Sara Seager: The search for planets beyond our solar system

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

I'm here to tell you about the real search for alien life.

Ovde sam da vam ispričam o pravoj potrazi za vanzemaljskim životom.

Not little green humanoids arriving in shiny UFOs,

Ne o malim zelenim humanoidima koji stižu u svetlucavim NLO-ima,

although that would be nice.

iako bi to bilo lepo,

But it's the search for planets orbiting stars far away.

već o potrazi za planetama koje kruže oko zvezda, a koje su daleko.

Every star in our sky is a sun.

Svaka zvezda na našem nebu je Sunce,

And if our sun has planets --

a ako naše Sunce ima planete –

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, etc.,

Merkur, Venera, Zemlja, Mars, i tako dalje,

surely those other stars should have planets also,

sigurno je da i druge zvezde treba da imaju svoje planete.

and they do.

I imaju.

And in the last two decades,

Tokom protekle dve decenije,

astronomers have found thousands of exoplanets.

astronomi su otkrili na hiljade egzoplaneta.

Our night sky is literally teeming with exoplanets.

Naše noćno nebo je bukvalno prepuno egzoplaneta.

We know, statistically speaking,

Znamo da, statistički govoreći,

that every star has at least one planet.

svaka zvezda ima bar jednu planetu.

And in the search for planets,

U potrazi za planetama

and in the future, planets that might be like Earth,

i u budućnosti, za planetama koje mogu biti slične Zemlji,

we're able to help address

možemo da se pozabavimo

some of the most amazing and mysterious questions

nekim najneverovatnijim i najmisterioznijim pitanjima

that have faced humankind for centuries.

sa kojima se ljudska vrsta susretala vekovima.

Why are we here?

Zašto smo ovde?

Why does our universe exist?

Zašto svemir postoji?

How did Earth form and evolve?

Kako je Zemlja nastala i kako se razvila?

How and why did life originate and populate our planet?

Kako i zašto je nastao život i nastanio našu planetu?

The second question that we often think about is:

Drugo pitanje o kome često mislimo je:

Are we alone?

da li smo sami?

Is there life out there?

Ima li života tamo negde?

Who is out there?

Koga ima tamo?

You know, this question has been around for thousands of years,

Znate, ovo pitanje je bilo aktuelno hiljadama godina,

since at least the time of the Greek philosophers.

bar od vremena grčkih filozofa.

But I'm here to tell you just how close we're getting

Ovde sam da bih vam rekla koliko smo blizu

to finding out the answer to this question.

otkrivanja odgovora na ovo pitanje.

It's the first time in human history that this really is within reach for us.

Po prvi put u ljudskoj istoriji ovo nam je zaista nadomak ruke.

Now when I think about the possibilities for life out there,

Kada razmišljam o mogućnostima da postoji život tamo negde,

I think of the fact that our sun is but one of many stars.

mislim na činjenicu da je naše Sunce samo jedna od mnogo zvezda.

This is a photograph of a real galaxy,

Ovo je slika prave galaksije,

we think our Milky Way looks like this galaxy.

a mislimo da naš Mlečni put izgleda kao ova galaksija.

It's a collection of bound stars.

To je skup povezanih zvezda.

But our [sun] is one of hundreds of billions of stars

Naše Sunce je jedna od stotine milijardi zvezda,

and our galaxy is one of upwards of hundreds of billions of galaxies.

a naša galaksija je jedna među stotinama milijardi galaksija.

Knowing that small planets are very common,

Znajući da se male planete veoma često javljaju,

you can just do the math.

možete da izračunate,

And there are just so many stars and so many planets out there,

a jednostavno ima toliko puno zvezda i toliko puno planeta tamo

that surely, there must be life somewhere out there.

da sigurno mora postojati i život tamo negde.

