Different ways of knowing | Daniel Tammet

988,781 views ・ 2011-06-22

TED


Videoni ijro etish uchun quyidagi inglizcha subtitrlarga ikki marta bosing.

Translator: Gulnoza Yakubova Reviewer: Adham Kurbanov
00:15
I'm a savant,
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Men savantman (ko'p narsa biluvchi, autismning bir turi)
00:17
or more precisely,
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yoki aniqrog'i,
00:19
a high-functioning
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yuqori faoliyatli
00:21
autistic savant.
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autistik savantman.
00:23
It's a rare condition.
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Bu noyob holat.
00:25
And rarer still when accompanied,
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Mening holatimdagiek
00:28
as in my case,
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o'zlikni anglash va
00:30
by self-awareness
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tilni mukammal egallash qobiliyati
00:32
and a mastery of language.
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bilan birga kelganda yanada noyobroq holatdir.
00:35
Very often when I meet someone
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Ko'pincha, men biror kimsa bilan uchrashganimda,
00:38
and they learn this about me,
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ular mening bu holatimni bilishadi va
00:40
there's a certain kind of awkwardness.
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ularda ma'lum bir turdagi noqulaylik bo'ladi.
00:43
I can see it in their eyes.
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Men buni ularning ko'zlarida ko'ra olaman.
00:46
They want to ask me something.
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Ular mendan nimanidir so'rashni xohlaydilar.
00:49
And in the end, quite often,
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Va nihoyat, juda ko'p holatda,
00:51
the urge is stronger than they are
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ishtiyoq odatdagidan kuchliroq
00:54
and they blurt it out:
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va ular darrov o'ylamasdan gapirib yuboradilar:
00:56
"If I give you my date of birth,
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"Agar men sizga tug'ilgan sanamni aytsam,
00:58
can you tell me what day of the week I was born on?"
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haftaning qaysi kunida tug'ilganligimni aytib bera olasizmi?"
01:00
(Laughter)
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(Kulgi)
01:03
Or they mention cube roots
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Yoki kub ildizlarni
01:06
or ask me to recite a long number or long text.
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yoki uzun raqam yoki matnni yoddan aytib berishimni so'raydilar.
01:10
I hope you'll forgive me
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Agar men bugun sizlarga
01:12
if I don't perform
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bir savant kishining ko'rsatuvini
01:15
a kind of one-man savant show for you today.
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ijro etmasam meni kechirasizlar deb umid qilaman.
01:19
I'm going to talk instead
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Uning o'rniga men
01:22
about something
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tug'ilgan sanalar yoki
01:24
far more interesting
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kub ildizlaridan ancha qiziqarliroq,
01:26
than dates of birth or cube roots --
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mening ishimdan ko'ra
01:29
a little deeper
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ongimga biroz
01:31
and a lot closer, to my mind, than work.
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chuqurroq va ancha yaqinroq narsa haqida gapiraman.
01:34
I want to talk to you briefly
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Men sizlarga ong, tushuncha haqida
01:36
about perception.
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qisqagina gapirib bermoqchiman.
01:39
When he was writing the plays and the short stories
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U o'zining ismini mashhur qiladigan pyesa va
01:42
that would make his name,
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qisqa hikoyalar yozayotganida,
01:44
Anton Chekhov kept a notebook
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Anton Chekhov o'z atrofidagi
01:47
in which he noted down
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dunyoni kuzatganlarini
01:49
his observations
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yozib boradigan
01:51
of the world around him --
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kundalik daftari bo'lgan edi --
01:53
little details
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boshqa kishilar e'tibor bermay qoladigan
01:55
that other people seem to miss.
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kichkina parchalarni, qismlarni yozib borar edi.
01:58
Every time I read Chekhov
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Har safar Chekhovni va uning
02:01
and his unique vision of human life,
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inson hayotining o'ziga xos tasavvurini o'qiganimda,
02:05
I'm reminded of why I too
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bu menga mening ham nima sababdan yozuvchi
02:07
became a writer.
