul Piff

730,685 views ใƒป 2013-12-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I want you to, for a moment,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”, ืฉืœืจื’ืข ืื—ื“,
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ,
00:15
think about playing a game of Monopoly.
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ืืœื ืฉื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ
00:19
Except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžื–ืœ
00:24
that helped earn you success in games, as in life,
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
ื”ืคืš ืœืœื-ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
00:27
has been rendered irrelevant,
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00:28
because this game's been rigged,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง "ืžื›ื•ืจ",
00:30
and you've got the upper hand.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื›ื.
00:32
You've got more money,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ,
00:34
more opportunities to move around the board,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืœื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื—ืง,
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
00:37
and more access to resources.
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00:39
And as you think about that experience,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
00:41
I want you to ask yourself:
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00:43
How might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื›ื•ืจ
00:48
change the way you think about yourself
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื
ื•ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ?
00:51
and regard that other player?
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00:54
So, we ran a study on the UC Berkeley campus
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ืื•ื ' ื‘ืจืงืœื™ ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
ื›ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:58
to look at exactly that question.
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01:00
We brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab,
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
01:04
and with the flip of a coin,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข
01:06
randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game.
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ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื
ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ืจ.
01:10
They got two times as much money;
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ.
01:13
when they passed Go, they collected twice the salary;
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ื”ืชื—ืœ,
ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืœ,
01:17
and they got to roll both dice instead of one,
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ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืช,
01:19
so they got to move around the board a lot more.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื›ื” ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื—.
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:21
(Laughter)
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ื“ืงื•ืช
01:24
And over the course of 15 minutes,
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01:25
we watched through hidden cameras what happened.
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ืฆืคื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืชืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
01:29
What I want to do today, for the first time,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
01:31
is show you a little bit of what we saw.
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01:33
You'll to have to pardon the sound quality,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืกืœื•ื— ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ,
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื™, ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืชืจื•ืช.
01:35
because again, these were hidden cameras.
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01:37
So we've provided subtitles.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
01:39
[Video] Rich Player: How many 500s did you have?
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ: ื›ืžื” ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 500 ื™ืฉ ืœืš?
ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขื ื™: ืจืง ืื—ื“.
01:42
Poor Player: Just one.
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ: ืืชื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™? ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขื ื™: ื›ืŸ.
01:43
RP: Are you serious? PP: Yeah.
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ: ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”. [ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:44
RP: I have three. (Laughs) I don't know why they gave me so much.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ืคื•ืœ ืคื™ืฃ: ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
01:48
Paul Piff: So it was quickly apparent to players that something was up.
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ
01:51
One person clearly has a lot more money than the other person,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
01:54
and yet, as the game unfolded,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชืคืชื—,
ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:57
we saw very notable differences, dramatic differences begin to emerge
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ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข
02:01
between the two players.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื.
02:03
The rich player started to move around the board louder,
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ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ
ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื‘ืจืขืฉ,
02:07
literally smacking the board with the piece as he went around.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื•
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืชืงื“ื.
02:10
(Game piece smacks board)
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02:12
We were more likely to see signs of dominance
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
02:15
and nonverbal signs, displays of power
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ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื,
ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—
02:19
and celebration among the rich players.
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ื•ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
02:23
We had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืงืขืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ'ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื” ื‘ืฆื“.
ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.
02:26
It's on the bottom right corner.
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02:27
That allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื.
02:31
So we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ'ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืื›ืœื•.
02:35
[Video] RP: Are those pretzels a trick?
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ: ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ืชื›ืกื™ืก?
02:37
PP: I don't know.
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขื ื™: ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
02:39
Paul Piff: OK, so no surprises, people are on to us.
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ืค"ืค: ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช. ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืขืœื• ืขืœื™ื ื•.
02:42
They wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place.
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ื”ื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืงืขืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื’ืœ'ื”
ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
ืื—ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื–ื” ืขืชื”,
02:46
One even asks, like you just saw,
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ื”ืื ืงืขืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ'ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื›ืกื™ืก?
02:48
"Is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick?"
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
02:51
And yet, despite that, the power of the situation
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ืžืฉืชืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข,
02:54
seems to inevitably dominate,
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02:56
and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.
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ื•ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ'ื”.
