Gene editing can now change an entire species -- forever | Jennifer Kahn

505,820 views ใƒป 2016-06-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
So this is a talk about gene drives,
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ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
00:15
but I'm going to start by telling you a brief story.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ.
00:18
20 years ago, a biologist named Anthony James
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ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก
00:21
got obsessed with the idea of making mosquitos
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ื ื ืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
00:24
that didn't transmit malaria.
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ืฉืœื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืจื™ื”.
00:27
It was a great idea, and pretty much a complete failure.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
00:32
For one thing, it turned out to be really hard
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืžืœืจื™ื”.
00:35
to make a malaria-resistant mosquito.
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00:38
James managed it, finally, just a few years ago,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช,
00:41
by adding some genes that make it impossible
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืžื” ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื
ืœื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ.
00:44
for the malaria parasite to survive inside the mosquito.
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00:47
But that just created another problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
00:50
Now that you've got a malaria-resistant mosquito,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืžืœืจื™ื”,
00:52
how do you get it to replace all the malaria-carrying mosquitos?
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ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”?
ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:58
There are a couple options,
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00:59
but plan A was basically to breed up
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื' ื”ื™ืชื”, ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช,
ืœื’ื“ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื-ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
01:01
a bunch of the new genetically-engineered mosquitos
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01:04
release them into the wild
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ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื˜ื‘ืข
01:06
and hope that they pass on their genes.
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ื•ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ืœืื” ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:08
The problem was that you'd have to release
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืจืจ
01:10
literally 10 times the number of native mosquitos to work.
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ืคื™ 10 ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—.
ืื– ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• 10,000 ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
01:15
So in a village with 10,000 mosquitos,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืจืจ 100,000 ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
01:17
you release an extra 100,000.
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01:20
As you might guess,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื, ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช.
01:21
this was not a very popular strategy with the villagers.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:24
(Laughter)
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01:26
Then, last January, Anthony James got an email
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื“ื•ื"ืœ
01:30
from a biologist named Ethan Bier.
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ืžื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืจ.
01:33
Bier said that he and his grad student Valentino Gantz
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ื‘ื™ืจ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื ื• ื’ื ืฅ,
01:36
had stumbled on a tool that could not only guarantee
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ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
01:39
that a particular genetic trait would be inherited,
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ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื ืจืง ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื”,
01:41
but that it would spread incredibly quickly.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืชืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
01:44
If they were right, it would basically solve the problem
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ืื ื”ื ืฆื“ืงื•, ื–ื” ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
01:47
that he and James had been working on for 20 years.
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ืฉื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื”.
01:50
As a test, they engineered two mosquitos to carry the anti-malaria gene
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ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”
ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™,
01:55
and also this new tool, a gene drive,
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01:57
which I'll explain in a minute.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“.
01:59
Finally, they set it up so that any mosquitos
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”
02:01
that had inherited the anti-malaria gene
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02:03
wouldn't have the usual white eyes, but would instead have red eyes.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืœื ื‘ืขืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
02:08
That was pretty much just for convenience
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
02:10
so they could tell just at a glance which was which.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™.
02:14
So they took their two anti-malarial, red-eyed mosquitos
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ืื– ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื•ืื“ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
02:16
and put them in a box with 30 ordinary white-eyed ones,
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื” 30 ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:19
and let them breed.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:21
In two generations, those had produced 3,800 grandchildren.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื 3,800 ื ื›ื“ื™ื.
02:26
That is not the surprising part.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข.
02:28
This is the surprising part:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข:
02:30
given that you started with just two red-eyed mosquitos
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ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืจืง ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
02:33
and 30 white-eyed ones,
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ื•-30 ืœื‘ื ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:34
you expect mostly white-eyed descendants.
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ืžืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:38
Instead, when James opened the box,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”
02:41
all 3,800 mosquitos had red eyes.
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ืœื›ืœ 3,800 ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
02:45
When I asked Ethan Bier about this moment,
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ื›ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ื•ื,
02:47
he became so excited that he was literally shouting into the phone.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืฆืขืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
02:51
That's because getting only red-eyed mosquitos
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
ืžืคืจื” ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืื‘ืŸ-ืคื™ื ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”:
02:54
violates a rule that is the absolute cornerstone of biology,
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœ.
02:57
Mendelian genetics.
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02:58
I'll keep this quick,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืžืจืฅ:
ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืžื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื”
03:00
but Mendelian genetics says when a male and a female mate,
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03:02
their baby inherits half of its DNA from each parent.
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื”.
03:05
So if our original mosquito was aa and our new mosquito is aB,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื-ื ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื-ื‘,
03:09
where B is the anti-malarial gene,
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ื›ืฉ-ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืงื“ื-ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช:
03:11
the babies should come out in four permutations:
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03:13
aa, aB, aa, Ba.