Well, the biologists get furious with me for saying that,

Pa, biolozi se veoma naljute na mene kada to kažem

because we have absolutely no evidence for life beyond Earth yet.

jer još uvek ne postaje baš nikakvi dokazi o postojanju života van Zemlje.

Well, if we were able to look at our galaxy from the outside

Ako bismo mogli da posmatramo našu galaksiju izvana

and zoom in to where our sun is,

i da zumiramo mesto gde se Sunce nalazi,

we see a real map of the stars.

vidimo pravu mapu zvezda.

And the highlighted stars are those with known exoplanets.

Naglašene zvezde su one sa poznatim egzoplanetama.

This is really just the tip of the iceberg.

Ovo je zapravo samo vrh ledenog brega.

Here, this animation is zooming in onto our solar system.

Ovde animacija zumira naš solarni sistem.

And you'll see here the planets

Ovde ćete videti planete,

as well as some spacecraft that are also orbiting our sun.

kao i neke letelice koje kruže oko našeg Sunca.

Now if we can imagine going to the West Coast of North America,

Ako zamislimo da smo otišli na zapadnu obalu Severne Amerike

and looking out at the night sky,

i da posmatramo noćno nebo,

here's what we'd see on a spring night.

evo šta bismo videli tokom prolećne večeri.

And you can see the constellations overlaid

Možete videti sazvežđa koja se preklapaju

and again, so many stars with planets.

i ponovo, toliko mnogo zvezda sa planetama.

There's a special patch of the sky where we have thousands of planets.

Postoji poseban deo neba gde imamo na hiljade planeta.

This is where the Kepler Space Telescope focused for many years.

To je mesto na koje je mnogo godina fokusirao Keplerov svemirski teleskop.

Let's zoom in and look at one of the favorite exoplanets.

Hajde da uveličamo sliku i pogledamo jednu od omiljenih egzoplaneta.

This star is called Kepler-186f.

Ova zvezda se naziva Kepler-186f.

It's a system of about five planets.

To je sistem od oko pet planeta.

And by the way, most of these exoplanets, we don't know too much about.

Uzgred budi rečeno, o većini egzoplaneta ne znamo mnogo.

We know their size, and their orbit and things like that.

Znamo njihovu veličinu, orbitu i slične stvari.

But there's a very special planet here called Kepler-186f.

Međutim, ovde postoji posebna planeta koja se naziva Kepler-186f.

This planet is in a zone that is not too far from the star,

Ova planeta je u pojasu koji nije predaleko od zvezde,

so that the temperature may be just right for life.

te tako temperatura može biti odgovarajuća za život.

Here, the artist's conception is just zooming in

Evo, umetnička koncepcija upravo uvećava sliku

and showing you what that planet might be like.

i pokazuje vam kakva bi ta planeta mogla biti.

So, many people have this romantic notion of astronomers

Mnogi ljudi imaju romantičnu predstavu o astronomima

going to the telescope on a lonely mountaintop

koji odlaze do teleskopa na usamljenom vrhu planine

and looking at the spectacular night sky through a big telescope.

i gledaju u spektakularno noćno nebo kroz veliki teleskop.

But actually, we just work on our computers like everyone else,

U stvari, mi samo radimo na našim kompjuterima kao i svi drugi,

and we get our data by email or downloading from a database.

a podatke dobijamo i-mejlom ili kroz preuzimanje iz baze podataka.

So instead of coming here to tell you

Umesto da dođem ovde i da vam pričam

about the somewhat tedious nature of the data and data analysis

o pomalo dosadnim podacima, analizi podataka

and the complex computer models we make,

i komplikovanim kompjuterskim modelima koje pravimo,

I have a different way to try to explain to you

imam drugačiji način da pokušam da vam objasnim

some of the things that we're thinking about exoplanets.

neke od stvari koje mislimo o egzoplanetama.

Here's a travel poster:

Evo postera za putovanje:

"Kepler-186f:

"Kepler-186f:

Where the grass is always redder on the other side."

