Gene editing can now change an entire species -- forever | Jennifer Kahn

Translator: Leah Ligate Reviewer: Joachim Mangilima

So this is a talk about gene drives,

Haya ni mazungumzo ya ubadilishaji jeni,

but I'm going to start by telling you a brief story.

ila nitaanza kwa kuwaelezea hadithi fupi

20 years ago, a biologist named Anthony James

miaka 20 iliyopita, mwanabiolojia aliyeitwa Anthony James

got obsessed with the idea of making mosquitos

alijawa na wazo la kutengeneza mbu

that didn't transmit malaria.

ambao hawaambukizi malaria.

It was a great idea, and pretty much a complete failure.

lilikuwa wazo zuri, na lilishindikana kabisa.

For one thing, it turned out to be really hard

Kwani, ilikuja kuwa vigumu sana

to make a malaria-resistant mosquito.

kutengeneza mbu asiyestahimili malaria.

James managed it, finally, just a few years ago,

James hatimaye aliweza, miaka michache iliyopita,

by adding some genes that make it impossible

kwa kuongeza jeni zinazofanya isiwezekane

for the malaria parasite to survive inside the mosquito.

kwa vimelea vya malaria kushindwa kuishi ndani ya mbu.

But that just created another problem.

lakini hiyo ilileta tatizo lingine.

Now that you've got a malaria-resistant mosquito,

Sasa umeshapata mbu asiyestahimili malaria,

how do you get it to replace all the malaria-carrying mosquitos?

utamfanyaje aweze kubadilisha mbu wote wanaobeba malaria?

There are a couple options,

Kuna chaguzi kadhaa,

but plan A was basically to breed up

lakini mpango A ulikuwa wa uzalishaji

a bunch of the new genetically-engineered mosquitos

kiasi cha mbu wapya waliotengenezwa kijenetiki

release them into the wild

waachilie mwituni

and hope that they pass on their genes.

na utegemee kwamba wataeneza jeni zao.

The problem was that you'd have to release

Tatizo lilikuwa kwamba ulitakiwa uachilie

literally 10 times the number of native mosquitos to work.

kiasi cha mara 10 ya namba ya mbu wenyeji kufanyakazi

So in a village with 10,000 mosquitos,

Hivyo katika kijiji chenye mbu 10,000.

you release an extra 100,000.

unaachilia 100,000 wa ziada.

As you might guess,

Kama unavyoweza kuhisi,

this was not a very popular strategy with the villagers.

mkakati huu haukukubalika kwa wanakijiji.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

Then, last January, Anthony James got an email

Kisha, Januari iliyopita, Anthony James akapata barua pepe

from a biologist named Ethan Bier.

kutoka kwa mbiolojia aitwaye Ethan Bier.

Bier said that he and his grad student Valentino Gantz

Bier akasema kwamba yeye na mwanafunzi wake Valentino Gantz

had stumbled on a tool that could not only guarantee

walikutana na kifaa ambacho kiweza sio tu kuhakikisha

that a particular genetic trait would be inherited,

kwamba kibainisho cha jenetiki fulani kitarithiwa

but that it would spread incredibly quickly.

lakini hiyo itaeneza kwa haraka mno.

If they were right, it would basically solve the problem

kama wangekuwa sahihi, ingeweza kutatua tatizo

that he and James had been working on for 20 years.

yeye na James walilolifanyia kazi kwa miaka 20.

As a test, they engineered two mosquitos to carry the anti-malaria gene

kama majaribio, walitengeneza mbu wawili kubeba jeni isiyo na malaria

and also this new tool, a gene drive,

na pia kifaa kipya cha ubadilishaji jeni,

which I'll explain in a minute.

ambayo nitaielezea hivi punde.

Finally, they set it up so that any mosquitos

wakakiandaa ili mbu yeyote

that had inherited the anti-malaria gene

ambaye alirithi jeni isiyo na malaria

wouldn't have the usual white eyes, but would instead have red eyes.

asiwe na macho meupe, awe na macho mekundu.

That was pretty much just for convenience

Hiyo ilikuwa tu kwa ajili ya urahisi

so they could tell just at a glance which was which.

ili waweze kujua kwa kuangalia yupi ni yupi.

