Gene editing can now change an entire species -- forever | Jennifer Kahn

507,490 views

2016-06-02 ใƒป TED


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Gene editing can now change an entire species -- forever | Jennifer Kahn

507,490 views ใƒป 2016-06-02

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ji Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : ejay kim
00:12
So this is a talk about gene drives,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
but I'm going to start by telling you a brief story.
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์ผ๋‹จ ์งง์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:18
20 years ago, a biologist named Anthony James
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20๋…„ ์ „, ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋Š”
00:21
got obsessed with the idea of making mosquitos
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋น ์ ธ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
that didn't transmit malaria.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:27
It was a great idea, and pretty much a complete failure.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜์ฐธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:32
For one thing, it turned out to be really hard
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
00:35
to make a malaria-resistant mosquito.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:38
James managed it, finally, just a few years ago,
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์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „, ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
by adding some genes that make it impossible
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ถฉ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ
00:44
for the malaria parasite to survive inside the mosquito.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์ฒด๋‚ด์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:47
But that just created another problem.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
Now that you've got a malaria-resistant mosquito,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋๊ณ ์š”.
00:52
how do you get it to replace all the malaria-carrying mosquitos?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:58
There are a couple options,
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
but plan A was basically to breed up
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
01:01
a bunch of the new genetically-engineered mosquitos
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„
01:04
release them into the wild
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๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์•ผ์ƒ์— ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ
01:06
and hope that they pass on their genes.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:08
The problem was that you'd have to release
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
01:10
literally 10 times the number of native mosquitos to work.
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์›๋ž˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ด ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
01:15
So in a village with 10,000 mosquitos,
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1๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์—
01:17
you release an extra 100,000.
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์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์š”.
01:20
As you might guess,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
01:21
this was not a very popular strategy with the villagers.
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๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ „๋žต์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
01:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:26
Then, last January, Anthony James got an email
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 1์›” ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ๋Š”
01:30
from a biologist named Ethan Bier.
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์ด๋“  ๋น„์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ํ•œ ํ†ต์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
Bier said that he and his grad student Valentino Gantz
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๋น„์–ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ Œํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ๊ฐ„์ธ ๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:36
had stumbled on a tool that could not only guarantee
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ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „ ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:39
that a particular genetic trait would be inherited,
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์—„์ฒญ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„
01:41
but that it would spread incredibly quickly.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
If they were right, it would basically solve the problem
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๋น„์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ„์ธ ์˜ ๋ง๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๋ฉด
01:47
that he and James had been working on for 20 years.
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์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋น„์–ด์™€ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ’€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
01:50
As a test, they engineered two mosquitos to carry the anti-malaria gene
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๋น„์–ด์™€ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜์‚ผ์•„ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
and also this new tool, a gene drive,
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์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
01:57
which I'll explain in a minute.
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์ž ์‹œ ํ›„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
01:59
Finally, they set it up so that any mosquitos
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ
02:01
that had inherited the anti-malaria gene
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
wouldn't have the usual white eyes, but would instead have red eyes.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ํฐ ๋ˆˆ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:08
That was pretty much just for convenience
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ํ•œ ๋ˆˆ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
02:10
so they could tell just at a glance which was which.
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ํŽธ์˜์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:14
So they took their two anti-malarial, red-eyed mosquitos
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
02:16
and put them in a box with 30 ordinary white-eyed ones,
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๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ํฐ ๋ˆˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ 30๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ž์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
and let them breed.
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02:21
In two generations, those had produced 3,800 grandchildren.
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋งŒ์— ์†์ž 3,800 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:26
That is not the surprising part.
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๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
02:28
This is the surprising part:
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
given that you started with just two red-eyed mosquitos
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์™€
02:33
and 30 white-eyed ones,
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ํฐ ๋ˆˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ 30 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:34
you expect mostly white-eyed descendants.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํฐ ๋ˆˆ ํ›„์†์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
02:38
Instead, when James opened the box,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ
02:41
all 3,800 mosquitos had red eyes.
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3,800๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
When I asked Ethan Bier about this moment,
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๋น„์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์–ด๋• ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ
02:47
he became so excited that he was literally shouting into the phone.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:51
That's because getting only red-eyed mosquitos
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:54
violates a rule that is the absolute cornerstone of biology,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™
02:57
Mendelian genetics.
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์ฆ‰, ๋ฉ˜๋ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
02:58
I'll keep this quick,
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์งง๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:00
but Mendelian genetics says when a male and a female mate,
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๋ฉ˜๋ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „๋ฒ•์น™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ ์•”์ปท์ด ๊ต๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉด
03:02
their baby inherits half of its DNA from each parent.