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ื-ื, ื-ื‘, ื-ื, ื‘-ื.
03:16
Instead, with the new gene drive,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
03:19
they all came out aB.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฆืื• ื-ื‘.
03:21
Biologically, that shouldn't even be possible.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืืคืฉืจ.
03:24
So what happened?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื”?
03:26
The first thing that happened
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจื”
ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื‘-2012 ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืœืขืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ".
03:28
was the arrival of a gene-editing tool known as CRISPR in 2012.
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03:32
Many of you have probably heard about CRISPR,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ",
03:34
so I'll just say briefly that CRISPR is a tool that allows researchers
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ืœื›ืŸ ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืฉ"ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘, ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:38
to edit genes very precisely, easily and quickly.
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03:41
It does this by harnessing a mechanism that already existed in bacteria.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
03:45
Basically, there's a protein that acts like a scissors
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื
03:47
and cuts the DNA,
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ื•ื—ื•ืชืš ืืช ื”ื“ื "ื,
ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืจื "ื ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื
03:49
and there's an RNA molecule that directs the scissors
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ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื ื•ื.
03:51
to any point on the genome you want.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื‘ื“ ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™.
03:53
The result is basically a word processor for genes.
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03:56
You can take an entire gene out, put one in,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื, ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื’ืŸ ืื—ืจ,
03:58
or even edit just a single letter within a gene.
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ืื• ืืฃ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ.
04:01
And you can do it in nearly any species.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ.
04:05
OK, remember how I said that gene drives originally had two problems?
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ื˜ื•ื‘. ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืœืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช?
04:09
The first was that it was hard to engineer a mosquito
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื™ืชื•ืฉ
04:12
to be malaria-resistant.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:14
That's basically gone now, thanks to CRISPR.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ืคืชืจื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœ"ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ".
04:17
But the other problem was logistical.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
04:19
How do you get your trait to spread?
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ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜?
04:22
This is where it gets clever.
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ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžื—ื•ื›ื.
04:24
A couple years ago, a biologist at Harvard named Kevin Esvelt
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืกื•ื•ืœื˜ ืชื”ื” ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”
04:28
wondered what would happen
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04:29
if you made it so that CRISPR inserted not only your new gene
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ืื ื ื’ืจื•ื ืœ"ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
04:33
but also the machinery that does the cutting and pasting.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื•ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
04:37
In other words, what if CRISPR also copied and pasted itself.
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืื "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ื™ื—ืชื•ืš ื•ื™ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื’ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•?
04:42
You'd end up with a perpetual motion machine for gene editing.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
04:46
And that's exactly what happened.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
04:49
This CRISPR gene drive that Esvelt created
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ืžื ื•ืข ื”"ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืกื•ื•ืœื˜
04:51
not only guarantees that a trait will get passed on,
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื”,
04:55
but if it's used in the germline cells,
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ืืœื ืฉืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืื™ ื ื‘ื˜,
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื—ืชื•ืš ื•ื™ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
04:58
it will automatically copy and paste your new gene
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05:00
into both chromosomes of every single individual.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜.
05:03
It's like a global search and replace,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• "ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ืœืคื”" ื›ื•ืœืœ.
05:06
or in science terms, it makes a heterozygous trait homozygous.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ื’ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ื’ื•ื˜ื™ืช.
05:11
So, what does this mean?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
05:13
For one thing, it means we have a very powerful,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื”
05:16
but also somewhat alarming new tool.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื“ืื’ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
05:20
Up until now, the fact that gene drives didn't work very well
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ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
05:23
was actually kind of a relief.
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ืขื•ืจืจื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
05:25
Normally when we mess around with an organism's genes,
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ื‘ื“"ื›, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื,
ืื ื• ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
05:28
we make that thing less evolutionarily fit.
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05:30
So biologists can make all the mutant fruit flies they want
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช,
ืœืœื ื—ืฉืฉ.
05:33
without worrying about it.
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05:34
If some escape, natural selection just takes care of them.
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ืื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื‘ืจื—ื•, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืชื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื.
05:38
What's remarkable and powerful and frightening about gene drives
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ
05:41
is that that will no longer be true.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:45
Assuming that your trait does not have a big evolutionary handicap,
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ืื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช,
05:48
like a mosquito that can't fly,
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขื•ืฃ,
05:50
the CRISPR-based gene drive will spread the change relentlessly
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ื™ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืœื ืœืื•ืช
05:54
until it is in every single individual in the population.
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
05:59
Now, it isn't easy to make a gene drive that works that well,
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ื›ืขืช, ืœื ืงืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื ื•ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
ืื‘ืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ืืกื•ื•ืœื˜ ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื ื•.