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bo'lganligimni eslatadi.
02:09
In my books,
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Men kitoblarimda
02:11
I explore the nature of perception
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ong tabiatini o'rganaman
02:13
and how different kinds of perceiving
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ongning har xil turlari qanday qilib
02:16
create different kinds of knowing
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bilish va tushunishning har xil turlarini paydo
02:18
and understanding.
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qilishini o'rganaman.
02:23
Here are three questions
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Mening ishimdan kelib chiqqan
02:25
drawn from my work.
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mana bu uchta savol.
02:27
Rather than try to figure them out,
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Bularga javobni o'ylab o'tirgandan ko'ra,
02:29
I'm going to ask you to consider for a moment
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Sizlarga iltimosim bor,
02:32
the intuitions
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siz bu savollarga qarashingiz bilan
02:34
and the gut instincts
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boshingiz va yuragingizda
02:36
that are going through your head and your heart
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sodir bo'layotgan sezgi va chuqur ichki sezgiga
02:38
as you look at them.
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bir soniya mobaynida e'tibor bering
02:41
For example, the calculation:
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Masalan, hisoblash.
02:44
can you feel where on the number line
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Yechimi raqamlar chizig'ining qayerida
02:46
the solution is likely to fall?
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joylashishini seza olasizmi?
02:49
Or look at the foreign word and the sounds:
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Yoki chet tilidagi so'zga va tovushlarga e'tibor bering.
02:52
can you get a sense of the range of meanings
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Bu zo'zlarning nimaligini anglash uchun
02:54
that it's pointing you towards?
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bir necha ma'nolarni ayta olasizmi?
02:57
And in terms of the line of poetry,
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Shoirlik sohasida esa,
03:00
why does the poet use the word hare
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nima uchun shoir 'uy quyoni' o'rninga
03:02
rather than rabbit?
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'yovvoyi quyon' so'zini ishlatadi.
03:06
I'm asking you to do this
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Men sizlarning shu narsani bajarishingizni xohlayman,
03:08
because I believe our personal perceptions, you see,
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chunki ishonamanki, bizning shaxsiy tushunchamiz
03:12
are at the heart
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ilmni qanday egallashimizning
03:14
of how we acquire knowledge.
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eng asosidir.
03:16
Aesthetic judgments,
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Mavhum fikr mulohazalardan ko'ra
03:18
rather than abstract reasoning,
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estetik fikr mulohazalar
03:21
guide and shape the process
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biz hammamiz biladigan narsani
03:23
by which we all come to know
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bilishimizdagi jarayonni
03:26
what we know.
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boshqarib, shakllantiradi.
03:28
I'm an extreme example of this.
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Men buning juda yaqqol misoliman.
03:31
My worlds of words and numbers
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Mendagi so'z va raqamlar dunyosi
03:34
blur with color, emotion
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rang, his-tuyg'u va
03:36
and personality.
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shahsiyat bilan aralashadi.
03:38
As Juan said,
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Huanning (Juan) aytishicha,
03:40
it's the condition that scientists call synesthesia,
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bu olimlar sinesteziya deb ataydigan holat,
03:43
an unusual cross-talk
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ya'ni, his-tuyg'ular orasida
03:45
between the senses.
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o'zaro g'ayrioddiy suhbatdir.
03:51
Here are the numbers one to 12
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Mana birdan 12 gacha bo'lgan raqamlar,
03:53
as I see them --
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mening ko'rishimcha --
03:55
every number with its own shape and character.
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har bir raqamning o'ziga hos shakli va hususiyatlari bor.
03:59
One is a flash of white light.
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Bir - oppoq yorug'likning cho'g'i.
04:01
Six is a tiny and very sad black hole.
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Olti - juda kichkina va juda g'amgin qora teshik.
04:06
The sketches are in black and white here,
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Bu chizmalar bu yerda qora va oq rangda,
04:09
but in my mind they have colors.
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lekin mening ongimda ularning rangi bor.
