Topher White: What can save the rainforest? Your used cell phone

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Mile Živković

(Rainforest noises)

(Zvukovi iz prašume)

In the summer of 2011, as a tourist,

U leto 2011. godine,

I visited the rainforests of Borneo for the very first time,

po prvi put sam posetio prašumu na Borneu kao turista.

and as you might imagine,

Kao što možete da zamislite,

it was the overwhelming sounds of the forest that struck me the most.

neodoljivi zvukovi šume bili su ti koji su me najviše privukli.

There's this constant cacophony of noise.

To je konstantna kakofonija zvukova.

Some things actually do stick out.

Neke stvari se zapravo ističu.

For example, this here is a big bird, a rhinoceros hornbill.

Na primer, ovo je velika ptica, kljunorožac nosorog.

This buzzing is a cicada.

Ovo zujanje proizvode cvrčci.

This is a family of gibbons.

Ovo je porodica gibona.

It's actually singing to each other over a great distance.

Zapravo pevaju jedni drugima na velikoj udaljenosti.

The place where this was recorded was in fact a gibbon reserve,

Mesto gde je ovo usnimljeno je zapravo rezervat za gibone

which is why you can hear so many of them,

i zbog toga možemo da čujemo toliko njih,

but in fact the most important noise that was coming out of the forest that time

ali zapravo je najvažnija buka koja je dolazila iz šume u to vreme

was one that I didn't notice,

bila ona koju nisam primetio

and in fact nobody there had actually noticed it.

i, zapravo, niko tamo nije je zaista primetio.

So, as I said, this was a gibbon reserve.

Kao što rekoh, ovo je rezervat za gibone.

They spend most of their time rehabilitating gibbons,

Oni provode najviše vremena rehabilitujući gibone,

but they also have to spend a lot of their time

ali moraju, takođe, da provode puno svog vremena

protecting their area from illegal logging that takes place on the side.

u zaštiti područja od nelegalne seče drva koja se dešava na ovoj strani.

And so if we take the sound of the forest

Tako, ako uzmemo zvukove iz šume

and we actually turn down the gibbons, the insects, and the rest,

i uklonimo gibone, insekte i ostalo

u pozadini je sve vreme

in the background, the entire time, in recordings you heard,

na snimku koji ste čuli

was the sound of a chainsaw at great distance.

bio zvuk testere na velikoj daljini.

They had three full-time guards who were posted around this sanctuary

Imali su trojicu zaposlenih čuvara koji su raspoređeni oko ovog rezervata

whose job was in fact to guard against illegal logging,

čiji je posao bio da štite ovo mesto od ilegalne seče drveća,

and one day, we went walking, again as tourists, out into the forest,

a jednog dana, dok smo bili u šetnji ponovo kao turisti u šumi,

and within five minutes' walk,

na razdaljini od pet minuta hoda

we stumbled upon somebody who was just sawing a tree down,

naleteli smo na nekog ko je sekao drvo,

five minutes' walk, a few hundred meters from the ranger station.

na pet minuta hoda,

nekoliko stotina metara od stanice šumara.

They hadn't been able to hear the chainsaws,

Nisu mogli da čuju testeru

because as you heard, the forest is very, very loud.

jer je, kao što ste čuli, šuma veoma, veoma bučna.

It struck me as quite unacceptable that in this modern time,

Iznenadilo me je kao prilično neprihvatljiva stvar u moderno vreme

just a few hundred meters away from a ranger station in a sanctuary,

da samo nekoliko stotina metara od sedišta šumara u rezervatu

that in fact nobody could hear it when someone who has a chainsaw gets fired up.

niko nije mogao čuti kada neko ko ima motornu testeru krene sa radom.

It sounds impossible, but in fact, it was quite true.

Zvuči nemoguće, ali je zapravo istinito.

So how do we stop illegal logging?

Pa, kako sprečavamo ilegalnu seču šuma?

It's really tempting, as an engineer, always to come up with a high-tech,

Primamljivo je da se kao inženjer

uvek pojavite sa visokom tehnologijom,

super-crazy high-tech solution,

njenim vrhunskim rešenjima,

but in fact, you're in the rainforest.

ali ste u stvari u prašumi.

It has to be simple, it has to be scalable,

Mora da bude jednostavno, prilagodljivo,

and so what we also noticed while were there was that

a ono što smo primetili je

everything we needed was already there.

da je sve što nam treba već tamo.

We could build a system that would allow us to stop this

Mogli smo izgraditi sistem

koji bi nam omogućio da zaustavimo ovo

using what's already there.

kroz korišćenje onoga što je već bilo tamo.

Who was there? What was already in the forest?

Ko je bio tamo? Šta je već postojalo u šumi?