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์ž์†์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ DNA ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์”ฉ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
So if our original mosquito was aa and our new mosquito is aB,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ aa, ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ aB๋ผ๋ฉด
03:09
where B is the anti-malarial gene,
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B๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ณ ์š”.
03:11
the babies should come out in four permutations:
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์ž์†๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ์ •์ƒ์ด์—์š”.
03:13
aa, aB, aa, Ba.
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aa, aB, aa, Ba
03:16
Instead, with the new gene drive,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š”
03:19
they all came out aB.
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์ž์†๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ aB ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:21
Biologically, that shouldn't even be possible.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๋ฐ
03:24
So what happened?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:26
The first thing that happened
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
03:28
was the arrival of a gene-editing tool known as CRISPR in 2012.
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2012๋…„, ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
Many of you have probably heard about CRISPR,
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์•„๋งˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
03:34
so I'll just say briefly that CRISPR is a tool that allows researchers
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๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
03:38
to edit genes very precisely, easily and quickly.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
It does this by harnessing a mechanism that already existed in bacteria.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
03:45
Basically, there's a protein that acts like a scissors
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๊ฐ€์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
03:47
and cuts the DNA,
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DNA๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
03:49
and there's an RNA molecule that directs the scissors
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์ด ๊ฐ€์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” RNA ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:51
to any point on the genome you want.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฅผ์ง€ ์ง€์‹œํ•ด์š”.
03:53
The result is basically a word processor for genes.
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์ฆ‰, ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›Œ๋“œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
03:56
You can take an entire gene out, put one in,
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์œ ์ „์ž ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:58
or even edit just a single letter within a gene.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:01
And you can do it in nearly any species.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
OK, remember how I said that gene drives originally had two problems?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ์• ์ดˆ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”?
04:09
The first was that it was hard to engineer a mosquito
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
04:12
to be malaria-resistant.
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:14
That's basically gone now, thanks to CRISPR.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋๊ณ ์š”.
04:17
But the other problem was logistical.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:19
How do you get your trait to spread?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ์ „ํŒŒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์ฃ .
04:22
This is where it gets clever.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:24
A couple years ago, a biologist at Harvard named Kevin Esvelt
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „, ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ธ ์ผ€๋นˆ ์—์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ๋Š”
04:28
wondered what would happen
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:29
if you made it so that CRISPR inserted not only your new gene
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์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—๋„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:33
but also the machinery that does the cutting and pasting.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
In other words, what if CRISPR also copied and pasted itself.
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์ฆ‰, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ™์ด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:42
You'd end up with a perpetual motion machine for gene editing.
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์•„๋งˆ ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘์ด ๋์—†์ด ์ž‘๋™๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:46
And that's exactly what happened.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
This CRISPR gene drive that Esvelt created
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์—์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Š”
04:51
not only guarantees that a trait will get passed on,
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์œ ์ „ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:55
but if it's used in the germline cells,
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์ƒ์‹์„ธํฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
04:58
it will automatically copy and paste your new gene
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ
05:00
into both chromosomes of every single individual.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ฒด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์— ๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
It's like a global search and replace,
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์ „์ฒด ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
05:06
or in science terms, it makes a heterozygous trait homozygous.
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๊ณผํ•™์šฉ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋™ํ˜•์„ฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
So, what does this mean?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:13
For one thing, it means we have a very powerful,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์œ„๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•,
05:16
but also somewhat alarming new tool.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‘๋ ค์šด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Up until now, the fact that gene drives didn't work very well
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
05:23
was actually kind of a relief.
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์•ˆ๋„๊ฐ์ด ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:25
Normally when we mess around with an organism's genes,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”
05:28
we make that thing less evolutionarily fit.
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์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
So biologists can make all the mutant fruit flies they want
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
05:33
without worrying about it.
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๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
If some escape, natural selection just takes care of them.
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๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ž์—ฐ๋„ํƒœ ๋  ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:38
What's remarkable and powerful and frightening about gene drives
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
is that that will no longer be true.
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๊ทธ ์ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:45
Assuming that your trait does not have a big evolutionary handicap,
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๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€
05:48
like a mosquito that can't fly,
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์œ ์ „ ํ˜•์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:50
the CRISPR-based gene drive will spread the change relentlessly
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€
05:54
until it is in every single individual in the population.
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์ด ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ˆ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
Now, it isn't easy to make a gene drive that works that well,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
06:02
but James and Esvelt think that we can.
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์ œ์ž„์Šค์™€ ์—์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
06:05
The good news is that this opens the door to some remarkable things.
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์ข‹์€ ์ ์€, ์ด์ œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
If you put an anti-malarial gene drive
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
06:11
in just 1 percent of Anopheles mosquitoes,
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ํ•ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ
06:13
the species that transmits malaria,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ 1%์— ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:15
researchers estimate that it would spread to the entire population in a year.