06:02
but James and Esvelt think that we can.
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06:05
The good news is that this opens the door to some remarkable things.
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืคื•ืชื— ืคืชื— ืœื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื.
06:09
If you put an anti-malarial gene drive
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ืื ืชื›ื ื™ืกื• ืžื ื•ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื ื•ื’ื“ ืžืœืจื™ื”
ื•ืœื• ืœืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ ื”ืื ื•ืคืœืก,
06:11
in just 1 percent of Anopheles mosquitoes,
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06:13
the species that transmits malaria,
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
06:15
researchers estimate that it would spread to the entire population in a year.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช.
06:20
So in a year, you could virtually eliminate malaria.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
06:23
In practice, we're still a few years out from being able to do that,
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ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
06:27
but still, a 1,000 children a day die of malaria.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืžืœืจื™ื” 1,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
06:30
In a year, that number could be almost zero.
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ 0.
06:32
The same goes for dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื ืงื“ื—ืช ื“ื ื’ื™, ืฆ'ื™ืงื•ื ื’ื•ื ื™ื”, ืงื“ื—ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”.
06:37
And it gets better.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืฉืชืคืจ.
06:39
Say you want to get rid of an invasive species,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™,
06:41
like get Asian carp out of the Great Lakes.
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืงืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
06:44
All you have to do is release a gene drive
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืจืง ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื ื•ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™
06:46
that makes the fish produce only male offspring.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืžืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:49
In a few generations, there'll be no females left, no more carp.
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ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืชื™ืฉืืจื ื” ื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืงืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืขืœื.
06:53
In theory, this means we could restore hundreds of native species
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืงื ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
06:56
that have been pushed to the brink.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืขื“ ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
06:59
OK, that's the good news,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืœื” ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
07:02
this is the bad news.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช.
07:05
Gene drives are so effective
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ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื,
07:07
that even an accidental release could change an entire species,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื,
07:10
and often very quickly.
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“.
07:13
Anthony James took good precautions.
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ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:15
He bred his mosquitos in a bio-containment lab
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืกื’ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
07:17
and he also used a species that's not native to the US
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
07:20
so that even if some did escape,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื™ื‘ืจื—ื•,
07:21
they'd just die off, there'd be nothing for them to mate with.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืžื•ืชื•; ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขื ืžื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’.
07:24
But it's also true that if a dozen Asian carp with the all-male gene drive
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืฉืื ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืงืจืคื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืกื™ืืชื™ื™ื
ืขื ืžื ื•ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ "ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“"
07:28
accidentally got carried from the Great Lakes back to Asia,
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ื™ื™ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืืกื™ื”,
07:32
they could potentially wipe out the native Asian carp population.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืคื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืกื™ืืชื™ื™ื.
07:37
And that's not so unlikely, given how connected our world is.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื“ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจ.
07:40
In fact, it's why we have an invasive species problem.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
07:43
And that's fish.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“;
07:45
Things like mosquitos and fruit flies,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืชื—ื•ื ืื•ืชื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
07:48
there's literally no way to contain them.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
07:50
They cross borders and oceans all the time.
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07:53
OK, the other piece of bad news
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
07:55
is that a gene drive might not stay confined
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ
07:58
to what we call the target species.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”",
08:00
That's because of gene flow,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ "ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื’ื ื™ื",
ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื
08:02
which is a fancy way of saying that neighboring species
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08:04
sometimes interbreed.
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ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
08:05
If that happens, it's possible a gene drive could cross over,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™:
ืงืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื™ืืชื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืงืจืคื™ื•ืŸ.
08:09
like Asian carp could infect some other kind of carp.
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08:11
That's not so bad if your drive just promotes a trait, like eye color.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืจืข ืื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžืคื™ืฅ ืจืง ืชื›ื•ื ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘ืข ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
08:15
In fact, there's a decent chance that we'll see
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช
08:17
a wave of very weird fruit flies in the near future.
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ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
08:21
But it could be a disaster
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื”-ืืกื•ืŸ
08:22
if your drive is deigned to eliminate the species entirely.
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ืื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•.
08:26
The last worrisome thing is that the technology to do this,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ืื™ื’ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื›ืš,
08:29
to genetically engineer an organism and include a gene drive,
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ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื™ืœ ืžื ื•ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™,
08:33
is something that basically any lab in the world can do.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
08:36
An undergraduate can do it.
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ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
08:39
A talented high schooler with some equipment can do it.
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ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
08:44
Now, I'm guessing that this sounds terrifying.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
08:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:49
Interestingly though, nearly every scientist I talk to
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ืช ืื™ืชื•
08:52
seemed to think that gene drives were not actually that frightening or dangerous.
