Does money make you mean? | Paul Piff

譯者: Jen-Huei Wu 審譯者: Ying Wang

I want you to, for a moment,

我想請在座的各位

想像我們一起玩大富翁

think about playing a game of Monopoly.

只是在這場遊戲裡

Except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck

那些讓你在遊戲與人生中

that helped earn you success in games, as in life,

成功的能力、天分、運氣

都無關緊要

has been rendered irrelevant,

because this game's been rigged,

因為這場遊戲被動過手腳

and you've got the upper hand.

你因此佔了上風

You've got more money,

你更有錢

more opportunities to move around the board,

比別人更多移動的機會

更能接觸資源

and more access to resources.

And as you think about that experience,

當你這麼想像時

也請自問

I want you to ask yourself:

How might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game

在這被動手腳的遊戲中

作為佔上風的玩家

change the way you think about yourself

會如何改變對自己

和其他玩家的看法呢？

and regard that other player?

So, we ran a study on the UC Berkeley campus

我們在加州柏克萊大學

研究這個問題

to look at exactly that question.

We brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab,

我們帶100對以上的陌生人

到研究室

and with the flip of a coin,

用擲硬幣的方式

randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game.

隨機分配兩人中的一人

當富有的玩家

They got two times as much money;

富玩家領的錢會多兩倍

when they passed Go, they collected twice the salary;

每經過起點就會

多領一倍的薪水

and they got to roll both dice instead of one,

還能一次擲兩個骰子

so they got to move around the board a lot more.

所以更有機會多走幾圈

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

我們便在這15分鐘內

And over the course of 15 minutes,

we watched through hidden cameras what happened.

從隱藏相機觀察他們

What I want to do today, for the first time,

今日是我們首次公布

我們觀察的成果

is show you a little bit of what we saw.

You'll to have to pardon the sound quality,

若音質不太好請予見諒

畢竟這些都來自隱蔽鏡頭

because again, these were hidden cameras.

So we've provided subtitles.

大家可以讀字幕

[Video] Rich Player: How many 500s did you have?

富玩家：嘿，你有多少張 500元？

窮玩家：就一張

Poor Player: Just one.

富玩家：開玩笑的吧?! 窮玩家：是啊

RP: Are you serious? PP: Yeah.

富玩家：我有三張（笑聲）

RP: I have three. (Laughs) I don't know why they gave me so much.

真不知他們幹嘛給我這麼多

講員：好，玩家很快就注意到

Paul Piff: So it was quickly apparent to players that something was up.

有些事情不太對勁

其中一位很明顯

One person clearly has a lot more money than the other person,

比另一位更有錢

and yet, as the game unfolded,

但當遊戲繼續時

我們看到既顯著

we saw very notable differences, dramatic differences begin to emerge

又巨大的差異

between the two players.

在兩位玩家之間出現

The rich player started to move around the board louder,

富玩家移動跳棋

的聲音變大

literally smacking the board with the piece as he went around.

根本就是邊跳棋

邊砸紙板

(Game piece smacks board)

We were more likely to see signs of dominance

我們開始看到宣示主權的樣子

and nonverbal signs, displays of power

和非語言表達

都在展現勢力

and celebration among the rich players.

和富玩家互相慶祝

We had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side.

我們有碗椒鹽脆餅放在一旁

就在那右下角

It's on the bottom right corner.

That allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior.

這讓我們得以觀察參與者的胃口

So we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.

然後單純追蹤他們吃了多少脆餅

[Video] RP: Are those pretzels a trick?

富玩家：這些脆餅有什詭計嗎?

PP: I don't know.

窮玩家：不知

Paul Piff: OK, so no surprises, people are on to us.

講者：可想而知，他們開始懷疑我們了

They wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place.

他們懷疑那碗脆餅

為什麼一開始就在那

就像你剛看到的

One even asks, like you just saw,

一位甚至問那碗脆餅放在那是否藏有詭計

"Is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick?"

即便如此，主權似乎仍不可避免的

And yet, despite that, the power of the situation

開始展現出來

seems to inevitably dominate,

and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.