04:11
Three is green.
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Uch - yashil.
04:13
Four is blue.
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To'rt - ko'k.
04:15
Five is yellow.
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Besh - sariq.
04:20
I paint as well.
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Men rasm ham chizaman.
04:22
And here is one of my paintings.
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Mana bu rasmlarimdan bittasi.
04:25
It's a multiplication of two prime numbers.
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Bu ikkita tub sonning ko'paytmasi.
04:29
Three-dimensional shapes
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Uch o'lchamli shakllar
04:31
and the space they create in the middle
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va o'rtada ular hosil qiladigan bo'shliq
04:34
creates a new shape,
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yangi shaklni hosil qiladi,
04:36
the answer to the sum.
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bu esa ko'paytmaning javobi.
04:39
What about bigger numbers?
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Kattaroq raqamlarchi?
04:41
Well you can't get much bigger than Pi,
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Matematik konstanta - Pi dan ancha kattaroq sonni
04:45
the mathematical constant.
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bunday tasavvur qila olmaysiz.
04:47
It's an infinite number --
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Bu cheksiz son --
04:49
literally goes on forever.
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cheksiz davom etaveradi,
04:51
In this painting that I made
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Pi ning birinchi 20ta o'nlik kasrini
04:53
of the first 20 decimals of Pi,
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chizgan mana bu rasmimda
04:57
I take the colors
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ranglar,
04:59
and the emotions and the textures
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hissiyotlar va yuzasi, ya'ni tuzilishini olib,
05:02
and I pull them all together
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ularning hammasini
05:04
into a kind of rolling numerical landscape.
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past-tepalik raqamli landshaft kabi birga tasvirladim.
05:09
But it's not only numbers that I see in colors.
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Lekin, men rangli ko'radiganim, faqatgina raqamlar emas.
05:12
Words too, for me,
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Men uchun so'zlar ham
05:14
have colors and emotions
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ranglar va hissiyotlar
05:16
and textures.
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va tuzilishga ega.
05:18
And this is an opening phrase
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Mana bu "Lolita" romanidan
05:20
from the novel "Lolita."
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eng avvalgi ibora.
05:22
And Nabokov was himself synesthetic.
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Nabokovning o'zi ham synestetik edi.
05:26
And you can see here
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Ko'rib turibsizki,
05:28
how my perception of the sound L
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mening L tovushini tushunishim
05:31
helps the alliteration
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alliteratsiyani ajratishimga
05:33
to jump right out.
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darrov yordam beradi.
05:36
Another example:
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Boshqa bir misol:
05:38
a little bit more mathematical.
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bu biroz matematikaga hos.
05:40
And I wonder if some of you will notice
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Orangizda kimdir "The Great Gatsby" ("Buyuk Getsbi") dan
05:42
the construction of the sentence
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olingan gapning tuzilishini
05:44
from "The Great Gatsby."
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sezarmikansiz.
05:48
There is a procession of syllables --
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Bu yerda bo'g'inlarning bir biriga moslashib kelishi bor --
05:51
wheat, one;
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wheat - bir bo'g'in;
05:53
prairies, two;
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prairies, ikki bo'g'in;
05:55
lost Swede towns, three --
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lost Swede towna, uch bo'gin --
05:58
one, two, three.
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bir, ikki, uch.
06:00
And this effect is very pleasant on the mind,
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Bu ongga yoqimli ta'sir ko'rsatadi
06:04
and it helps the sentence
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va gapning to'g'ri
06:06
to feel right.
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bo'lib tuyulishiga yordam beradi.
06:09
Let's go back to the questions
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Bir oz avval men sizlarga
06:11
I posed you a moment ago.
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bergan savollarga qaytaylik.
06:14
64 multiplied by 75.
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64 ni 75 ga ko'paytirish.