Mesto gde je trava uvek crvenija na drugoj strani."

That's because Kepler-186f orbits a red star,

To je zbog toga što Kepler-186f kruži oko crvene zvezde,

and we're just speculating that perhaps the plants there,

a mi samo nagađamo da su možda biljke tamo crvene,

if there is vegetation that does photosynthesis,

ako postoji vegetacija koja obavlja fotosintezu;

it has different pigments and looks red.

ima drugačije pigmente i izgleda crveno.

"Enjoy the gravity on HD 40307g,

"Uživajte u gravitaciji na HD 40307g,

a Super-Earth."

na super-Zemlji."

This planet is more massive than Earth

Ova planeta je masivnija nego Zemlja

and has a higher surface gravity.

i ima jaču površinsku gravitaciju.

"Relax on Kepler-16b,

"Opustite se na Kepleru-16b,

where your shadow always has company."

gde vaša senka uvek ima društvo."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We know of a dozen planets that orbit two stars,

Znamo za desetak planeta koje kruže oko dve zvezde,

and there's likely many more out there.

a verovatno ih ima još mnogo tamo.

If we could visit one of those planets,

Ako bismo mogli da posetimo neku od ovih planeta,

you literally would see two sunsets

bukvalno biste videli dva zalaska Sunca

and have two shadows.

i imali biste dve senke.

So actually, science fiction got some things right.

U stvari, naučna fantastika je oko nekih stvari u pravu.

Tatooine from Star Wars.

Tatuin iz "Zvezdanih staza".

And I have a couple of other favorite exoplanets

Imam još par omiljenih egzoplaneta

to tell you about.

o kojima ću vam pričati.

This one is Kepler-10b,

Ova je Kepler-10b.

it's a hot, hot planet.

To je vrela, vrela planeta.

It orbits over 50 times closer to its star

Kruži oko svoje zvezde preko 50 puta bliže

than our Earth does to our sun.

nego naša Zemlja oko našeg Sunca.

And actually, it's so hot,

U stvari je toliko vrela

we can't visit any of these planets, but if we could,

da ne možemo posetiti nijednu od ovih planeta, a da možemo,

istopili bismo se pre nego što bismo stigli tamo.

we would melt long before we got there.

We think the surface is hot enough to melt rock

Mislimo da je površina dovoljno vrela da otopi stene

and has liquid lava lakes.

i da ima tečna jezera lave.

Gliese 1214b.

Glis 1214b.

This planet, we know the mass and the size

O ovoj planeti znamo njenu masu i veličinu,

and it has a fairly low density.

a ima prilično nisku gustinu.

It's somewhat warm.

Donekle je topla.

We actually don't know really anything about this planet,

U stvari ne znamo ništa o ovoj planeti,

but one possibility is that it's a water world,

ali jedna od mogućnosti je da je to vodeni svet,

like a scaled-up version of one of Jupiter's icy moons

uvećana verzija jednog od Jupiterovih ledenih Meseca

that might be 50 percent water by mass.

koji možda ima do 50 posto vodene mase.

And in this case, it would have a thick steam atmosphere

U ovom slučaju, imao bi gustu atmosferu punu pare

overlaying an ocean,

koja bi pokrivala okean,

not of liquid water,

ne tečne vode,

but of an exotic form of water, a superfluid --

več egzotičnog oblika vode, super-tečnosti –

not quite a gas, not quite a liquid.

ne baš gas, ali ni tečnost.

And under that wouldn't be rock,

Ispod toga ne bi bio kamen,

but a form of high-pressure ice,

već led pod visokim pritiskom,

like ice IX.

poput leda IX.

So out of all these planets out there,

Od svih ovih planeta tamo,

and the variety is just simply astonishing,

a raznovrsnost je jednostavno zapanjujuća,

we mostly want to find the planets that are Goldilocks planets, we call them.

uglavnom želimo da nađemo planete koje nazivamo planete Zlatokose –

Not too big, not too small,

ni prevelike, ni premale,

not too hot, not too cold --

ni previše vruće, ni previše hladne,

but just right for life.

već odgovarajuće za život.