So they took their two anti-malarial, red-eyed mosquitos

Hivyo walichukua mbu 2 wasio na malaria wenye macho mekundu

and put them in a box with 30 ordinary white-eyed ones,

na kuwaweka ndani ya boksi na mbu 30 wenye macho meupe,

and let them breed.

na kuwaacha wazaliane.

In two generations, those had produced 3,800 grandchildren.

Ndani ya vizazi viwili, hao walizalisha wajukuu 3,800.

That is not the surprising part.

Hiyo sio sehemu ya kushangaza.

This is the surprising part:

Hii ndio sehemu ya kushangaza:

given that you started with just two red-eyed mosquitos

kutokana na kwamba ulianza na mbu 2 tu wenye macho mekundu

and 30 white-eyed ones,

na 30 wenye macho meupe,

you expect mostly white-eyed descendants.

unategemea wenye macho meupe kuzaana zaidi

Instead, when James opened the box,

Badala yake, wakati James akifungua boksi,

all 3,800 mosquitos had red eyes.

mbu wote 3,800 walikuwa na macho mekundu.

When I asked Ethan Bier about this moment,

Nilipo muuliza Ethan Bier kuhusu hili,

he became so excited that he was literally shouting into the phone.

alipatwa msisimko mkubwa sana kiasi kwamba alipiga makelele kwenye simu.

That's because getting only red-eyed mosquitos

Ni kwasababu kupata mbu wenye macho mekundu tu

violates a rule that is the absolute cornerstone of biology,

inakiuka kanuni ambayo ni msingi thabiti wa biolojia,

Mendelian genetics.

Jenetiki za Mendelia.

I'll keep this quick,

Nitaieleza hii haraka,

but Mendelian genetics says when a male and a female mate,

jenetiki za Mendelia zadai mwanamke na mwanaume wakipandana

their baby inherits half of its DNA from each parent.

mtoto wao hurithi nusu ya DNA kutoka kwa kila mzazi.

So if our original mosquito was aa and our new mosquito is aB,

ikiwa mbu wetu asilia alikuwa aa na mbu wetu mpya ni aB,

where B is the anti-malarial gene,

na B ni jeni isiyostahimili malaria,

the babies should come out in four permutations:

watoto wanatakiwa watoke katika hitari nne:

aa, aB, aa, Ba.

aa, aB, aa, Ba.

Instead, with the new gene drive,

Badala yake katika ubadilishaji jeni,

they all came out aB.

wote walitokea aB.

Biologically, that shouldn't even be possible.

Kibiolojia, hiyo haitakiwi hata kuwezekana.

So what happened?

Sasa nini kilichotokea?

The first thing that happened

Kitu cha kwanza kilichotokea

was the arrival of a gene-editing tool known as CRISPR in 2012.

ni kuwasili kifaa cha kuhakiki jeni kilichoitwa CRISPR mwaka 2012.

Many of you have probably heard about CRISPR,

wengi wenu pengine mmesikia kuhusu CRISPR,

so I'll just say briefly that CRISPR is a tool that allows researchers

hivyo kwa kifupi hiyo CRISPR ni kifaa kinachoruhusu watafiti

to edit genes very precisely, easily and quickly.

kuhakiki jeni kwa uhakika, kirahisi na haraka.

It does this by harnessing a mechanism that already existed in bacteria.

Inafanya hivi kwa kuunganisha utaratibu ambao ulikuwepo ndani ya bakteria.

Basically, there's a protein that acts like a scissors

Kimsingi,kuna protini ambayo hutumika kama mkasi

and cuts the DNA,

na kukata DNA,

and there's an RNA molecule that directs the scissors

na kuna molekuli ya RNA ambayo huelekeza mkasi

to any point on the genome you want.

upande wowote kwenye jenome.

The result is basically a word processor for genes.

Matokeo kimsingi ni uchakataji neno kwa ajili ya jeni.

You can take an entire gene out, put one in,

Unaweza kutoa jeni yote nje, na kuweka nyingine ndani,

or even edit just a single letter within a gene.

au hata kuhakiki herufi moja ndani ya jeni.

And you can do it in nearly any species.

unaweza kufanya hivyo kwa spishi yoyote.

OK, remember how I said that gene drives originally had two problems?

OK, kumbuka nilivyosema ubadilishaji jeni mwanzo ulikuwa na matatizo mawili?