Well, we had people.

Pa, imali smo ljude, grupu posvećenu zadatku,

We had this group there that was dedicated, three full-time guards,

tri čuvara zaposlenih na puno radno vreme,

that was dedicated to go and stop it,

koji su zaduženi da odu i zaustave to,

but they just needed to know what was happening out in the forest.

ali je samo trebalo da znaju šta se dešava u šumi.

The real surprise, this is the big one,

Pravo iznenađenje, i to veliko,

was that there was connectivity out in the forest.

bilo je da je postojala konekcija u šumi.

There was cell phone service way out in the middle of nowhere.

Postojala je mreža za mobilne telefone

nadaleko usred nigdine.

We're talking hundreds of kilometers from the nearest road,

Pričamo o stotinama kilometara udaljenosti od najbližeg puta,

there's certainly no electricity, but they had very good cell phone service,

sigurno nema struje, ali imali su odličnu mrežu mobilne telefonije;

these people in the towns were on Facebook all the time,

ovi ljudi po gradovima bili su na Fejsbuku sve vreme,

they're surfing the web on their phones,

surfujući mrežom preko telefona,

and this sort of got me thinking that in fact it would be possible

a ovo me je nateralo da mislim da bi u stvari bilo moguće

to use the sounds of the forest,

koristiti zvukove u šumi,

pick up the sounds of chainsaws programmatically,

programski uhvatiti zvukove testere

because people can't hear them,

jer ih ljudi ne mogu čuti

and send an alert.

i poslati upozorenje,

But you have to have a device to go up in the trees.

ali morate da imate uređaj da biste se popeli na drveće.

So if we can use some device to listen to the sounds of the forest,

Ako bismo iskoristili neki uređaj da slušamo zvukove iz prašume,

connect to the cell phone network that's there,

povezali se na postojeću mrežu za mobilne telefone

and send an alert to people on the ground,

i poslali upozorenje ljudima na terenu,

perhaps we could have a solution to this issue for them.

možda bismo imali rešenje za ovaj njihov problem.

But let's take a moment to talk about saving the rainforest,

Hajde da na trenutak zastanemo kod priče o spašavanju šuma

because it's something that we've definitely all heard about forever.

jer je to nešto o čemu smo definitivno oduvek slušali.

People in my generation have heard about saving the rainforest

Ljudi iz moje generacije slušali su o spašavanju prašuma

since we were kids,

od detinjstva

and it seems that the message has never changed:

i čini se da se poruka nikada nije menjala –

We've got to save the rainforest, it's super urgent,

moramo da spasimo prašume, to je krajnje hitno,

this many football fields have been destroyed yesterday.

ovoliko fudbalskih terena uništeno je juče,

and yet here we are today, about half of the rainforest remains,

a ipak, evo nas danas ovde, sa oko polovinom preostalih prašuma,

and we have potentially more urgent problems like climate change.

a imamo potencijalno hitnije probleme kao što je promena klime.

But in fact, this is the little-known fact that I didn't realize at the time:

U stvari, ovo je malo poznata činjenica koju nisam shvatio u to vreme -

Deforestation accounts for more greenhouse gas

deforestacija je uzrok za pojavu više gasova staklene bašte

than all of the world's planes, trains, cars, trucks and ships combined.

nego svi svetski avioni, vozovi, automobili, kamioni i brodovi zajedno.

It's the second highest contributor to climate change.

Ona je drugi po redu faktor koji doprinosi promeni klime.

Also, according to Interpol,

Takođe, prema Interpolu,

as much as 90 percent of the logging that takes place in the rainforest

čak do 90 posto seče stabala koja se dešava u prašumama je

is illegal logging, like the illegal logging that we saw.

nelegalna seča, kao i ona koju smo videli.

So if we can help people in the forest enforce the rules that are there,

Ako želimo da pomognemo ljudima u šumi da primene pravila koja postoje,

then in fact we could eat heavily into this 17 percent

onda bi trebalo da smo prilično okupirani ovom brojkom od 17 procenata

i da eventualno ostvarimo glavni uticaj u kratkom vremenskom periodu.

and potentially have a major impact in the short term.

It might just be the cheapest, fastest way to fight climate change.

To bi mogao biti najjeftiniji, najbrži način

da se borimo protiv promene klime.

And so here's the system that we imagine.

Evo sistema koji smo zamislili.

It looks super high tech.

Izgleda kao vrhunska visoka tehnologija.