But to do that, we'd have to be able to look

Da bismo to uradili, morali bismo da pregledamo

at the planet's atmosphere,

atmosferu planete,

because the atmosphere acts like a blanket trapping heat --

jer se atmosfera ponaša kao ćebe koje zarobljava toplotu –

the greenhouse effect.

efekat staklene bašte.

We have to be able to assess the greenhouse gases

Moramo biti u mogućnosti da procenimo gasove staklene bašte

on other planets.

na drugim planetama.

Pa, naučna fantastika nije bila u pravu za neke stvari.

Well, science fiction got some things wrong.

The Star Trek Enterprise

"Enterprajz" iz "Zvezdanih staza"

had to travel vast distances at incredible speeds

morao je da pređe ogromne daljine po neverovatnim brzinama

to orbit other planets

da bi napravio krug oko drugih planeta,

so that First Officer Spock could analyze the atmosphere

a kako bi prvi oficir Spok mogao da analizira atmosferu

to see if the planet was habitable

da bi video da li se planeta može naseliti

or if there were lifeforms there.

i da li tamo ima nekih oblika života.

Well, we don't need to travel at warp speeds

Pa, ne treba da putujemo nadsvetlosnim brzinama

to see other planet atmospheres,

da bismo videli atmosfere drugih planeta,

although I don't want to dissuade any budding engineers

iako ne želim da odvratim inženjere u razvoju

from figuring out how to do that.

da shvate kako to možemo.

We actually can and do study planet atmospheres

U stvari, možemo da proučavamo atmosfere planeta

from here, from Earth orbit.

odavde, iz Zemljine orbite.

This is a picture, a photograph of the Hubble Space Telescope

Ovo je slika, fotografija svemirskog teleskopa Habl

taken by the shuttle Atlantis as it was departing

koju je napravio šatl Atlantis dok je odlazio

after the last human space flight to Hubble.

posle poslednje ljudske posete Hablu.

They installed a new camera, actually,

Ugradili su, u stvari, novu kameru

that we use for exoplanet atmospheres.

koju koristimo za atmosfere egzoplaneta.

And so far, we've been able to study dozens of exoplanet atmospheres,

Do sada smo mogli da istražimo desetak atmosfera egzoplaneta,

about six of them in great detail.

a šest od njih veoma detaljno.

But those are not small planets like Earth.

Međutim, ovo nisu male planete poput Zemlje;

They're big, hot planets that are easy to see.

to su velike, vrele planete koje se lako vide.

We're not ready,

Nismo spremni

we don't have the right technology yet to study small exoplanets.

i još uvek nemamo odgovarajuću tehnologiju da proučavamo male egzoplanete.

But nevertheless,

Bez obzira na to,

I wanted to try to explain to you how we study exoplanet atmospheres.

želela sam da pokušam da vam objasnim kako proučavamo atmosfere egzoplaneta.

I want you to imagine, for a moment, a rainbow.

Želim da na trenutak zamislite dugu.

And if we could look at this rainbow closely,

Ako se zagledamo u ovu dugu,

we would see that some dark lines are missing.

videli bismo da neke tamne linije nedostaju.

And here's our sun,

Evo našeg Sunca.

the white light of our sun split up,

Belo svetlo našeg Sunca je razdvojeno

not by raindrops, but by a spectrograph.

ne kapima kiše, već spektrografom.

And you can see all these dark, vertical lines.

Možete videti i sve ove tamne, vertikalne linije.

Some are very narrow, some are wide,

Neke su uske, neke široke,

some are shaded at the edges.

a neke imaju zatamnjene ivice.

And this is actually how astronomers have studied objects in the heavens,

Ovako su u stvari astronomi proučavali objekte na nebu,

literally, for over a century.

bukvalno više od jednog veka.

