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譯者: Greg Hsiao
審譯者: 杏儀 歐陽
00:12
(Rainforest noises)
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(雨林的聲音)
00:21
In the summer of 2011,
as a tourist,
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2011年夏天,
我以旅行者的身份,
00:25
I visited the rainforests of Borneo
for the very first time,
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第一次拜訪婆羅洲的雨林。
00:29
and as you might imagine,
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你也許猜想到,
00:31
it was the overwhelming sounds
of the forest that struck me the most.
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我印象最深刻的,
是鋪天蓋地的雨林之聲。
00:36
There's this constant cacophony of noise.
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有一個持續不斷的雜音。
00:39
Some things actually do stick out.
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有一些聲音確實與眾不同。
00:42
For example, this here is a big bird,
a rhinoceros hornbill.
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例如,這有一隻大鳥,
是一隻犀鳥
00:46
This buzzing is a cicada.
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這是蟬的鳴叫聲;
00:51
This is a family of gibbons.
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這是一個長臂猿家族,
00:54
It's actually singing to each other
over a great distance.
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牠正向遠處的家人歌唱。
00:59
The place where this was recorded
was in fact a gibbon reserve,
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據記載,這地方
是一個長臂猿的保護區,
01:02
which is why you can hear so many of them,
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因此可以聽到那麼多猿聲,
01:04
but in fact the most important noise that
was coming out of the forest that time
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但那時森林中最重要的聲音
01:09
was one that I didn't notice,
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卻是我當時沒注意的聲音,
01:10
and in fact nobody there
had actually noticed it.
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事實上那裡沒有人
真的注意到那個聲音。
01:14
So, as I said, this was a gibbon reserve.
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如我所說,這是長臂猿保護區。
01:16
They spend most of their time
rehabilitating gibbons,
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他們花了大部份時間復育長臂猿,
01:19
but they also have
to spend a lot of their time
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也花了大量時間
01:21
protecting their area from illegal logging
that takes place on the side.
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保護長臂猿的生長區域
不受邊境非法盜木所影響。
01:25
And so if we take the sound of the forest
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如果我們收集森林的聲音,
01:27
and we actually turn down the gibbons,
the insects, and the rest,
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調降長臂猿、昆蟲
以及其他動物的聲音,
01:31
in the background, the entire time,
in recordings you heard,
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你可以在整段時間聽到背景中
01:34
was the sound of a chainsaw
at great distance.
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來自遠處的電鋸聲。
01:38
They had three full-time guards
who were posted around this sanctuary
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當地有三位全職警衛
戍守這個避護所,
01:42
whose job was in fact
to guard against illegal logging,
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面對面抵抗非法伐木。
01:46
and one day, we went walking,
again as tourists, out into the forest,
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而某天,
我們再次以旅者的身份走入雨林,
01:50
and within five minutes' walk,
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5分鐘後,
01:52
we stumbled upon somebody
who was just sawing a tree down,
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我們看見了
有人剛剛把一顆樹鋸下來。
01:55
five minutes' walk, a few hundred meters
from the ranger station.
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就在5分鐘路程內,
離警衛駐點數百公尺之外。
01:58
They hadn't been able
to hear the chainsaws,
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他們從未聽到電鋸聲,
02:01
because as you heard,
the forest is very, very loud.
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因為如你所聽,
森林聲音非常、非常大。
02:04
It struck me as quite unacceptable
that in this modern time,
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這令我十分不解,在現代,
02:08
just a few hundred meters away
from a ranger station in a sanctuary,
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僅離警衛駐點數百公尺,
02:13
that in fact nobody could hear it when
someone who has a chainsaw gets fired up.
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竟然無人聽到有人在使用電鋸。
02:17
It sounds impossible,
but in fact, it was quite true.
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這聽來不可思議,
但事實上,這是十分真確的。
02:21
So how do we stop illegal logging?
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那麼,我們如何停止非法伐木?
02:23
It's really tempting, as an engineer,
always to come up with a high-tech,
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這真令人技癢,
工程師總想要高科技,
想出超瘋狂高科技解決方案,
02:26
super-crazy high-tech solution,
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02:28
but in fact, you're in the rainforest.
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但事實上,你身處雨林,
02:30
It has to be simple,
it has to be scalable,
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這個方法必須簡單、易操作,
02:33
and so what we also noticed
while were there was that
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而我們注意到
02:36
everything we needed was already there.
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我們所需的都已經在那裡了。
02:38
We could build a system
that would allow us to stop this
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我們可以構架一個系統,
02:41
using what's already there.
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就地取材阻止盜伐。
02:43
Who was there? What was
already in the forest?
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誰在那?森林裡有什麼?