The moment a sound of a chainsaw is heard in the forest,

Onog trenutka kada se zvuk testere oglasi u šumi,

the device picks up the sound of the chainsaw,

uređaj uhvati zvuk testere,

it sends an alert through the standard GSM network that's already there

šalje uzbunu kroz standardnu GSM mrežu koja tamo već postoji

to a ranger in the field

šumaru na terenu

who can in fact show up in real time and stop the logging.

koji se može pojaviti u dogledno vreme

i zaustaviti seču.

It's no more about going out and finding a tree that's been cut.

Ovde se više ne radi o izlaženju

i pronalaženju odsečenog drveta,

It's not about seeing a tree from a satellite

o satelitskom uočavanju drveća

in an area that's been clear cut,

u oblasti koja je bila raščišćena;

it's about real-time intervention.

radi se o pravovremenoj intervenciji.

So I said it was the cheapest and fastest way to do it,

Kao što rekoh, bio je to najjeftiniji

i najbrži način,

but in fact, actually, as you saw, they weren't able to do it,

ali, kao što ste videli, oni nisu mogli da ga urade,

so it may not be so cheap and fast.

pa možda i nije bio tako jeftin i brz.

But if the devices in the trees were actually cell phones,

Međutim, ako bi uređaji na drveću

bili mobilni telefoni,

it could be pretty cheap.

to bi moglo biti prilično jeftino.

Cell phones are thrown away by the hundreds of millions every year,

Stotine miliona mobilnih telefona baca se svake godine,

hundreds of millions in the U.S. alone,

stotine miliona samo u SAD,

not counting the rest of the world, which of course we should do,

ne računajući ostatak sveta, što, naravno, treba učiniti,

but in fact, cell phones are great.

a mobilni telefoni su zapravo sjajni.

They're full of sensors.

Puni su senzora.

They can listen to the sounds of the forest.

Mogu da slušaju zvukove prašume.

We do have to protect them.

Ne moramo da ih zaštitimo.

We have to put them in this box that you see here,

Moramo da ih stavimo u kutiju koju vidite ovde

and we do have to power them.

i moramo da ih napajamo.

Powering them is one of the greater engineering challenges

Njihovo napajanje je jedno od najvećih inženjerskih izazova

that we had to deal with,

sa kojim smo morali da se nosimo

because powering a cell phone under a tree canopy,

jer je napajanje mobilnog ispod krošnje drveta,

any sort of solar power under a tree canopy,

bilo kakve solarne energije,

was an as-yet-unsolved problem,

bilo problem koji tek treba rešiti,

and that's this unique solar panel design that you see here,

a ovo je jedinstveni dizajn solarnog panela

which in fact is built also from recycled byproducts of an industrial process.

koji vidite ovde,

izgrađen od recikliranih nusproizvoda

industrijskog procesa.

These are strips that are cut down.

Ovo su odsečene trake.

So this is me putting it all together

Ovo sam ja dok sklapam ovo

in my parents' garage, actually.

u garaži mojih roditelja, u stvari.

Thanks very much to them for allowing me to do that.

Hvala im što su mi dozvolili da to uradim.

As you can see, this is a device up in a tree.

Kao što možete videti,

ovo je uređaj na drvetu.

What you can see from here, perhaps, is that they are pretty well obscured

Ono što odavde možete videti je, možda, da su prilično dobro zaklonjeni

up in the tree canopy at a distance.

u krošnji drveta u daljini.

That's important, because although they are able to hear chainsaw noises

To je važno zato što, iako mogu da čuju buku testere

up to a kilometer in the distance,

na daljini i od kilometra,

allowing them to cover about three square kilometers,

što im dozvoljava da pokriju oko tri kvadratna kilometra,

if someone were to take them, it would make the area unprotected.

ako bi ih neko uzeo, područje bi postalo nezaštićeno.

So does it actually work?

Da li ovo zaista funkcioniše?

Well, to test it, we took it back to Indonesia,

Da bismo to testirali, vratili smo ih u Indoneziju,

not the same place, but another place,

ne na isto, već na drugo mesto,

to another gibbon reserve

u drugi rezervat gibona

that was threatened daily by illegal logging.

koji je svakodnevno bio pod pretnjom ilegalne seče drveća.

On the very second day, it picked up illegal chainsaw noises.

Već drugog dana, pokupio je zvuke ilegalne motorne testere.

We were able to get a real-time alert.

Mogli smo da dobijemo pravovremeno upozorenje.

I got an email on my phone.

Dobio sam mejl preko telefona.

Actually, we had just climbed the tree. Everyone had just gotten back down.

U stvari, morali smo da se popnemo na drvo.

Svi samo što su se vratili.

All these guys are smoking cigarettes,

Svi ovi momci puše cigarete,

and then I get an email, and they all quiet down,

a onda dobijam mejl i svi se utišavaju

and in fact you can hear the chainsaw

i zapravo možete da čujete testeru

really, really faint in the background,

veoma, veoma slabo u pozadini,

but no one had noticed it until that moment.

ali niko to nije primetio do tog trenutka.