那些富玩家開始吃更多的脆餅了

(Laughter)

富玩家: 我愛～椒鹽脆餅

[Video] RP: I love pretzels.

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

講員: 遊戲持續時

Paul Piff: And as the game went on,

one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns

我們觀察出一種有趣

that we observed begin to emerge

又戲劇化的既定模式

富玩家開始對

was that the rich players actually started to become ruder

另一位玩家更粗魯

toward the other person --

對於這些窮玩家可憐的處境

less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor players,

顯得越來越沒同理心

and more and more demonstrative of their material success,

也越來越愛誇炫

自己物質上的豐碩

更愛現他們有多成功

more likely to showcase how well they're doing.

富玩家: 我樣樣不缺錢

[Video] RP: I have money ...

(Laughs) I have money for everything.

窮玩家: 那有多少?

PP: How much is that?

RP: You owe me 24 dollars.

富玩家:你欠我24美元

You're going to lose all your money soon.

你快傾家蕩產了

I'll buy it. I have so much money.

我買。反正我有的是錢。

I have so much money, it takes me forever.

多到花都花不完

RP 2: I'm going to buy out this whole board.

富玩家2:我要買起這整張紙板

RP 3: You're going to run out of money soon.

富玩家3: 你就要身無分文了

我已經到了無可匹敵的地步了

I'm pretty much untouchable at this point.

(Laughter)

講員: 現在，

Paul Piff: And here's what I think was really, really interesting:

這是我覺得特別特別有趣的地方

在15分鐘的遊戲結束後

it's that, at the end of the 15 minutes,

we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game.

我們詢問玩家在這遊戲中取得的經驗

And when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won

當富玩家談到為何

他們最終贏了

in this rigged game of Monopoly ...

這場我們動過手腳的大富翁遊戲

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

They talked about what they'd done to buy those different properties

他們高闊談論

費了多少力才買下各種資產

and earn their success in the game.

然後獲得成功

(Laughter)

And they became far less attuned

對於遊戲過程中

感到怪異的也變得無感

to all those different features of the situation --

including that flip of a coin --

包括以擲硬幣的方式

that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position

隨機讓他們雀屏中選

在遊戲一開始就取得優勢

in the first place.

And that's a really, really incredible insight

這給予我們很棒的機會洞察

into how the mind makes sense of advantage.

人的心理如何對優勢作出合理的解釋

這場大富翁遊戲影射整個社會

Now, this game of Monopoly can be used

as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure,

幫助我們了解

社會的階級體制

wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status,

有些人擁有許多財富和身分地位

and a lot of people don't;

多數人卻沒有

they have a lot less wealth and a lot less status

他們過的較拮据 沒有社會地位

and a lot less access to valued resources.

也較難取得有用資源

And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing

過去7年我與同事

is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies.

一起研究這些階級體制帶來的影響

What we've been finding across dozens of studies

我們從各地數千名參與者身上

得出的結論是

and thousands of participants across this country

is that as a person's levels of wealth increase,

個人財富比例越高

憐憫心和同理心都會同時降低

their feelings of compassion and empathy go down,

對於頭銜的慾望，享有應得的

and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness,

and their ideology of self-interest increase.

和自身利益相關的意識都會增加

In surveys, we've found

我們在調查中發現

that it's actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize

較富有的人更容易

把貪婪道德化

greed being good,

and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral.

而追求自身利益

也被當做是道德的

今天我想談談

Now, what I want to do today is talk about some of the implications

追求自身利益暗示著甚麼

of this ideology self-interest,

talk about why we should care about those implications,

談我們為何應該關注這些事

以及相關對策

and end with what might be done.

Some of the first studies that we ran in this area

我們在這個領域裡首先做的研究

是那些互助行為

looked at helping behavior,

社會學家稱作為

something social psychologists call "pro-social behavior."

「利社會行為」

And we were really interested

我們對誰更會對別人

in who's more likely to offer help to another person:

施以援手更感興趣

someone who's rich or someone who's poor.

是富人還是窮人呢?

In one of the studies,

在某項研究裡 我們邀社區裡的

we bring rich and poor members of the community into the lab,

富人和窮人到實驗室

and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars.