So here, each different atom and molecule

Ovde, dakle, svaki atom i molekul

has a special set of lines,

ima poseban niz linija,

a fingerprint, if you will.

otisak prsta, ako hoćete.

And that's how we study exoplanet atmospheres.

Tako proučavamo atmosfere egzoplaneta.

And I'll just never forget when I started working

Nikada neću zaboraviti kada sam počela raditi

on exoplanet atmospheres 20 years ago,

na atmosferama egzoplaneta pre 20 godina,

how many people told me,

koliko mi je ljudi reklo:

"This will never happen.

"Ovo se nikada neće desiti.

We'll never be able to study them. Why are you bothering?"

Nikada nećemo moći da ih proučavamo. Zašto se trudiš?"

And that's why I'm pleased to tell you about all the atmospheres studied now,

Zato sam srećna što mogu da vam pričam o svim do sada istraženim atmosferama,

a ovo je stvarno zasebno polje.

and this is really a field of its own.

So when it comes to other planets, other Earths,

Kada pričamo o drugim planetama, drugim Zemljama,

in the future when we can observe them,

kada ih u budućnosti budemo posmatrali,

what kind of gases would we be looking for?

za kakvim ćemo gasovima tragati?

Well, you know, our own Earth has oxygen in the atmosphere

Znate, naša Zemlja ima kiseonik u atmosferi

to 20 percent by volume.

do 20 posto zapremine.

That's a lot of oxygen.

To je puno kiseonika.

But without plants and photosynthetic life,

Međutim, bez biljaka i fotosintetičkog života,

there would be no oxygen,

ne bi bilo kiseonika,

virtually no oxygen in our atmosphere.

bukvalno nimalo kiseonika u našoj atmosferi.

So oxygen is here because of life.

Dakle, kiseonik je ovde zbog života,

And our goal then is to look for gases in other planet atmospheres,

a naš cilj je da tražimo gasove u atmosferama drugih planeta,

gases that don't belong,

gasove koji ne pripadaju,

that we might be able to attribute to life.

a koje bismo mogli da pripišemo životu.

But which molecules should we search for?

Ali, koje molekule treba da tražimo?

I actually told you how diverse exoplanets are.

Rekla sam vam zapravo koliko su egzoplanete raznovrsne.

We expect that to continue in the future

Očekujemo da se to nastavi u budućnosti

when we find other Earths.

kada nađemo druge Zemlje.

And that's one of the main things I'm working on now,

To je jedna od glavnih stvari na kojima trenutno radim.

I have a theory about this.

Imam teoriju o ovome.

It reminds me that nearly every day,

To me je podsetilo da skoro svakog dana

I receive an email or emails

dobijem mejl ili mejlove

from someone with a crazy theory about physics of gravity

od nekoga sa ludom teorijom o fizici, gravitaciji,

or cosmology or some such.

kosmologiji ili nečem sličnom.

So, please don't email me one of your crazy theories.

Molim vas da mi ne šaljete mejlove sa jednom od vaših ludih teorija.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Well, I had my own crazy theory.

Imala sam sopstvenu ludu teoriju.

But, who does the MIT professor go to?

Ali, kome se obraća predavač sa MIT-a?

Well, I emailed a Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine

Poslala sam mejl jednom dobitniku Nobelove nagrade

za fiziologiju ili medicinu, a on je rekao:

and he said, "Sure, come and talk to me."

"Naravno, svrati da popričamo".

So I brought my two biochemistry friends

Povela sam dva prijatelja sa biohemije

and we went to talk to him about our crazy theory.

i popričali smo sa njim o našoj ludoj teoriji.

And that theory was that life produces all small molecules,

Teorija je da život proizvodi male molekule,

so many molecules.

toliko mnogo malih molekula,

Like, everything I could think of, but not being a chemist.

sve čega mogu da se setim, a nisam hemičarka.