06:17
If some of you play chess,
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Agar ba'zilarining shaxmat o'ynasangiz,
06:20
you'll know that 64
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64 kvadrat raqam
06:22
is a square number,
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ekanligini bilasiz,
06:25
and that's why chessboards,
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va shaxmat doskasida
06:27
eight by eight,
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sakkizga sakkiz,
06:29
have 64 squares.
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ya'ni 64 kataklar bor.
06:32
So that gives us a form
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Hullas, bu bizga biz tasavvur qila oladigan,
06:34
that we can picture, that we can perceive.
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his qila oladigan shaklni beradi.
06:37
What about 75?
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75 chi?
06:40
Well if 100,
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Ho'sh, agar 100,
06:42
if we think of 100 as being like a square,
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agar biz yuzni kvadratdek tasavvur qilsak,
06:45
75 would look like this.
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75 mana bunga o'xshaydi.
06:48
So what we need to do now
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Endi qiladigan ishimiz esa
06:50
is put those two pictures
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ana o'sha ikkita rasmni
06:52
together in our mind --
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ongimizda mana bunday
06:54
something like this.
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birga qo'yishdir.
06:57
64 becomes 6,400.
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64 -- 6400 bo'ladi.
07:01
And in the right-hand corner,
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O'ng burchakda
07:05
you don't have to calculate anything.
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hech narsani hisoblashning keragi yo'q.
07:07
Four across, four up and down --
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bu tomonlama to'rt, tepaga va pastga to'rt --
07:09
it's 16.
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16 bo'ladi.
07:12
So what the sum is actually asking you to do
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Natijasini topish ucun
07:14
is 16,
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16, 16 va 16 ni
07:16
16, 16.
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olish kerak.
07:19
That's a lot easier
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Bu esa maktabda sizga matematik hisoblashni
07:21
than the way that the school taught you to do math, I'm sure.
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o'rgatgandan ancha osonroq. Bunga ishonchim komil.
07:24
It's 16, 16, 16, 48,
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Bu 16 + 16 + 16 = 48,
07:26
4,800 --
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4800 --
07:28
4,800,
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4000
07:30
the answer to the sum.
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misolni javobi.
07:33
Easy when you know how.
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Qanday bajarishni bilsangiz oson.
07:35
(Laughter)
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(Kulgi)
07:38
The second question was an Icelandic word.
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Ikkinchi savol Islandcha so'z edi.
07:41
I'm assuming there are not many people here
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Bu yerda Islandcha gapiradigan odamlar
07:44
who speak Icelandic.
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ko'p emas deb o'ylayman.
07:46
So let me narrow the choices down to two.
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Shunday ekan, javob turini ikkitaga keltiray.
07:51
Hnugginn:
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Hnuggin:
07:53
is it a happy word,
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Bu quvnoq so'zmi,
07:55
or a sad word?
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yoki g'amgin so'zmi?
07:57
What do you say?
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Nima deysiz?
08:00
Okay.
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Ho'p.
08:02
Some people say it's happy.
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Ba'zi odamlar buni quvnoq so'z deydilar.
08:04
Most people, a majority of people,
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Ko'p odamlar, ko'pchiligi,
08:06
say sad.
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buni g'amgin so'z deydilar.
08:08
And it actually means sad.
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Aslida, bu g'amgin degan ma'noni anglatadi.
08:12
(Laughter)
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(Kulgi)
08:15
Why do, statistically,
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Statistik jihatdan, nimaga
08:18
a majority of people
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ko'pchilik odamlar
08:20
say that a word is sad, in this case,
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so'zni bu holatda g'amgin deb aytadilar,
08:22
heavy in other cases?
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boshqa holatlarda esa og'ir deydilar?
08:25
In my theory, language evolves in such a way
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Mening nazariyotim bo'yicha, til shunday usulda paydo bo'ladi:
08:28
that sounds match,
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tovushlar
08:30
correspond with, the subjective,
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tinglovchining subyektiv,
08:33
with the personal,
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shaxsiy,
08:35
intuitive experience
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ichki sezish tajribalari bilan
08:37
of the listener.
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moslashadi, moyil keladi.