給每位10美元

We told the participants they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves,

我們告訴參與者

他們可選擇保留這10美元

或與人分享一部分

or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to,

若他們想要也可贈予

with a stranger, who's totally anonymous.

完全不認識的陌生人

They'll never meet that stranger; the stranger will never meet them.

而且雙方以後都不會再遇到

And we just monitor how much people give.

接著很單純的監視人們會給多少

Individuals who made 25,000, sometimes under 15,000 dollars a year,

一年賺2萬5或

低於1萬5的參與者

gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger

更願意贈與44%

自己的錢給陌生人

than did individuals making 150,000, 200,000 dollars a year.

而一年賺15萬

或20萬的人卻不太會

We've had people play games

我們讓參與者玩遊戲

to see who's more or less likely to cheat

藉此看出誰更容易作弊

to increase their chances of winning a prize.

增加贏得獎金的機會

In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer

其中我們對一台電腦作了手腳

so that die rolls over a certain score were impossible --

讓骰子難以出現

特定的數字

You couldn't get above 12 in this game, and yet ...

這遊戲無法讓你得超過12點

然而你越富有

the richer you were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game

就越有可能作弊

to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize --

以便獲得近50美元的獎金

sometimes by three to four times as much.

有時甚至有3、4倍之多

我們所做的另一項研究是

We ran another study

where we looked at whether people would be inclined to take candy

告訴參與者是否會拿糖果罐裡的糖果

from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified

我們清楚的告訴他們

那罐糖果是要留給小孩吃的

as being reserved for children --

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

I'm not kidding -- I know it sounds like I'm making a joke.

我是說真的

我知道這聽起來很可笑

We explicitly told participants:

但我們很清楚的告知參與者

"This candy is for children participating in a developmental lab nearby.

那一罐糖果是要給在附近

研究室裡的小孩吃的

They're in studies. This is for them."

他們就在研究室裡 這是要給他們的

And we just monitored how much candy participants took.

然後我們監控參與者吃了多少糖果

Participants who felt rich took two times as much candy

感到富有的參與者

比感到窮的參與者

as participants who felt poor.

多吃兩倍的糖果

We've even studied cars.

我們甚至研究車輛

Not just any cars,

不只是任何車輛

而是不同車款的車主

but whether drivers of different kinds of cars

是否更傾向於犯法

are more or less inclined to break the law.

In one of these studies,

其中一項研究裡 我們察看

we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian

駕駛員是否會為行人停下來

that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk.

這些要過馬路的人都是我們請的

在加州 我確信你們都知道

Now in California, as you all know,

因為我們都做過

because I'm sure we all do this,

it's the law to stop for a pedestrian who's waiting to cross.

法律明規路人要過馬路時需停車

So here's an example of how we did it.

這是大家平常的做法

That's our confederate off to the left, posing as a pedestrian.

左邊是我們的人

裝作要過馬路

He approaches as the red truck successfully stops.

他在紅色卡車成功停下時過馬路

In typical California fashion,

在加州也很常見公車

it's overtaken by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over.

像是沒看到路人直接開過去

(笑聲)

(Laughter)

Now here's an example of a more expensive car,

這是另一個較為昂貴的轎車

a Prius, driving through, and a BMW doing the same.

豐田普銳斯

和BMW的做法一樣

So we did this for hundreds of vehicles

我們花了好幾天

研究了幾百輛車

on several days,

just tracking who stops and who doesn't.

追蹤誰會和誰不會為路人停

What we found was as the expensiveness of a car increased ...

我們發現

越貴的車裡

(Laughter)

the drivers' tendencies to break the law increased as well.

坐的駕駛員

就越傾向於犯法

None of the cars -- none of the cars --

在那些最便宜的車款中

沒有任何一輛，沒有任何一輛

in our least expensive car category

broke the law.

觸法。

Close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category

而近乎5成的汽車

在我們最昂貴的

broke the law.

車款項目裡都犯法

We've run other studies,

我們在別的研究裡也發現

finding that wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations,

更富有的人在協商時更容易說謊

to endorse unethical behavior at work,

或在工作上做出沒道德的事

like stealing cash from the cash register,

像是從收銀機裡偷錢

taking bribes, lying to customers.