Think about it:

Razmislite o tome:

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,

ugljen-dioksid, ugljen-monoksid,

molecular hydrogen, molecular nitrogen,

molekularni vodonik, molekularni azot,

methane, methyl chloride --

metan, metil hlorid –

so many gases.

toliko gasova.

They also exist for other reasons,

Oni postoje i iz drugih razloga,

but just life even produces ozone.

ali i život proizvodi ozon.

So we go to talk to him about this,

Tako smo otišli da popričamo sa njim o ovome

and immediately, he shot down the theory.

i momentalno nam je oborio teoriju.

He found an example that didn't exist.

Našao je primer koji ne postoji.

So, we went back to the drawing board

Vratili smo se nacrtima

and we think we have found something very interesting in another field.

i mislimo da smo našli nešto veoma interesantno na drugom polju.

But back to exoplanets,

Vratimo se egzoplanetama.

the point is that life produces so many different types of gases,

Poenta je da život proizvodi toliko različitih gasova,

literally thousands of gases.

bukvalno hiljade gasova.

And so what we're doing now is just trying to figure out

Sada pokušavamo da shvatimo

on which types of exoplanets,

na kojim tipovima egzoplaneta

which gases could be attributed to life.

koji gasovi mogu da se pripišu postojanju života.

And so when it comes time when we find gases

Kada dođe do toga da pronađemo gasove

in exoplanet atmospheres

u atmosferama egzoplaneta,

that we won't know if they're being produced

nećemo znati da li ih stvaraju

by intelligent aliens or by trees,

inteligentni vanzemaljci, drveće,

or a swamp,

ili močvara,

or even just by simple, single-celled microbial life.

ili čak veoma jednostavan, jednoćelijski mikrobski život.

So working on the models

Dakle, rad na modelima

and thinking about biochemistry,

i razmišljanje o biohemiji

it's all well and good.

je potpuno u redu,

But a really big challenge ahead of us is: how?

ali je ogroman izazov ispred nas: kako?

How are we going to find these planets?

Kako ćemo naći ove planete?

Zapravo postoji mnogo načina da se planete nađu;

There are actually many ways to find planets,

several different ways.

nekoliko različitih načina.

But the one that I'm most focused on is how can we open a gateway

Onaj na koji sam najviše usredsređena je kako otvoriti vrata

so that in the future,

da bismo u budućnosti

we can find hundreds of Earths.

mogli da pronađemo stotine Zemalja.

We have a real shot at finding signs of life.

Imamo pravu priliku da pronašemo znakove života.

And actually, I just finished leading a two-year project

U stvari, upravo sam završila vođenje dvogodišnjeg projekta

in this very special phase

u posebnoj fazi koncepta

of a concept we call the starshade.

koji zovemo "Staršejd".

And the starshade is a very specially shaped screen

"Staršejd" je specijalno oblikovan paravan,

and the goal is to fly that starshade

a cilj je postaviti "Staršejd"

so it blocks out the light of a star

da blokira svetlo zvezda

so that the telescope can see the planets directly.

da bi teleskop mogao da direktno uoči planete.

Here, you can see myself and two team members

Ovde možete videti mene i dva člana tima

holding up one small part of the starshade.

kako držimo jedan mali deo "Staršejda".

It's shaped like a giant flower,

U obliku je ogromnog cveta,

and this is one of the prototype petals.

a ovo je jedna od latica prototipa.

The concept is that a starshade and telescope could launch together,

Koncept je da se "Staršejd" i teleskop zajedno lansiraju

with the petals unfurling from the stowed position.

sa laticama koje će se otvarati iz zatvorene pozicije.

The central truss would expand,

Centralni nosač će se raširiti,

with the petals snapping into place.

sa laticama koje će naglo zauzeti svoje mesto.