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
08:56
Partly because they believe that scientists will be
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
08:59
very cautious and responsible about using them.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:01
(Laughter)
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09:02
So far, that's been true.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:04
But gene drives also have some actual limitations.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื‘ื™ื” ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืช.
09:07
So for one thing, they work only in sexually reproducing species.
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09:10
So thank goodness, they can't be used to engineer viruses or bacteria.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ, ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
09:14
Also, the trait spreads only with each successive generation.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ.
09:17
So changing or eliminating a population
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
09:19
is practical only if that species has a fast reproductive cycle,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืจืง ืื ืœืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ,
09:22
like insects or maybe small vertebrates like mice or fish.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื“ื’ื™ื.
09:26
In elephants or people, it would take centuries
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ืืฆืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
09:28
for a trait to spread widely enough to matter.
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ืขื“ ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืชืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
09:32
Also, even with CRISPR, it's not that easy to engineer a truly devastating trait.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ", ืœื ื›ื” ืงืœ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช.
09:38
Say you wanted to make a fruit fly
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช
09:39
that feeds on ordinary fruit instead of rotting fruit,
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ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ื,
09:42
with the aim of sabotaging American agriculture.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช.
09:45
First, you'd have to figure out
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช
09:46
which genes control what the fly wants to eat,
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ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
09:49
which is already a very long and complicated project.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ื–ื ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:52
Then you'd have to alter those genes to change the fly's behavior
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘
09:55
to whatever you'd want it to be,
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ืœืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื,
09:57
which is an even longer and more complicated project.
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ื•ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
10:00
And it might not even work,
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ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
10:01
because the genes that control behavior are complex.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื.
ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
10:04
So if you're a terrorist and have to choose
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ืื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืคืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
10:06
between starting a grueling basic research program
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ืฉืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื“ืงื“ืงื ื™ืช
10:08
that will require years of meticulous lab work and still might not pan out,
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ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืžืฉื”ื•?
10:12
or just blowing stuff up?
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10:13
You'll probably choose the later.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
10:15
This is especially true because at least in theory,
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช,
10:17
it should be pretty easy to build what's called a reversal drive.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ ืœืžื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช "ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืคื•ืš",
10:21
That's one that basically overwrites the change made by the first gene drive.
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
10:24
So if you don't like the effects of a change,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ืŸ ืœื˜ืขืžื›ื,
10:27
you can just release a second drive that will cancel it out,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื ื•ืข ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
10:29
at least in theory.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”.
10:33
OK, so where does this leave us?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•?
10:36
We now have the ability to change entire species at will.
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ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื.
10:41
Should we?
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื•?
10:42
Are we gods now?
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ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืืœื™ื?
10:45
I'm not sure I'd say that.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื–ืืช,
10:48
But I would say this:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืš:
10:50
first, some very smart people
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืื“
10:52
are even now debating how to regulate gene drives.
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ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
10:55
At the same time, some other very smart people
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
10:58
are working hard to create safeguards,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช,
11:00
like gene drives that self-regulate or peter out after a few generations.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื“ื•ืขื›ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
11:04
That's great.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
11:06
But this technology still requires a conversation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
11:10
And given the nature of gene drives,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™, ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™.
11:11
that conversation has to be global.
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11:14
What if Kenya wants to use a drive but Tanzania doesn't?
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ืžื” ืื ืงื ื™ื” ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ื›ื–ื”, ื•ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื” - ืœื?
11:17
Who decides whether to release a gene drive that can fly?
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ืžื™ ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื ื•ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืฃ?
11:22
I don't have the answer to that question.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ืืช.
11:25
All we can do going forward, I think,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชืงื“ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
11:27
is talk honestly about the risks and benefits
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ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
11:30
and take responsibility for our choices.
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ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•.
11:33
By that I mean, not just the choice to use a gene drive,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจืง ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
11:37
but also the choice not to use one.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
11:41
Humans have a tendency to assume that the safest option
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ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”
11:44
is to preserve the status quo.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื.
11:46
But that's not always the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:49
Gene drives have risks, and those need to be discussed,
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ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื,
11:53
but malaria exists now and kills 1,000 people a day.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ืช 1,000 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
11:56
To combat it, we spray pesticides that do grave damage to other species,
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ืื ื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
12:00
including amphibians and birds.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
12:03
So when you hear about gene drives in the coming months,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
12:06
and trust me, you will be hearing about them,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื›ื ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื”ื,
12:08
remember that.
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ื–ืืช:
12:10
It can be frightening to act,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”,
12:12
but sometimes, not acting is worse.
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ืืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ.
12:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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