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์ „์ฒด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ 1๋…„๋„ ์•ˆ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
So in a year, you could virtually eliminate malaria.
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1๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
In practice, we're still a few years out from being able to do that,
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์•„์ง ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ๋” ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
06:27
but still, a 1,000 children a day die of malaria.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๋งค์ผ ์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:30
In a year, that number could be almost zero.
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1๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
The same goes for dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever.
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๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด, ์น˜์ฟค๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์•ผ, ํ™ฉ์—ด๋ณ‘๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
06:37
And it gets better.
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์ ์  ์ข‹์•„์ง€์ฃ .
06:39
Say you want to get rid of an invasive species,
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์˜ค๋Œ€ํ˜ธ์˜ ํฌ์‹์ž์ธ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:41
like get Asian carp out of the Great Lakes.
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์—†์• ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์™ธ๋ž˜์ข…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
06:44
All you have to do is release a gene drive
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋งŒ ๋‚ณ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
06:46
that makes the fish produce only male offspring.
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
In a few generations, there'll be no females left, no more carp.
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๋ช‡ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์•”์ปท์€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:53
In theory, this means we could restore hundreds of native species
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ์žˆ๋Š”
06:56
that have been pushed to the brink.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ์ข…์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
OK, that's the good news,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
07:02
this is the bad news.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
Gene drives are so effective
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
07:07
that even an accidental release could change an entire species,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ข… ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
and often very quickly.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—„์ฒญ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ์š”.
07:13
Anthony James took good precautions.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
He bred his mosquitos in a bio-containment lab
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๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:17
and he also used a species that's not native to the US
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์ข…์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์™ธ๋ž˜์ข…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
so that even if some did escape,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋”๋ผ๋„
07:21
they'd just die off, there'd be nothing for them to mate with.
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๊ต๋ฏธํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:24
But it's also true that if a dozen Asian carp with the all-male gene drive
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜์ปท ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด๊ฐ€
07:28
accidentally got carried from the Great Lakes back to Asia,
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์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋Œ€ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:32
they could potentially wipe out the native Asian carp population.
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์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด ๊ณ ์œ ์ข… ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฉธ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
And that's not so unlikely, given how connected our world is.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ˆ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
In fact, it's why we have an invasive species problem.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด์ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ž˜์ข… ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
07:43
And that's fish.
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์–ด๋ฅ˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ์ •๋„์ฃ .
07:45
Things like mosquitos and fruit flies,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
07:48
there's literally no way to contain them.
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์–ด๋”” ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ ๋†“์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
07:50
They cross borders and oceans all the time.
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์–˜๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋„˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:53
OK, the other piece of bad news
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๋‚˜์œ ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
is that a gene drive might not stay confined
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…์—๋งŒ
07:58
to what we call the target species.
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๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
08:00
That's because of gene flow,
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์ด๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ํ๋ฆ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
which is a fancy way of saying that neighboring species
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์œ ์‚ฌ ์ข…๊ณผ์˜ ์ด์ข… ๊ต๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š” ๋ง์ธ๋ฐ
08:04
sometimes interbreed.
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์œ ์ „์ž ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด
08:05
If that happens, it's possible a gene drive could cross over,
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์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ž‰์–ด ์ข…์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‰์–ด ์ข…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋“ฏ์ด
08:09
like Asian carp could infect some other kind of carp.
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋„ ๊ต์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
That's not so bad if your drive just promotes a trait, like eye color.
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๋ˆˆ๋™์ž ์ƒ‰๊น”๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•์งˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‚˜์œ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ
08:15
In fact, there's a decent chance that we'll see
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ดด์ƒํ•œ ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด
08:17
a wave of very weird fruit flies in the near future.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•ด์š”.
08:21
But it could be a disaster
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€
08:22
if your drive is deigned to eliminate the species entirely.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์„ ์ „๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํŒŒ์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•  ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
08:26
The last worrisome thing is that the technology to do this,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€
08:29
to genetically engineer an organism and include a gene drive,
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
is something that basically any lab in the world can do.
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋Š ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:36
An undergraduate can do it.
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ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
08:39
A talented high schooler with some equipment can do it.
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์žฅ๋น„๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์žฌ๋Šฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
08:44
Now, I'm guessing that this sounds terrifying.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์Šฌ์Šฌ ๋‘๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
08:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:49
Interestingly though, nearly every scientist I talk to
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
08:52
seemed to think that gene drives were not actually that frightening or dangerous.