The first was that it was hard to engineer a mosquito

La kwanza ilikuwa ni vigumu kutengeneza mbu

to be malaria-resistant.

aweze kutostahimili malaria.

That's basically gone now, thanks to CRISPR.

Hiyo imeondoka sasa, shukrani kwa CRISPR.

But the other problem was logistical.

Ila tatizo lingine ni la kiutaratibu.

How do you get your trait to spread?

Unawezaje kufanya kibainisho kienee?

This is where it gets clever.

Hapa ndipo panpoleta usumbufu.

A couple years ago, a biologist at Harvard named Kevin Esvelt

Miaka michache iliyopita, mwanabiolojia wa Harvard Kevin Esvelt

wondered what would happen

alifikiria itatokea nini

if you made it so that CRISPR inserted not only your new gene

Ikiwa utaifanya ili kwamba CRISPR iingizwe sio tu kwenye jeni mpya

but also the machinery that does the cutting and pasting.

ila pia kwenye mashine ambayo hukata na kubandika.

In other words, what if CRISPR also copied and pasted itself.

Kwa maneno mengine itakuwaje CRISPR ikijinakili na kujibandika yenyewe.

You'd end up with a perpetual motion machine for gene editing.

Utaishia kuwa na mashine inayozunguka kuhakiki jeni.

And that's exactly what happened.

Na hicho ndicho kilichotokea

This CRISPR gene drive that Esvelt created

Hii CRISPR ya ubadilishaji jeni iliyoundwa na Esvelt

not only guarantees that a trait will get passed on,

sio tu inakuhakikishia kwamba kibainisho kitarithishwa,

but if it's used in the germline cells,

ikitumika kwenye seli za vijidudu vinavyobadilika,

it will automatically copy and paste your new gene

itanakili na kubandika moja kwa moja jeni yako mpya

into both chromosomes of every single individual.

kuwa kromosomu zote za kila kiumbe pekee.

It's like a global search and replace,

Ni kama utafutaji duniani na ubadilishaji,

or in science terms, it makes a heterozygous trait homozygous.

au kisayansi, hufanya kibainisho heterezaigosi kuwa homozaigosi.

So, what does this mean?

Hivyo, hii inamaanisha nini?

For one thing, it means we have a very powerful,

kwa namna moja, inamaanisha tuna chombo chenye nguvu sana,

but also somewhat alarming new tool.

lakini pia chombo kipya chakutia hofu.

Up until now, the fact that gene drives didn't work very well

Hadi sasa, kwakuwa ubadilishaji jeni haukufanya kazi vizuri

was actually kind of a relief.

ilikuwa na uahueni kidogo.

Normally when we mess around with an organism's genes,

Kawaida tunapovuruga jeni za viumbe,

we make that thing less evolutionarily fit.

tunafanya kile kitu kisifae kinadharia ya mageuko

So biologists can make all the mutant fruit flies they want

wanabiolojia wanaweza kutengeneza nzi wa matunda wanaotaka

without worrying about it.

bila kuhofia lolote

If some escape, natural selection just takes care of them.

kama baadhi watatoroka, uchaguzi asilia utawashughulikia.

What's remarkable and powerful and frightening about gene drives

Kinachosifika na chenye nguvu na kutisha kuhusu ubadilishaji jeni

is that that will no longer be true.

ni kwamba haitakuwa tena kweli.

Assuming that your trait does not have a big evolutionary handicap,

Chukulia kibainisho chako hakina ulemavu mkubwa wa nadharia ya mageuko,

like a mosquito that can't fly,

kama vile mbu ambao hawawezi kuruka

the CRISPR-based gene drive will spread the change relentlessly

CRISPR-yenye ubadilishaji jeni itaeneza mabadiliko kwa kasi kubwa mno

until it is in every single individual in the population.

hadi itakapokuwa ndani ya kila kitu katika kundi tafiti.

Now, it isn't easy to make a gene drive that works that well,

Si rahisi kuunda ubadilishaji jeni ufanye kazi vizuri hivyo,

but James and Esvelt think that we can.

lakini James na Esvelt wanadhani tunaweza.

The good news is that this opens the door to some remarkable things.

Habari njema ni kuwa hii inafungua mlango kwa mambo yasiyo ya kawaida.