And so then we took off to actually stop these loggers.

Tako smo tada krenuli da u stvari zaustavimo ove drvoseče.

I was pretty nervous.

Bio sam prilično nervozan.

This is the moment where we've actually arrived close to where the loggers are.

Ovo je trenutak kada smo zapravo stigli blizu mesta gde su drvoseče.

This is the moment where you can see where I'm actually regretting

Ovo je trenutak gde vidite da sam se zapravo možda pokajao

perhaps the entire endeavor.

zbog celokupnog pokušaja.

I'm not really sure what's on the other side of this hill.

Nisam baš siguran šta se nalazi sa druge strane ovog brda.

That guy's much braver than I am.

Taj momak je mnogo hrabriji od mene.

But he went, so I had to go, walking up,

On je otišao, pa sam i ja morao, hodajući naviše,

and in fact, he made it over the hill,

a u stvari, uspeo je da pređe preko brda

and interrupted the loggers in the act.

i prekinuo drvoseče u činu.

For them, it was such a surprise --

Za njih je to bilo iznenađenje -

they had never, ever been interrupted before --

nikada pre toga ih niko nije prekinuo -

that it was such an impressive event for them,

to je bio toliko upečatljiv događaj za njih

that we've heard from our partners they have not been back since.

da smo čuli od partnera da se posle toga više nikada nisu vratili.

They were, in fact, great guys.

Bili su to, u stvari, sjajni momci.

They showed us how the entire operation works,

Pokazali su nam kako celokupna operacija funkcioniše,

and what they really convinced us on the spot was that

a na licu mesta su nas ubedili

if you can show up in real time and stop people,

da ako možete da se pojavite na vreme i zaustavite ljude,

it's enough of a deterrent they won't come back.

to je dovoljno zastrašujuće i oni se neće vratiti.

So --

Dakle -

Thank you. (Applause)

hvala vam. (Aplauz)

Word of this spread, possibly because we told a lot of people,

Vest o ovome se raširila zato što smo rekli mnogim ljudima

and in fact, then some really amazing stuff started to happen.

i počele su da se dešavaju, u stvari, neke zapanjujuće stvari.

People from around the world started to send us emails, phone calls.

Ljudi širom sveta počeli su da nam šalju mejlove, da nas zovu.

What we saw was that people throughout Asia,

Videli smo da su nam ljudi širom Azije,

people throughout Africa, people throughout South America,

Afrike, Južne Amerike

they told us that they could use it too,

govorili da bi i oni mogli da ovo iskoriste

and what's most important,

i, što je još važnije,

what we'd found that we thought might be exceptional,

otkrili smo nešto za šta smo mislili da je izuzetno -

in the forest there was pretty good cell phone service.

u šumi je postojala prilično dobra mreža mobilne telefonije.

That was not exceptional, we were told,

Rečeno nam je da to nije izuzetna stvar

and that particularly is on the periphery of the forests that are most under threat.

i da je to posebno tako na periferiji šume koja je najviše ugrožena.

And then something really amazing happened,

Zatim se desilo nešto zaista izvanredno,

which was that people started sending us their own old cell phones.

a to je da su ljudi počeli da nam šalju svoje stare mobilne telefone.

So in fact what we have now is a system

U stvari, sada imamo sistem

where we can use people on the ground, people who are already there,

u kom možemo da koristimo ljude na terenu,

koji su zaista tamo,

who can both improve and use the existing connectivity,

koji mogu da poboljšaju i koriste postojeću konekciju,

and we're using old cell phones that are being sent to us

a koristimo stare mobilne telefone

by people from around the world

koje nam šalju ljudi iz celog sveta

that want their phones to be doing something else in their afterlife,

koji žele da njihovi telefoni rade nešto drugo

u zagrobnom životu,

so to speak.

And if the rest of the device can be completely recycled,

da se tako izrazim.

Ako je ostatak uređaja kompletno recikliran,

then we believe it's an entirely upcycled device.

onda verujemo da je to reciklirani uređaj.

So again, this didn't come because of any sort of high-tech solution.

Ponovo, ovo se nije desilo zbog nekakvog rešenja visoke tehnologije;

It just came from using what's already there,

došlo je iz korišćenja onoga što je već postojalo

and I'm thoroughly convinced that if it's not phones,

i duboko sam ubeđen da, ako nema telefona,

that there's always going to be enough there

uvek će postojati dovoljno

that you can build similar solutions

da možete graditi kroz slična rešenja

that can be very effective in new contexts.

koja će biti efikasna u novom kontekstu.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)