Now, this has to be made very precisely,

Ovo se mora precizno odraditi,

literally, the petals to microns

bukvalno, latice do mikrona

and they have to deploy to millimeters.

i moraju se postaviti tačno u milimetar.

And this whole structure would have to fly

Cela ova struktura bi morala da odleti

tens of thousands of kilometers away from the telescope.

desetine hiljada kilometara dalje od teleskopa.

It's about tens of meters in diameter.

To je desetine metara u prečniku.

And the goal is to block out the starlight to incredible precision

Cilj je da se blokira svetlost zvezda sa neverovatnom preciznošću

so that we'd be able to see the planets directly.

kako bismo mogli da direktno vidimo planete.

And it has to be a very special shape,

Mora biti posebnog oblika

because of the physics of defraction.

zbog fizike defrakcije.

Now this is a real project that we worked on,

To je realni projekat na kome smo radili,

literally, you would not believe how hard.

bukvalno, ne biste verovali koliko.

Just so you believe it's not just in movie format,

Da ne biste mislili da je samo u filmskom formatu,

here's a real photograph

evo stvarne fotografije postolja za testiranje

of a second-generation starshade deployment test bed in the lab.

odašiljača "Staršejda" druge generacije u laboratoriji.

And in this case, I just wanted you to know

U ovom slučaju, samo sam želela da znate

that that central truss has heritage left over

da je središnji nosač izrađen od ostataka

from large radio deployables in space.

velikih premeštajućih radio antena u svemiru.

So after all of that hard work

Posle ovog velikog posla,

where we try to think of all the crazy gases that might be out there,

dok pokušavamo da smislimo sve lude gasove koji bi mogli biti tamo

and we build the very complicated space telescopes

i dok gradimo komplikovane svemirske teleskope

that might be out there,

koji bi mogli biti tamo,

what are we going to find?

šta ćemo pronaći?

Well, in the best case,

U najboljem slučaju,

we will find an image of another exo-Earth.

naći ćemo sliku još jedne egzo-Zemlje.

Here is Earth as a pale blue dot.

Evo Zemlje kao blede, plave tačke.

And this is actually a real photograph of Earth

Ovo je, u stvari, prava fotografija Zemlje

koju je usnimila letilica "Vojadžer1"

taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft,

sa udaljenosti od oko 6,500 milijardi kilometara.

four billion miles away.

And that red light is just scattered light in the camera optics.

Crveno svetlo je samo raspršeno svetlo u optici kamere.

But what's so awesome to consider

Izuzetno je pomisliti da,

is that if there are intelligent aliens

ako postoje inteligenti vanzemaljci

orbiting on a planet around a star near to us

na nekoj planeti, koji kruže oko neke zvezde koja je blizu nas

and they build complicated space telescopes

i koji grade komplikovane svemirske teleskope

of the kind that we're trying to build,

slične onima koje mi pokušavamo da izgradimo,

all they'll see is this pale blue dot,

sve što će videti je ova bleda plava tačka,

a pinprick of light.

sićušna tačka svetla.

And so sometimes, when I pause to think

Ponekad, kada zastanem da razmislim

about my professional struggle and huge ambition,

o svojoj profesionalnoj borbi i ogromnoj ambiciji,

it's hard to think about that

teško je misliti o tome

in contrast to the vastness of the universe.

ako se uporedi sa ogromnom veličinom svemira.

But nonetheless, I am devoting the rest of my life

Bez obzira, ja posvećujem ostatak svog života

to finding another Earth.

pronalaženju nove Zemlje,

And I can guarantee

a mogu da garantujem

that in the next generation of space telescopes,

da će sledeća generacija svemirskih teleskopa,

in the second generation,

u drugoj generaciji,

we will have the capability to find and identity other Earths.

imati sposobnost da pronađe i identifikuje druge Zemlje,

And the capability to split up the starlight

kao i sposobnost da razdvoji svetlost zvezda

so that we can look for gases

kako bismo mogli da tražimo gasove

and assess the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,

i procenimo gasove staklene bašte u atmosferi,

estimate the surface temperature,

procenimo temperaturu površine

and look for signs of life.

i tražimo znakove života.