If you put an anti-malarial gene drive

Ukitia ubadilishaji jeni usio na malaria

in just 1 percent of Anopheles mosquitoes,

katika asilimia 1 ya mbu wa Anofelesi,

the species that transmits malaria,

spishi inayoambukiza malaria,

researchers estimate that it would spread to the entire population in a year.

watafiti wanakadiria kwamba utaenea kwa mbu wote kwa muda wa mwaka mmoja.

So in a year, you could virtually eliminate malaria.

Hivyo kwa mwaka, unaweza kukaribia kuitokomeza malaria.

In practice, we're still a few years out from being able to do that,

Kiutendaji tupo bado miaka michache kuweza kufanikisha hilo,

but still, a 1,000 children a day die of malaria.

lakini bado watoto 1,000 hufa kwa malaria kwa siku.

In a year, that number could be almost zero.

Kwa mwaka, namba hiyo yaweza kukaribia sifuri.

The same goes for dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever.

hivyo pia kwa homa ya dengue, chikungunya na homa ya manjano.

And it gets better.

Na inazidi kuwa bora.

Say you want to get rid of an invasive species,

Ikiwa unataka kuondoa spishi zinazoenea kwa kasi,

like get Asian carp out of the Great Lakes.

kama Kamongo wa Asia kwenye Maziwa Makuu.

All you have to do is release a gene drive

Unatakiwa kuachilia ubadilishaji jeni

that makes the fish produce only male offspring.

ambao utafanya samaki wazaliane madume tu.

In a few generations, there'll be no females left, no more carp.

kwa vizazi vijavyo hakutakuwa na majike na kamongo wataisha.

In theory, this means we could restore hundreds of native species

kinadharia, inamaanisha tunaweza rudisha mamia ya spishi asilia

that have been pushed to the brink.

zilikuwa zimesukumwa ukingoni.

OK, that's the good news,

OK, hiyo ni habari njema,

this is the bad news.

hii ni habari mbaya.

Gene drives are so effective

Ubadilishaji jeni hufanyakazi kwa ufanisi

that even an accidental release could change an entire species,

hata ukiachiwa kwa bahati mbaya unaweza kubadili spishi nzima,

and often very quickly.

mara zote kwa haraka mno

Anthony James took good precautions.

Anthony James alichukua tahadhari vizuri.

He bred his mosquitos in a bio-containment lab

Alizalisha mbu wake kwenye maabara madhubuti

and he also used a species that's not native to the US

na pia alitumia spishi zisizo asilia kwa Marekani

so that even if some did escape,

ili hata baadhi zikiponyoka,

they'd just die off, there'd be nothing for them to mate with.

zitakufa tu, kutakuwa hakuna spishi za kuzaliana nao.

But it's also true that if a dozen Asian carp with the all-male gene drive

Lakini pia ni kweli ikiwa dazeni ya Kamongo wa Asia wenye jeni za kiume tu

accidentally got carried from the Great Lakes back to Asia,

bahati mbaya wakachukuliwa kutoka Maziwa Makuu na kurudishwa Asia,

they could potentially wipe out the native Asian carp population.

wanaweza kufuta idadi yote ya Kamongo wa Asia asilia.

And that's not so unlikely, given how connected our world is.

Nahiyo inawezekana, kwa jinsi dunia yetu ilivyounganika.

In fact, it's why we have an invasive species problem.

ndio maana tuna tatizo la spishi zinazoenea kwa kasi.

And that's fish.

Na hiyo ni samaki.

Things like mosquitos and fruit flies,

Vitu kama mbu na nzi wa matunda,

there's literally no way to contain them.

Hakuna kabisa njia ya kuwadhibiti.

They cross borders and oceans all the time.

Wanavuka mipaka na bahari wakati wote.

OK, the other piece of bad news

OK, kipande kingine cha habari mbaya

is that a gene drive might not stay confined

ubadilishaji jeni hauwezi kufungwa sehemu moja

to what we call the target species.

kwa kile tunachokiita spishi lengwa.

That's because of gene flow,

Husababishwa na kuhama kwa jeni

which is a fancy way of saying that neighboring species

ambayo tunaweza kusema pia ni spishi jirani

sometimes interbreed.

wakati mwingine huzaliana.

If that happens, it's possible a gene drive could cross over,

kama itatokea,inawezekana ubadilishaji jeni kwenda upande mwingine,

like Asian carp could infect some other kind of carp.

kama Kamongo wa Asia wataambukiza Kamongo wengine.