02:45
Well, we had people.
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我們有人手,
02:46
We had this group there that was
dedicated, three full-time guards,
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我們有3位全職警衛,
02:50
that was dedicated to go and stop it,
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其職責就是阻止盜木,
02:51
but they just needed to know
what was happening out in the forest.
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而他們需要的是
知道森林裡發生了什麼事。
02:54
The real surprise, this is the big one,
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令人驚訝,超乎預期的是,
02:56
was that there was connectivity
out in the forest.
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森林裡有網路連結訊號!
02:59
There was cell phone service
way out in the middle of nowhere.
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手機服務訊號在雨林中無所不在,
03:02
We're talking hundreds of kilometers
from the nearest road,
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我們談的是距道路數百公里之遙,
03:05
there's certainly no electricity,
but they had very good cell phone service,
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當然沒有電力,
但卻有很好的手機訊號,
03:08
these people in the towns
were on Facebook all the time,
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城鎮中的人們
總是掛在Facebook,
03:11
they're surfing the web on their phones,
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用他們的手機瀏覽網路,
03:13
and this sort of got me thinking
that in fact it would be possible
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而這讓我想到也許可以
03:16
to use the sounds of the forest,
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利用森林裡的聲音,
03:18
pick up the sounds
of chainsaws programmatically,
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用程序擷取電鋸的音頻,
03:20
because people can't hear them,
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因為人們無法聽到,
03:22
and send an alert.
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並送出警示。
03:24
But you have to have a device
to go up in the trees.
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但必須把某個設備放在樹上;
03:26
So if we can use some device
to listen to the sounds of the forest,
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如果我們可以運用某些設備
來聽取森林的聲音,
03:30
connect to the cell phone
network that's there,
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連結到手機的網絡,
03:32
and send an alert to people on the ground,
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將警示傳送給地面上的人們;
03:34
perhaps we could have a solution
to this issue for them.
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或許,我們可以
為他們找到解決方案。
03:38
But let's take a moment
to talk about saving the rainforest,
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但我們先來談談拯救雨林,
03:41
because it's something that we've
definitely all heard about forever.
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因為那是我們聽聞已久的事情。
03:45
People in my generation
have heard about saving the rainforest
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與我同輩的人都聽過拯救雨林,
03:48
since we were kids,
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從我們還是孩子的時候,
03:50
and it seems that the message
has never changed:
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而這似乎未曾改變,
03:52
We've got to save the rainforest,
it's super urgent,
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我們要拯救雨林,這超級迫切,
03:54
this many football fields
have been destroyed yesterday.
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如此多足球場般大的雨林
昨日已被摧毀。
03:57
and yet here we are today,
about half of the rainforest remains,
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而今,仍有半數的雨林存在著,
04:00
and we have potentially more urgent
problems like climate change.
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我們已有潛在更迫切的問題,
例如氣候變遷。
04:05
But in fact, this is the little-known fact
that I didn't realize at the time:
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但,有一些少為人知的事實
我當時並不知道
04:09
Deforestation accounts
for more greenhouse gas
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[13%運輸;17%伐木]
伐木造成的溫室氣體
04:12
than all of the world's planes,
trains, cars, trucks and ships combined.
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比全世界的飛機、火車、汽車、
卡車、船運加總還要多,
04:16
It's the second highest contributor
to climate change.
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是造成氣候變遷的第二大起因。
04:18
Also, according to Interpol,
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同時,根據國際刑警組織,
04:21
as much as 90 percent of the logging
that takes place in the rainforest
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雨林區的伐木有高達90%
04:25
is illegal logging,
like the illegal logging that we saw.
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都是違法的,
就像我們所看到的盜伐。
04:29
So if we can help people in the forest
enforce the rules that are there,
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若我們能幫助雨林的人們
執行當地的法律,
04:33
then in fact we could eat heavily
into this 17 percent
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我們可以減少
高達17%的溫室氣體,
04:37
and potentially have a major impact
in the short term.
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並可在短期產生重大影響。
04:39
It might just be the cheapest,
fastest way to fight climate change.
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這也許是擊退氣候變遷
最便宜、最快速的方法。
04:44
And so here's the system that we imagine.
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這是我們構想的系統,
04:46
It looks super high tech.
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看起來像超高端科技。
04:48
The moment a sound of a chainsaw
is heard in the forest,
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當電鋸的聲音在森林中被聽到,
04:50
the device picks up the sound
of the chainsaw,
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這個設備擷取電鋸的聲音,
04:52
it sends an alert through the standard
GSM network that's already there
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透過現有的標準GSM網絡
發出警示
04:56
to a ranger in the field
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給當地的警衛,
04:58
who can in fact show up in real time
and stop the logging.