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์„ญ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
Partly because they believe that scientists will be
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
08:59
very cautious and responsible about using them.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:02
So far, that's been true.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
But gene drives also have some actual limitations.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
So for one thing, they work only in sexually reproducing species.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์œ ์„ฑ๋ฒˆ์‹ ์ข…์—์„œ๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
So thank goodness, they can't be used to engineer viruses or bacteria.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋ง ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋‚˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
09:14
Also, the trait spreads only with each successive generation.
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์œ ์ „ํ˜•์งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ์—ฐ์ด์–ด ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:17
So changing or eliminating a population
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์ „์ฒด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:19
is practical only if that species has a fast reproductive cycle,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฅ, ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์ด
09:22
like insects or maybe small vertebrates like mice or fish.
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์ƒ์‹์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์งง์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
In elephants or people, it would take centuries
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
09:28
for a trait to spread widely enough to matter.
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ํ•œ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์งˆ์ด ํผ์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:32
Also, even with CRISPR, it's not that easy to engineer a truly devastating trait.
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๋˜, ์ œ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๋„ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
Say you wanted to make a fruit fly
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
09:39
that feeds on ordinary fruit instead of rotting fruit,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋†์—…์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:42
with the aim of sabotaging American agriculture.
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์ฉ์€ ๊ณผ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ •์ƒ๊ณผ์ผ์„ ๋จน๋Š” ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
09:45
First, you'd have to figure out
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๋จผ์ €, ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”
09:46
which genes control what the fly wants to eat,
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
which is already a very long and complicated project.
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์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
09:52
Then you'd have to alter those genes to change the fly's behavior
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก
09:55
to whatever you'd want it to be,
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
which is an even longer and more complicated project.
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์•„๊นŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
10:00
And it might not even work,
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๋œป๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•ˆ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:01
because the genes that control behavior are complex.
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ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:04
So if you're a terrorist and have to choose
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋ฉด
10:06
between starting a grueling basic research program
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์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— ๋ฐ•ํ˜€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด์žฅ๋„ ์—†๋Š”
10:08
that will require years of meticulous lab work and still might not pan out,
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์—„์ฒญ ํž˜๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
10:12
or just blowing stuff up?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ € ํญํŒŒ์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
10:13
You'll probably choose the later.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํญํŒŒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:15
This is especially true because at least in theory,
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์ด๋ก ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ
10:17
it should be pretty easy to build what's called a reversal drive.
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:21
That's one that basically overwrites the change made by the first gene drive.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ๋ฎ์–ด์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:24
So if you don't like the effects of a change,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์งˆ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ง˜์— ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
10:27
you can just release a second drive that will cancel it out,
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์ทจ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
at least in theory.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ด๋ก ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์š”.
10:33
OK, so where does this leave us?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
10:36
We now have the ability to change entire species at will.
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์ด์ œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋œป๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข… ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
Should we?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
10:42
Are we gods now?
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์ด์ œ ์‹ ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:45
I'm not sure I'd say that.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
10:48
But I would say this:
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์ด ์ ์€ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:50
first, some very smart people
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:52
are even now debating how to regulate gene drives.
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ œํ•  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ ์ค‘์ด๊ณ 
10:55
At the same time, some other very smart people
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
10:58
are working hard to create safeguards,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ›„์—
11:00
like gene drives that self-regulate or peter out after a few generations.
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ค‘์ด์ง€์š”.
11:04
That's great.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
But this technology still requires a conversation.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
And given the nature of gene drives,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ
11:11
that conversation has to be global.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
11:14
What if Kenya wants to use a drive but Tanzania doesn't?
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์ผ€๋ƒ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
11:17
Who decides whether to release a gene drive that can fly?
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:22
I don't have the answer to that question.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
All we can do going forward, I think,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ผ์€
11:27
is talk honestly about the risks and benefits
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์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ์™€ ํ˜œํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†”์งํžˆ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ 
11:30
and take responsibility for our choices.
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์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
By that I mean, not just the choice to use a gene drive,
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๊ทธ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํƒ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:37
but also the choice not to use one.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์„ ํƒ๋„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€์š”.
11:41
Humans have a tendency to assume that the safest option
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:44
is to preserve the status quo.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
11:46
But that's not always the case.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
Gene drives have risks, and those need to be discussed,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์ ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
but malaria exists now and kills 1,000 people a day.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋งค์ผ ์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:56
To combat it, we spray pesticides that do grave damage to other species,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋Š”
12:00
including amphibians and birds.
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์–‘์„œ๋ฅ˜, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
So when you hear about gene drives in the coming months,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์‹์„
12:06
and trust me, you will be hearing about them,
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:08
remember that.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์ด ๋ง์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
It can be frightening to act,
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โ€œํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
but sometimes, not acting is worse.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค.โ€
12:16
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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