That's not so bad if your drive just promotes a trait, like eye color.

Si vibaya ubadilishaji wako ukisaidia kibainisho kama rangi ya macho.

In fact, there's a decent chance that we'll see

Kwa kweli,kuna nafasi kubwa kwa tutaona

a wave of very weird fruit flies in the near future.

wimbi la nzi wa matunda wasio kawaida kwa siku zijazo

But it could be a disaster

Lakini inaweza kuwa janga

if your drive is deigned to eliminate the species entirely.

Ikiwa ubadilishaji wake umetengenezwa kutokomeza spishi yote.

The last worrisome thing is that the technology to do this,

Kitu cha mwisho cha kutia hofu ni kwamba teknolojia ya kufanya hivi,

to genetically engineer an organism and include a gene drive,

kutengeneza viumbe kijenetiki na kutumia ubadilishaji jeni,

is something that basically any lab in the world can do.

ni kitu ambacho maabara yoyote duniani inaweza kufanya.

An undergraduate can do it.

Mhitimu wa chuo ataweza.

A talented high schooler with some equipment can do it.

Mwanafunzi wa sekondari mwenye kipaji na vifaa anaweza kufanya.

Now, I'm guessing that this sounds terrifying.

Sasa naona kwamba inaonekana inatisha sana.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

Interestingly though, nearly every scientist I talk to

Chakufurahisha, karibia kila mwanasayansi ninayeongea naye

seemed to think that gene drives were not actually that frightening or dangerous.

anafikiria kwamba ubadilishaji jeni sio wa kutisha au hatari kiasi hicho.

Partly because they believe that scientists will be

Upande mmoja kwasababu wanaamini wanasayansi watakuwa

very cautious and responsible about using them.

makini sana na kuwajibika kuhusu kuzitumia.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

So far, that's been true.

Kwa hapo, hilo ni kweli.

But gene drives also have some actual limitations.

Ila ubadilishaji jeni pia una kikomo kilichopo.

So for one thing, they work only in sexually reproducing species.

Kitu kimoja, unafanya kazi kwa spishi zinazozaliana kwa kupandana.

So thank goodness, they can't be used to engineer viruses or bacteria.

Hivyo tushukuru, hauwezi kutumika kutengeneza virusi au bakteria.

Also, the trait spreads only with each successive generation.

Pia, vibainisho huenea kwa kizazi kinachofuatia tu.

So changing or eliminating a population

Kubadilisha au kutokomeza kundi tafiti

is practical only if that species has a fast reproductive cycle,

inawezekana tu ikiwa spishi hiyo ina mzunguko wa haraka wa kuzaliana,

like insects or maybe small vertebrates like mice or fish.

kama wadudu au labda wanyama wadogo kama panya au samaki.

In elephants or people, it would take centuries

Kwa tembo au binadamu, itachukua karne kadhaa

for a trait to spread widely enough to matter.

kibainishi kuenea kwa kiasi kikubwa kuleta maana.

Also, even with CRISPR, it's not that easy to engineer a truly devastating trait.

Pia hata kwa CRISPR, sio rahisi kutengeneza kibainishi kiharibifu.

Say you wanted to make a fruit fly

Sema ulitaka kutengeneza nzi matunda

that feeds on ordinary fruit instead of rotting fruit,

ambao hula matunda ya kawaida badala ya kuyaozesha,

with the aim of sabotaging American agriculture.

kwa nia ya kuhujumu kilimo cha Marekani.

First, you'd have to figure out

Kwanza, unatakiwa ujue

which genes control what the fly wants to eat,

ni jeni zipi zinaongoza kitu gani nzi wanataka kula,

which is already a very long and complicated project.

ambayo tayari ni mpango mrefu sana na mgumu.

Then you'd have to alter those genes to change the fly's behavior

Kisha urekebishe hizo jeni kubadilisha tabia ya nzi

to whatever you'd want it to be,

kuwa chochote unachotaka kiwe

which is an even longer and more complicated project.

ambayo ni mpango mrefu zaidi na mgumu zaidi.