接受賄路，欺騙顧客

Now, I don't mean to suggest

我不是要說

that it's only wealthy people who show these patterns of behavior.

只有富人才會

有這類的行為

Not at all -- in fact, I think that we all,

不是的 我想我們大家

in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives,

在每日每分的生活裡

struggle with these competing motivations

都得跟這些動機交戰好幾回

of when or if to put our own interests above the interests of other people.

像是何時放下個人的利益

把他人的利益擺在前面

And that's understandable,

這種掙扎在所難免

because the American dream is an idea

因為美國夢的思維是

人人都有平等的機會

in which we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper,

成功、發達

as long as we apply ourselves and work hard.

只要我們認真努力打拼

And a piece of that means that sometimes,

那就意味著有時

you need to put your own interests

我們的自身利益得放在

above the interests and well-being of other people around you.

別人的利益和福利前面

但我們也研究出

But what we're finding is that the wealthier you are,

越富有的人越能

the more likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success,

想像個人成功的樣子

of achievement and accomplishment,

其成就和豐功偉業

to the detriment of others around you.

甚至不惜損及周遭的人

Here I've plotted for you the mean household income

這裡是每5分之1的人口

和前5%人口的平均家庭收入

received by each fifth and top five percent of the population

over the last 20 years.

這資料匯集超過20年

In 1993,

1993年 其差異在

the differences between the different quintiles of the population,

每5分之1人口的薪水上

in terms of income,

就相當的糟

are fairly egregious.

It's not difficult to discern that there are differences.

要分辨出其差異很簡單

But over the last 20 years, that significant difference

但過去20年 其差異

has become a Grand Canyon of sorts

變得像大峽谷一樣淵長

between those at the top and everyone else.

夾在頂端和普遍人口之間

In fact, the top 20 percent of our population

人口頂端的2成就擁有

own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country.

這國家近9成的財富

We're at unprecedented levels of economic inequality.

我們已到前所未見的

經濟失衡

What that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concentrated

這意味著財富不只逐漸

集中在少數特定人口的手上

in the hands of a select group of individuals,

but the American dream is becoming increasingly unattainable

但取得美國夢

對大多數的我們

也顯得難上加難

for an increasing majority of us.

若這是問題的癥結

And if it's the case, as we've been finding,

也就是你越富有

that the wealthier you are,

the more entitled you feel to that wealth,

就越覺得應得那份財富

也就更傾向自己的利益優先

and the more likely you are to prioritize your own interests

再來才會輪到別人的

above the interests of other people,

and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest,

然後竭盡心力的維護自身利益

well, then, there's no reason to think that those patterns will change.

這樣的情況下

其差異當然不會縮小

反而給足理由認定

In fact, there's every reason to think that they'll only get worse,

情況只會越來越糟

and that's what it would look like if things just stayed the same,

若情況沒改善的話

at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.

接下來的20年情況也不會好轉

我們全部人，都應該關心

Now inequality -- economic inequality --

is something we should all be concerned about,

經濟的分配不均

而不只限於

and not just because of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy,

社會底層的人

but because individuals and groups

因為在分配不均的經濟情況裡

個人和團體都過的更不好

with lots of economic inequality do worse ...

not just the people at the bottom, everyone.

不只是社會底層 大家也都蒙受其害

有份可信度十分高的研究

There's a lot of really compelling research

coming out from top labs all over the world,

來自世界各地頂尖的實驗室

showcasing the range of things that are undermined

證實社會問題

隨著經濟失衡變本加厲

as economic inequality gets worse.

也會隨之變得更嚴重

Social mobility, things we really care about,

像是社會流動和我們很在乎的

如健康，社會互信等方面

physical health, social trust,

all go down as inequality goes up.

全都會隨著不平等的增長降低

Similarly, negative things in social collectives and societies,

依此類推

社會和其群體性的負面

如過胖，暴力

things like obesity, and violence,

關押，處罰

imprisonment, and punishment,

are exacerbated as economic inequality increases.

也會隨之遽增

Again, these are outcomes not just experienced by a few,

這些不良的後果

不是只有少數的有所體會

but that resound across all strata of society.