02:59
(Laughter)
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ: ืื ื™ ืžืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ'ื”.
03:04
[Video] RP: I love pretzels.
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03:05
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ืค"ืค: ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื ืžืฉืš,
03:10
Paul Piff: And as the game went on,
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03:12
one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
03:14
that we observed begin to emerge
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ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื•, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข,
ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
03:18
was that the rich players actually started to become ruder
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื’ืกื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ,
03:21
toward the other person --
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ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืงื”
03:23
less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor players,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกื›ื ื™ื,
03:26
and more and more demonstrative of their material success,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื
ืืช ืกืžืžื ื™ ืขื•ืฉืจื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™,
ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื‘ื.
03:31
more likely to showcase how well they're doing.
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ: ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:36
[Video] RP: I have money ...
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03:37
(Laughs) I have money for everything.
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขื ื™: ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืš?
03:40
PP: How much is that?
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03:41
RP: You owe me 24 dollars.
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ: ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ 24 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
03:45
You're going to lose all your money soon.
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ืชื›ืฃ ืชืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืกืคืš.
03:48
I'll buy it. I have so much money.
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ืื ื™ ืืงื ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
03:50
I have so much money, it takes me forever.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืง ืœื ืฆื—.
03:52
RP 2: I'm going to buy out this whole board.
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ 2: ืื ื™ ืืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
03:54
RP 3: You're going to run out of money soon.
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ 3: ืชื›ืฃ ื™ื™ื’ืžืจ ืœืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:56
I'm pretty much untouchable at this point.
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03:58
(Laughter)
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ืค"ืค: ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™
04:00
Paul Piff: And here's what I think was really, really interesting:
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
ื‘ืชื•ื 15 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช,
04:03
it's that, at the end of the 15 minutes,
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04:06
we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game.
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื”ื.
04:10
And when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•
ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื”ื ื–ื›ื•
04:14
in this rigged game of Monopoly ...
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” --
04:16
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]--
04:21
They talked about what they'd done to buy those different properties
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:27
and earn their success in the game.
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ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง,
04:29
(Laughter)
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04:30
And they became far less attuned
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘,
04:33
to all those different features of the situation --
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04:35
including that flip of a coin --
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข
04:38
that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position
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ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™
ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
04:42
in the first place.
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04:43
And that's a really, really incredible insight
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ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
04:46
into how the mind makes sense of advantage.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืคืจืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
04:52
Now, this game of Monopoly can be used
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04:54
as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure,
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ื›ืžืฉืœ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:59
wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื“,
05:02
and a lot of people don't;
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ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ.
05:04
they have a lot less wealth and a lot less status
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืžืขืžื“
05:07
and a lot less access to valued resources.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš.
05:10
And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื•ืื ื™, ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘- 7 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
05:13
is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
05:17
What we've been finding across dozens of studies
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•, ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
ื•ืืœืคื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
05:21
and thousands of participants across this country
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05:24
is that as a person's levels of wealth increase,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืจืžืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
05:29
their feelings of compassion and empathy go down,
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื”"ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™",
05:35
and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness,
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05:38
and their ideology of self-interest increase.
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ื•ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช.
05:43
In surveys, we've found
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช
05:44
that it's actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize
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ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื™ื˜ื™ืคื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืชืื•ื•ืช-ื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
05:48
greed being good,
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05:50
and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral.
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ื•ืฉื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขืฆืžื™
ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
05:55
Now, what I want to do today is talk about some of the implications
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขืฆืžื™,
05:58
of this ideology self-interest,
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06:01
talk about why we should care about those implications,
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืœื” ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื•,
ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืžื” ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:04
and end with what might be done.
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06:07
Some of the first studies that we ran in this area
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”
ื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื”,
06:10
looked at helping behavior,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื:
06:11
something social psychologists call "pro-social behavior."
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"ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคืจื•-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช".
06:15
And we were really interested
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ื•ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื“ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ
06:16
in who's more likely to offer help to another person:
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ืฉื™ืฆื™ืข ืขื–ืจื” ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ,
06:20
someone who's rich or someone who's poor.
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขื ื™.
06:23
In one of the studies,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ,
06:24
we bring rich and poor members of the community into the lab,
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ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืขื ื™, ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”
06:30
and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars.