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他們就可以即時出現,阻止砍伐。
05:01
It's no more about going out
and finding a tree that's been cut.
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這不需要走到外面,
才發現樹木被砍了。
05:05
It's not about seeing
a tree from a satellite
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也不必看區域衛星圖
05:07
in an area that's been clear cut,
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看有沒有樹被砍倒,
05:09
it's about real-time intervention.
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這是即時的干預。
05:11
So I said it was the cheapest
and fastest way to do it,
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如我所說,
這是最便宜、最快速的方法,
05:14
but in fact, actually, as you saw,
they weren't able to do it,
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但事實上,如你所見,
他們無法做到,
05:17
so it may not be so cheap and fast.
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所以它也許不是那麼便宜、快速。
05:19
But if the devices in the trees
were actually cell phones,
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但如果樹上的設備是手機的話,
05:22
it could be pretty cheap.
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那可以是非常便宜的。
05:24
Cell phones are thrown away
by the hundreds of millions every year,
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每年有數以億計的手機被丟棄,
05:28
hundreds of millions in the U.S. alone,
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僅在美國就有上億部,
05:30
not counting the rest of the world,
which of course we should do,
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這還沒算到世界其他地區,
當然我們應該算到;
05:33
but in fact, cell phones are great.
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但事實上,手機是很棒的!
05:36
They're full of sensors.
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手機充滿感測器
05:37
They can listen
to the sounds of the forest.
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可以聽取森林的聲音;
05:39
We do have to protect them.
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我們需要保護手機,
05:41
We have to put them in this box
that you see here,
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我們需要把手機放在盒子裡,
如你在此所見。
05:43
and we do have to power them.
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我們需要替手機充電,
05:45
Powering them is one of the greater
engineering challenges
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替手機充電一項重大工程挑戰,
05:47
that we had to deal with,
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我們必須面對,
05:49
because powering a cell phone
under a tree canopy,
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因為在樹蔭下替手機充電,
05:51
any sort of solar power
under a tree canopy,
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任何在樹蔭下的太陽能,
05:54
was an as-yet-unsolved problem,
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都尚未做到;
05:56
and that's this unique
solar panel design that you see here,
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而這就是獨一無二的
太陽能面板設計,
05:58
which in fact is built also from recycled
byproducts of an industrial process.
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這是由工廠製程中
回收的副產品所組成的,
06:03
These are strips that are cut down.
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這些是剩下的腳料。
06:05
So this is me putting it all together
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這是我,
正將所有東西組裝在一起,
06:09
in my parents' garage, actually.
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在我父母的車庫中,
06:11
Thanks very much to them
for allowing me to do that.
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非常感謝他們允許我這麼作。
06:13
As you can see,
this is a device up in a tree.
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如你所見,
這套設備在樹上的樣子。
06:18
What you can see from here, perhaps,
is that they are pretty well obscured
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如你所見,樹上的這些設備,
06:21
up in the tree canopy at a distance.
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從遠方看起來很不顯眼。
06:23
That's important, because although
they are able to hear chainsaw noises
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那很重要,雖然它們可以聽到
06:27
up to a kilometer in the distance,
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遠至一公里之外的電鋸聲,
06:28
allowing them to cover
about three square kilometers,
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範圍可覆蓋約3平方公里,
06:31
if someone were to take them,
it would make the area unprotected.
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但如果有人把它拿走,
這個區域就不受保護了。
06:35
So does it actually work?
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這真的行得通嗎?
06:38
Well, to test it,
we took it back to Indonesia,
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嗯,來試試看,
我們帶著它回到印尼,
06:41
not the same place, but another place,
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不是同個地方,而是另一個地方,
06:43
to another gibbon reserve
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去到另一個長臂猿保護區,
06:44
that was threatened daily
by illegal logging.
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天天被盜伐威脅的保護區。
06:48
On the very second day, it picked up
illegal chainsaw noises.
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就在第二天,
它擷取到非法的電鋸聲,
06:52
We were able to get a real-time alert.
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我們能夠得到一個即時的警示,
06:54
I got an email on my phone.
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我在手機上收到郵件。
06:55
Actually, we had just climbed the tree.
Everyone had just gotten back down.
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事實上,我們剛爬完樹,
大家才剛回到地面,
06:59
All these guys are smoking cigarettes,
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大夥正在抽煙,
07:01
and then I get an email,
and they all quiet down,
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然後我收到郵件,他們都安靜下來,
07:04
and in fact you can hear the chainsaw
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事實上你可以聽到電鋸聲,
07:06
really, really faint in the background,
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在背景聲中非常非常模糊的聲音,
07:08
but no one had noticed it
until that moment.