But there's more.

Ima još.

In this case of searching for other planets like Earth,

U slučaju potrage za drugim planetama kao što je Zemlja

we are making a new kind of map

pravimo novu mapu

of the nearby stars and of the planets orbiting them,

obližnjih zvezda i planeta koje kruže oko njih,

including [planets] that actually might be inhabitable by humans.

uključujući i planete koje bi ljudi mogli nastaniti.

And so I envision that our descendants,

Zamišljam naše potomke

hundreds of years from now,

za nekoliko stotina godina

will embark on an interstellar journey to other worlds.

kako započinju međuzvezdano putovanje do drugih svetova.

And they will look back at all of us

Osvrnuće se na nas

as the generation who first found the Earth-like worlds.

kao na generaciju koja je prva pronašla svetove nalik Zemlji.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

June Cohen: And I give you, for a question,

Džun Koen: Predstavljam vam, za pitanje,

Rosetta Mission Manager Fred Jansen.

menadžera misije Rozeta, Freda Džensena.

Fred Jansen: You mentioned halfway through

Fred Džensen: Negde na polovini pomenuli ste

that the technology to actually look at the spectrum

da tehnologija kojom se zapravo gleda u spektar

of an exoplanet like Earth is not there yet.

egzoplaneta poput Zemlje još uvek ne postoji.

When do you expect this will be there,

Kada očekujete da će se pojaviti

and what's needed?

i šta je potrebno?

Actually, what we expect is what we call our next-generation Hubble telescope.

Sara Siger: Očekujemo ono što nazivamo sledeća generacija Habl teleskopa.

And this is called the James Webb Space Telescope,

Zove se svemirski teleskop Džejms Veb,

and that will launch in 2018,

a lansiraće se 2018. godine

and that's what we're going to do,

i to je ono što ćemo uraditi –

we're going to look at a special kind of planet

tražićemo posebnu vrstu planeta

called transient exoplanets,

koje zovemo prelaznim egzoplanetama

and that will be our first shot at studying small planets

i to če biti naš prvi korak u proučavanju malih planeta

for gases that might indicate the planet is habitable.

i gasova koji mogu ukazati da je planeta naseljiva.

JC: I'm going to ask you one follow-up question, too, Sara,

DžK: Postaviću ti još jedno pitanje, Sara,

as the generalist.

uopšteno.

So I am really struck by the notion in your career

Na mene je ogroman utisak ostavila ideja opozicije

of the opposition you faced,

sa kojom si se susrela u karijeri,

that when you began thinking about exoplanets,

da je, kada si počela da razmišljaš o egzoplanetama,

there was extreme skepticism in the scientific community

postojao ogroman skepticizam u naučnoj zajednici

that they existed,

oko njihovog postojanja,

and you proved them wrong.

a ti si im dokazala da greše.

What did it take to take that on?

Šta je bilo potrebno za borbu s tim?

SS: Well, the thing is that as scientists,

SS: Stvar je u tome da naučnici

we're supposed to be skeptical,

treba da su skeptični

because our job to make sure that what the other person is saying

jer je naš posao da pokažemo da li ima smisla

actually makes sense or not.

ono što druga osoba govori.

But being a scientist,

Biti naučnik je,

I think you've seen it from this session,

a mislim da ste to videli u ovoj sesiji,

it's like being an explorer.

kao da ste istraživač.

You have this immense curiosity,

Posedujete ogromnu znatiželju,

this stubbornness,

tvrdoglavost,

this sort of resolute will that you will go forward

odlučnost da nastavite

no matter what other people say.

bez obzira na to šta drugi govore.

JC: I love that. Thank you, Sara.

DžK: Jako mi se svidelo ovo. Hvala, Sara.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)