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 10 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
06:33
We told the participants they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves,
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ืืžืจื ื• ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช 10 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
ืื• ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื,
06:38
or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to,
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ืื ื™ืจืฆื•, ืขื ืื“ื ื–ืจ
06:40
with a stranger, who's totally anonymous.
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ืืœืžื•ื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
06:43
They'll never meet that stranger; the stranger will never meet them.
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ื•ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื–ืจ.
06:46
And we just monitor how much people give.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื•.
06:49
Individuals who made 25,000, sometimes under 15,000 dollars a year,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• 25,000
ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-15,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
06:54
gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger
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ื ืชื ื• ื‘-44% ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืกืคื
ืœืื•ืชื• ื–ืจ
06:57
than did individuals making 150,000, 200,000 dollars a year.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• 150,000
ืื• 200,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
07:02
We've had people play games
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
07:05
to see who's more or less likely to cheat
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืžื•ืช
07:08
to increase their chances of winning a prize.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืก.
07:10
In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, "ื˜ื™ืคืœื ื•" ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘
07:13
so that die rolls over a certain score were impossible --
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืžืขืœ ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
07:17
You couldn't get above 12 in this game, and yet ...
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 12 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง,
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:22
the richer you were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game
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ื ื˜ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง
07:25
to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize --
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
07:29
sometimes by three to four times as much.
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ื”ื ืจื™ืžื• ืคื™ 3 ืื• ืคื™ 4 ืžืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืื
07:33
We ran another study
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07:34
where we looked at whether people would be inclined to take candy
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืคืชื• ืœืงื—ืช ืžืžืชืง
07:38
from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified
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ืžืงืขืจืช ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ืฉ
ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื --
07:41
as being reserved for children --
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07:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
07:46
I'm not kidding -- I know it sounds like I'm making a joke.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื -- ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆื•ื—ืง.
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”.
07:51
We explicitly told participants:
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ืืžืจื ื• ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ
07:53
"This candy is for children participating in a developmental lab nearby.
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ืฉื”ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื‘ืงืขืจื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืกืžื•ื›ื”.
07:57
They're in studies. This is for them."
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ. ื”ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
07:59
And we just monitored how much candy participants took.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืงื—ื•.
08:03
Participants who felt rich took two times as much candy
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ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
ืœืงื—ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืชืงื™ื
08:06
as participants who felt poor.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื• ืขื ื™ื™ื.
08:09
We've even studied cars.
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
08:12
Not just any cars,
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ื•ืœื ืกืชื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
ืืœื” ื”ืื ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:14
but whether drivers of different kinds of cars
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
08:17
are more or less inclined to break the law.
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08:20
In one of these studies,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ื“ืงื ื•
08:22
we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ืจื’ืœ
08:27
that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk.
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ืฉื”ืขืžื“ื ื• ืœื™ื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฆื™ื”.
ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
08:30
Now in California, as you all know,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
08:32
because I'm sure we all do this,
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08:34
it's the law to stop for a pedestrian who's waiting to cross.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืœืš ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื™ื™ื”.
08:38
So here's an example of how we did it.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื–ื”.
08:40
That's our confederate off to the left, posing as a pedestrian.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืฉืžืืœ
ืžืชื—ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ืœืš ืจื’ืœ.
08:43
He approaches as the red truck successfully stops.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืขื•ืฆืจ.
08:48
In typical California fashion,
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ื•ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื ื”ื’ื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ื ืขืงืคืช
08:50
it's overtaken by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืก ืืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ืจื’ืœ.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:53
(Laughter)
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08:54
Now here's an example of a more expensive car,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:56
a Prius, driving through, and a BMW doing the same.
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ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืคืจื™ื•ืก, ืฉื ื•ืกืขืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ
ื•- BMW ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
09:03
So we did this for hundreds of vehicles
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื,
09:06
on several days,
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09:08
just tracking who stops and who doesn't.
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ื•ืจืฉืžื ื• ืžื™ ืขืฆืจ ื•ืžื™ ืขื‘ืจ.
09:12
What we found was as the expensiveness of a car increased ...
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:16
(Laughter)
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09:18
the drivers' tendencies to break the law increased as well.