08:40
Let's have a look at the third question.
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Keling, uchinchi savolni ko'raylik.
08:44
It's a line from a poem by John Keats.
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Bu John Keatsning she'ridan bir misra.
08:47
Words, like numbers,
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So'zlar, huddi sonlar kabi,
08:50
express fundamental relationships
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bizning olamimizni tashkil qiladigan
08:53
between objects
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narsalar, voqealar
08:55
and events and forces
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va kuchlar o'rtasidagi eng asosiy
08:57
that constitute our world.
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aloqalarni ifodalayadi.
08:59
It stands to reason that we, existing in this world,
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Biz, bu dunyoda yashab turib, hayotimiz davomida
09:02
should in the course of our lives
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ana o'sha aloqalarni ichki hissiyot bilan
09:04
absorb intuitively those relationships.
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sezishimiz kerakligi odatiy tuyuladi.
09:07
And poets, like other artists,
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Shoirlar, huddi boshqa rassomlar kabi,
09:10
play with those intuitive understandings.
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ana o'sha ichki sezgi tushunadigan narsalar bilan o'ynaydi.
09:13
In the case of hare,
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Inglizcha "hare" so'zi
09:16
it's an ambiguous sound in English.
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ingliz tilida noaniq tovushdir.
09:18
It can also mean the fibers that grow from a head.
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Bu boshimizda o'sadigan soch tolalarni ham anglatishi mumkin.
09:21
And if we think of that --
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Agar biz bu haqida o'ylaak --
09:23
let me put the picture up --
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rasmini sizlarga ko'rsatay --
09:25
the fibers represent vulnerability.
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tolalar noziklikni tasvirlaydi.
09:29
They yield to the slightest movement
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Ular yengilgina harakat,
09:32
or motion or emotion.
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qimirlash yoki hissiyotga ta'sirchan, harakatga keluvchi bo'ladi.
09:35
So what you have is an atmosphere
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Hullas, noziklik (ta'sirchanlik) va
09:39
of vulnerability and tension.
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taranglik holati paydo bo'ladi.
09:41
The hare itself, the animal --
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"Hare" so'zi - quyon, hayvon --
09:43
not a cat, not a dog, a hare --
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mushuk emas, it emas, "hare"-quyon --
09:46
why a hare?
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nimaga "hare"-quyon?
09:48
Because think of the picture --
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Sababi, rasmni hayolingizga keltiring,
09:50
not the word, the picture.
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so'zni emas, rasmni.
09:52
The overlong ears,
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Juda uzun quloqlar,
09:54
the overlarge feet,
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juda katta oyoqlar
09:56
helps us to picture, to feel intuitively,
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"limp" - oqsoqlanish va "tremble" - qaltirash nimaligini
09:59
what it means to limp
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ko'z oldimizda tasavvur qilishimizga, ichki hissiyot bilan sezishimizga
10:02
and to tremble.
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yozrdam beradi.
10:05
So in these few minutes,
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Mana shu oz daqiqalar davomida
10:07
I hope I've been able to share
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mening narsalar haqidagi nazarimni
10:09
a little bit of my vision of things
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sizlarga tushuntirib bera oldim
10:12
and to show you
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va so'zlar ham rang va hissiyotga,
10:15
that words can have colors and emotions,
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raqamlar, shakllar va shaxsiy xarakter, hususiyatlarga
10:18
numbers, shapes and personalities.
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ega ekanligini sizlarga ko'rsata oldim deb umid qilaman.
10:21
The world is richer,
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Dunyo bizga sezilganidan ko'ra
10:23
vaster
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boyroq
10:25
than it too often seems to be.
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va ulkanroqdir.
10:28
I hope that I've given you the desire
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Sizlarda dunyoni yangi ko'zlar bilan ko'rishni
10:31
to learn to see the world with new eyes.
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o'rganish xohishini uyg'otdim deb umid qilaman.
10:34
Thank you.
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Rahmat.
10:36
(Applause)
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(Qarsaklar)
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