And it might not even work,

Na inaweza isifanye kazi,

because the genes that control behavior are complex.

kwasababu jeni zinazoongoza tabia ni changamani

So if you're a terrorist and have to choose

Kama wewe ni gaidi na unatakiwa uchague

between starting a grueling basic research program

kati ya kuanza programu ya utafiti yenye kuchosha

that will require years of meticulous lab work and still might not pan out,

itakayohitaji miaka mingi maabara na bado isitokee vizuri,

or just blowing stuff up?

au ulipue tu vitu?

You'll probably choose the later.

Pengine utachagua cha pili.

This is especially true because at least in theory,

Hii haswa ni kweli kwasababu angalau kinadharia

it should be pretty easy to build what's called a reversal drive.

inatakiwa iwe rahisi kujenga ubadilishaji kinyume.

That's one that basically overwrites the change made by the first gene drive.

Hii ndio ile inayofunika mabadiliko ya ubadilishaji jeni wa kwanza

So if you don't like the effects of a change,

Hivyo kama hupendi athari za mabadiliko,

you can just release a second drive that will cancel it out,

unaweza kutoa tu ubadilishaji wapili ambao utaifuta,

at least in theory.

angalau kinadharia.

OK, so where does this leave us?

OK,hii inatuacha wapi?

We now have the ability to change entire species at will.

Sasa tunao uwezo wa kubadilisha spishi yoyote kwa hiari.

Should we?

Tufanye hivyo?

Are we gods now?

Tumekuwa miungu sasa?

I'm not sure I'd say that.

Sijui kama ningesema hivyo.

But I would say this:

Ila ningesema hivi:

first, some very smart people

kwanza, baadhi ya watu wenye akili sana

are even now debating how to regulate gene drives.

sasa hivi wanajadili jinsi ya kudhibiti ubadilishaji jeni.

At the same time, some other very smart people

Wakati huo huo watu wengine wenye akili sana

are working hard to create safeguards,

wanafanyakazi kwa bidii kuunda uhifadhi,

like gene drives that self-regulate or peter out after a few generations.

ikiwa uendeshaji jeni utajiendesha au kupotea baada ya vizazi vichache.

That's great.

Hivyo ni vizuri

But this technology still requires a conversation.

Lakini teknolojia hii bado inahitaji mazungunzo.

And given the nature of gene drives,

Kutokana ubadilishaji jeni ulivyo

that conversation has to be global.

mazungumzo hayo yawe ya kimataifa.

What if Kenya wants to use a drive but Tanzania doesn't?

Itakuwaje Kenya ikitaka kutumia ila Tanzania inakataa?

Who decides whether to release a gene drive that can fly?

Nani anayeamua iwe kuachia ubadilishaji jeni utakaopaa?

I don't have the answer to that question.

Sina majibu kwa swali hilo.

All we can do going forward, I think,

Tunachoweza kufanya mbeleni, nadhani,

is talk honestly about the risks and benefits

ni kuongea kwa uwazi kuhusu hatari na faida

and take responsibility for our choices.

na kuwajibika kwa uchaguzi wetu.

By that I mean, not just the choice to use a gene drive,

kwa hilo, namaanisha si uchaguzi tu wa kutumia ubadilishaji jeni,

but also the choice not to use one.

bali pia uchaguzi wa kutotumia.

Humans have a tendency to assume that the safest option

Binadamu wanatabia ya kudhania uchaguzi salama kuliko wote

is to preserve the status quo.

ni kutunza hali kama ilivyo.

But that's not always the case.

Lakini haiko hivyo siku zote.

Gene drives have risks, and those need to be discussed,

Ubadilishaji jeni una hatari na hizo zinahitaji kujadiliwa,

but malaria exists now and kills 1,000 people a day.

lakini malaria ipo sasa na inaua watu 1,000 kila siku.

To combat it, we spray pesticides that do grave damage to other species,

kupambana nayo, tunapuliza dawa ambazo huharibu spishi nyingine,

including amphibians and birds.

ikijumuisha amfibia na ndege.

So when you hear about gene drives in the coming months,

Hivyo utakaposikia ubadilishaji jeni miezi inayokuja,

and trust me, you will be hearing about them,

na niamini utasikia habari zake

remember that.

ila kutofanya kitu ni mbaya zaidi.

kumbuka kwamba.

It can be frightening to act,

inaweza kutia hofu kuchukua hatua,

but sometimes, not acting is worse.

(Applause)

(Makofi)