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง
ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืื.
09:22
None of the cars -- none of the cars --
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ืืš ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื—ืช
ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:25
in our least expensive car category
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09:28
broke the law.
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ืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
09:29
Close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ- 50% ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:34
broke the law.
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ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
09:37
We've run other studies,
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
09:38
finding that wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ,
09:42
to endorse unethical behavior at work,
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ืœืืžืฅ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
09:44
like stealing cash from the cash register,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืช ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ืžื”ืงื•ืคื”,
09:47
taking bribes, lying to customers.
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ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืœืฉืงืจ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช.
09:52
Now, I don't mean to suggest
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœืจืžื•ื–
09:54
that it's only wealthy people who show these patterns of behavior.
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ืฉืจืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื–ื”.
09:57
Not at all -- in fact, I think that we all,
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื•,
10:00
in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื, ื›ืœ ื“ืงื” ื•ื“ืงื”
10:03
struggle with these competing motivations
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ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
10:06
of when or if to put our own interests above the interests of other people.
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ืžืชื™, ืื• ื”ืื, ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช
ืœืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:12
And that's understandable,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
10:14
because the American dream is an idea
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš
ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”
10:17
in which we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper,
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ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืœืฉื’ืฉื’,
10:22
as long as we apply ourselves and work hard.
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ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืชืืžืฅ ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื”,
10:24
And a piece of that means that sometimes,
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
10:27
you need to put your own interests
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ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช
10:30
above the interests and well-being of other people around you.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื,
10:34
But what we're finding is that the wealthier you are,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:37
the more likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success,
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ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
10:41
of achievement and accomplishment,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื,
10:43
to the detriment of others around you.
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ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
10:46
Here I've plotted for you the mean household income
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ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช
ืœืคื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”- 5% ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
10:50
received by each fifth and top five percent of the population
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10:53
over the last 20 years.
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ืœืื•ืจืš 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
10:55
In 1993,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:56
the differences between the different quintiles of the population,
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ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
10:59
in terms of income,
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
11:01
are fairly egregious.
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11:03
It's not difficult to discern that there are differences.
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ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.
11:06
But over the last 20 years, that significant difference
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ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
11:09
has become a Grand Canyon of sorts
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ื’ื“ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขืฆื•ื
11:11
between those at the top and everyone else.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
11:14
In fact, the top 20 percent of our population
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, 20% ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
11:18
own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 90% ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
11:21
We're at unprecedented levels of economic inequality.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืœื ืชืงื“ื™ื
ืฉืœ ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
11:27
What that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concentrated
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืฉืจ
ืœื ืจืง ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:31
in the hands of a select group of individuals,
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11:34
but the American dream is becoming increasingly unattainable
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™
ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืจื—ืง
ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
11:39
for an increasing majority of us.
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•,
11:42
And if it's the case, as we've been finding,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:45
that the wealthier you are,
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11:46
the more entitled you feel to that wealth,
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช,
ื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
11:49
and the more likely you are to prioritize your own interests
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
11:52
above the interests of other people,
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11:53
and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest,
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ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืจืชื• ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
11:57
well, then, there's no reason to think that those patterns will change.
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ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชืฉืชื ื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
12:01
In fact, there's every reason to think that they'll only get worse,
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ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ืจืง ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื—ืžื™ืจ,
12:04
and that's what it would look like if things just stayed the same,
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ื•ืฉื›ืš ื™ืจืื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืื ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš,
12:07
at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.
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ื•ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื™ืชืจื—ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงืฆื‘, ื‘- 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
12:12
Now inequality -- economic inequality --
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12:14
is something we should all be concerned about,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•,
ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืœื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช
12:17
and not just because of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy,
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ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
12:20
but because individuals and groups
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:23
with lots of economic inequality do worse ...
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12:28
not just the people at the bottom, everyone.
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ืœื ืจืง ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื, ื›ื•ืœื.
ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื
12:31
There's a lot of really compelling research
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12:33
coming out from top labs all over the world,
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
12:35
showcasing the range of things that are undermined
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ื•ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ืฉื ืคื’ืขื™ื
12:40
as economic inequality gets worse.
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ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืขืžื™ืง.