而是橫跨社會各個階級

Even people at the top experience these outcomes.

甚至那些身處高位的人也會有經歷這些後果

那我們該作些什麼呢?

So what do we do?

This cascade of self-perpetuating,

這一連串壞的影響

pernicious, negative effects

正自運轉著

could seem like something that's spun out of control,

隨時都會失控

and there's nothing we can do about it,

而我們卻束手無策

certainly nothing we as individuals could do.

以個人的力量當然沒辦法解決

But in fact, we've been finding in our own laboratory research

但我們實際上卻在

自己的研究室發現

that small psychological interventions,

只要在心理上作少許的干預

small changes to people's values,

在價值觀上作些小改變

small nudges in certain directions,

微微轉移他們的注意力

便能重新回到正常的平等主義和同理心

can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy.

For instance, reminding people of the benefits of cooperation

例如，提醒人們

團結的力量

或社區可帶來的益處

or the advantages of community,

cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian

讓富人也可變得

as poor people.

跟窮人一樣的愛平等

In one study, we had people watch a brief video, just 46 seconds long,

一項研究邀參與者看

僅46秒有關家境貧困的簡短影片

about childhood poverty

用意在於提醒他們

that served as a reminder of the needs of others in the world around them.

別人的需要

看了那片子後

And after watching that,

我們觀察人們會變得有多願意

we looked at how willing people were to offer up their own time

用自己的時間去幫助

to a stranger presented to them in the lab, who was in distress.

在研究室裡苦惱的陌生人

一小時後

After watching this video, an hour later,

rich people became just as generous of their own time

看那片子的富人變得一樣大方

願意奉獻自己的時間去幫助別人

to help out this other person, a stranger,

一位陌生人或貧困的人

as someone who's poor,

suggesting that these differences are not innate or categorical,

這些研究顯示差異並不是與生俱來的

或侷限在你來自哪個社會階層

but are so malleable to slight changes in people's values,

這是可改變得

稍微改變人們的價值觀

and little nudges of compassion and bumps of empathy.

輕輕提醒他們該更有憐憫心

更富有同理心

And beyond the walls of our lab,

橫越過我們實驗室牆外

we're even beginning to see signs of change in society.

我們甚至開始看到社會改變的跡象

Bill Gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals,

比爾•蓋茲，我國最富有的人之一

in his Harvard commencement speech,

在哈佛畢業典禮的演講中

他談到社會問題

talked about the problem of inequality facing society

解決不平等的現象是艱困的挑戰

as being the most daunting challenge,

and talked about what must be done to combat it,

也談到該做什麼來打擊問題

他說: 「 ...人類最大的進步

saying, "Humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries --

並不是來自於這些發現 —

but in how those discoveries are applied

而是在於那些被用來減少

to reduce inequity."

不平等的創見。」(取自Morton's Weblog)

And there's the Giving Pledge,

還有「捐贈誓言」

in which more than 100 of our nation's wealthiest individuals

我國超過100位

的富豪

都發誓簽署捐贈他們一半的資產給慈善機構

are pledging half of their fortunes to charity.

And there's the emergence of dozens of grassroots movements,

還有許多民間運動

逐漸匯集

like "We are the 1 percent,"

像「我們是那1%的人口」

"Resource Generation,"

「資源世代」(自譯:吳貞慧)

or "Wealth for Common Good,"

「普及財富」(自譯)

in which the most privileged members of the population,

也就是人口中

擁有許多特權的人

members of the one percent and elsewhere,

人口頂尖的1%等

people who are wealthy,

以及富豪

are using their own economic resources,

都在運用自己的經濟資源

不管是成年人或青少年－　最讓我驚喜的

adults and youth alike -- that's what's most striking to me --

都在運用自身的

leveraging their own privilege, their own economic resources,

優勢和經濟資源

to combat inequality

對抗不平等

by advocating for social policies,

藉由擁護社會方針

changes in social values

改善社會價值觀

and changes in people's behavior

改善人們的行為

即便與自身利益相突

that work against their own economic interests,

但終能給予希望恢復美國夢

but that may ultimately restore the American dream.

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)