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但直到警示響起時大家才注意到。
07:11
And so then we took off
to actually stop these loggers.
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接著,我們動身前去阻止伐木者;
07:14
I was pretty nervous.
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我十分緊張,
07:15
This is the moment where we've actually
arrived close to where the loggers are.
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那時我們到達伐木人附近,
07:20
This is the moment where you can see
where I'm actually regretting
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這時我也許之前的所有努力
開始感到後悔,
07:23
perhaps the entire endeavor.
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這時我也許對之前所有的努力
開始感到後悔,
07:25
I'm not really sure what's on
the other side of this hill.
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我不確定山坡另一邊的狀況。
07:27
That guy's much braver than I am.
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那位老兄比我勇敢得多,
07:29
But he went, so I had to go, walking up,
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但他去了,所以我必須去,
07:34
and in fact, he made it over the hill,
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他登上山坡,
07:36
and interrupted the loggers in the act.
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中斷伐木者的行動。
07:39
For them, it was such a surprise --
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對他們而言,這非常令人驚訝---
07:41
they had never, ever
been interrupted before --
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他們之前從來沒有被中斷過---
07:43
that it was such an impressive
event for them,
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這對他們來說相當印象深刻,
07:45
that we've heard from our partners
they have not been back since.
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後來夥伴們告訴我們,
自此之後他們再也沒來。
07:48
They were, in fact, great guys.
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他們真的是很棒的人!
07:50
They showed us how
the entire operation works,
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他們展示這個運作是可行的,
07:52
and what they really convinced us
on the spot was that
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他們當場使我們相信:
07:55
if you can show up
in real time and stop people,
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如果你可以即時出現、阻止伐木者,
07:57
it's enough of a deterrent
they won't come back.
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那會有很足夠的嚇阻作用
讓他們不再回來。
08:01
So --
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所以
08:03
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝 (掌聲)
08:09
Word of this spread, possibly
because we told a lot of people,
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這件事情廣泛流傳了,
也許是因為我們跟很多人說過了,
08:13
and in fact, then some really
amazing stuff started to happen.
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而事實上,
後來有些令人驚喜的東西開始發生。
08:16
People from around the world
started to send us emails, phone calls.
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世界各地的人們
開始寄郵件和手機給我們,
08:20
What we saw was that people
throughout Asia,
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我們看到來自亞洲、
08:22
people throughout Africa,
people throughout South America,
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非洲、南美洲的人們,
08:25
they told us that they could use it too,
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他們告訴我們,
他們也可以運用這個方法;
08:27
and what's most important,
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而最重要的是,
08:28
what we'd found that
we thought might be exceptional,
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我們之前發現了不起的是
08:31
in the forest there was
pretty good cell phone service.
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雨林的手機服務相當不錯,
08:33
That was not exceptional, we were told,
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人們告訴我們,那不是了不起,
08:35
and that particularly is on the periphery
of the forests that are most under threat.
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特別是在森林的邊陲地帶、
最深受威脅的地區。
08:39
And then something
really amazing happened,
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接著真正令人驚喜的東西發生了,
08:41
which was that people started sending us
their own old cell phones.
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人們開始寄給我們舊手機;
08:45
So in fact what we have now is a system
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我們現在擁有一個系統,
08:47
where we can use people on the ground,
people who are already there,
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我們可以運用普羅大眾、四周的居民,
08:50
who can both improve
and use the existing connectivity,
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他們可以同時改善、
使用現有的網絡,
08:53
and we're using old cell phones
that are being sent to us
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並且我們利用
世界各地人們寄過來的舊手機,
08:56
by people from around the world
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並且我們利用
世界各地人們寄過來的舊手機,
08:57
that want their phones to be doing
something else in their afterlife,
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他們希望舊手機
可以在丟棄後發揮功效,
或許可以這麼說。
09:01
so to speak.
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09:01
And if the rest of the device
can be completely recycled,
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假若剩餘的手機也可以完全作回收,
我們相信
那會是全然升級改造的手機。
09:04
then we believe it's
an entirely upcycled device.
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09:07
So again, this didn't come
because of any sort of high-tech solution.
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再次重申,這個項目的成功
不是因為任何高科技解決方案,
09:11
It just came from using
what's already there,
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這僅是就地取材,
09:13
and I'm thoroughly convinced
that if it's not phones,
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而我完全相信如果不是用手機,
09:16
that there's always
going to be enough there
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當地總會有足夠的東西
09:18
that you can build similar solutions
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可以建構相似的解決方案,
09:20
that can be very effective
in new contexts.
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在新的環境中起到很好的作用。
09:22
Thank you very much.
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謝謝!
(掌聲)
09:24
(Applause)
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