12:43
Social mobility, things we really care about,
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžืžืขืžื“ ื ืžื•ืš, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•,
ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
12:46
physical health, social trust,
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12:48
all go down as inequality goes up.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”.
12:51
Similarly, negative things in social collectives and societies,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”,
ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžื ื”, ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
12:56
things like obesity, and violence,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืœื•ืื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื,
12:58
imprisonment, and punishment,
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12:59
are exacerbated as economic inequality increases.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
13:03
Again, these are outcomes not just experienced by a few,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื•
ืจืง ืข"ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•
13:07
but that resound across all strata of society.
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ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
13:10
Even people at the top experience these outcomes.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
13:14
So what do we do?
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13:17
This cascade of self-perpetuating,
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ื”ืชื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืฆืžื™,
13:20
pernicious, negative effects
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžืžืื™ืจื”, ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช
13:23
could seem like something that's spun out of control,
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ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
13:26
and there's nothing we can do about it,
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ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”,
13:28
certainly nothing we as individuals could do.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
13:31
But in fact, we've been finding in our own laboratory research
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•
13:38
that small psychological interventions,
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ืฉื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช,
13:43
small changes to people's values,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
13:46
small nudges in certain directions,
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ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ.
13:50
can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy.
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13:53
For instance, reminding people of the benefits of cooperation
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
ืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
13:58
or the advantages of community,
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14:00
cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
14:04
as poor people.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
14:07
In one study, we had people watch a brief video, just 46 seconds long,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“, ื ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ,
ืจืง 46 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
14:12
about childhood poverty
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ
14:15
that served as a reminder of the needs of others in the world around them.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ,
14:20
And after watching that,
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื
14:22
we looked at how willing people were to offer up their own time
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ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื–ืžื ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื
14:26
to a stranger presented to them in the lab, who was in distress.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”.
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
14:31
After watching this video, an hour later,
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14:34
rich people became just as generous of their own time
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื”
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื–ืžื ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ืœืื•ืชื• ืื“ื,
14:37
to help out this other person, a stranger,
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ืื“ื ื–ืจ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื,
14:39
as someone who's poor,
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14:41
suggesting that these differences are not innate or categorical,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ื
ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื,
14:45
but are so malleable to slight changes in people's values,
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ืืœื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงืœ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื,
14:49
and little nudges of compassion and bumps of empathy.
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ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืœื”
ื•ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื–ื•ืœืช.
14:53
And beyond the walls of our lab,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
14:54
we're even beginning to see signs of change in society.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
14:58
Bill Gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals,
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ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
15:02
in his Harvard commencement speech,
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ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“,
ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”
15:04
talked about the problem of inequality facing society
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ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:06
as being the most daunting challenge,
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15:09
and talked about what must be done to combat it,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื”,
ื•ืืžืจ: "ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:12
saying, "Humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries --
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ืื™ื ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช,
15:17
but in how those discoveries are applied
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ืืœื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
15:20
to reduce inequity."
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืคืขืจื™ื ื•ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ."
15:23
And there's the Giving Pledge,
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ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืงืจืŸ "ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืชื™ื ื”",
15:25
in which more than 100 of our nation's wealthiest individuals
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ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 100
ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœืชืจื•ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื•ื ื ืœืฆื“ืงื”.
15:30
are pledging half of their fortunes to charity.
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15:33
And there's the emergence of dozens of grassroots movements,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”
ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—,
15:39
like "We are the 1 percent,"
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ื›ืžื• ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื—ื“",
15:41
"Resource Generation,"
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ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื".
15:43
or "Wealth for Common Good,"
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ืื• ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ",
15:45
in which the most privileged members of the population,
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
15:49
members of the one percent and elsewhere,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
15:52
people who are wealthy,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื,
15:54
are using their own economic resources,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื,
ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื›ืื—ื“, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™,
15:58
adults and youth alike -- that's what's most striking to me --
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ืžืžื ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
16:02
leveraging their own privilege, their own economic resources,
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
16:05
to combat inequality
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
16:08
by advocating for social policies,
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ื“ืจืš ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
16:11
changes in social values
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
16:13
and changes in people's behavior
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
16:16
that work against their own economic interests,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืงื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™.
16:19
but that may ultimately restore the American dream.
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16:23
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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