Sara Seager: The search for planets beyond our solar system

Prevoditelj: Marija Saric Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I'm here to tell you about the real search for alien life.

Ovdje sam da vam pričam o pravoj potrazi za izvanzemaljskim životom.

Not little green humanoids arriving in shiny UFOs,

Ne o malim zelenim humanoidima koji dolaze u blistavim NLO-ima,

although that would be nice.

iako bi to bilo lijepo.

But it's the search for planets orbiting stars far away.

Ovo je potraga za planetima koji orbitiraju oko udaljenih zvijezda.

Every star in our sky is a sun.

Svaka zvijezda na našem nebu je sunce.

And if our sun has planets --

Ako naše sunce ima planete --

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, etc.,

Merkur, Venera, Zemlja, Mars itd.,

surely those other stars should have planets also,

sigurno i druge zvijezde moraju imati planete

and they do.

i imaju ih.

And in the last two decades,

U posljednja dva desetljeća,

astronomers have found thousands of exoplanets.

astronomi su pronašli tisuće egzoplaneta.

Our night sky is literally teeming with exoplanets.

Naše noćno nebo doslovno vrvi egzoplanetima.

We know, statistically speaking,

Znamo da, statistički gledano,

that every star has at least one planet.

svaka zvijezda ima najmanje jedan planet.

And in the search for planets,

A u potrazi za planetima,

and in the future, planets that might be like Earth,

te u budućnosti, planetima koji su poput Zemlje,

we're able to help address

možemo pokušati odgovoriti

some of the most amazing and mysterious questions

na neka od najčudesnijih i najtajanstvenijih pitanja

that have faced humankind for centuries.

s kojima se čovječanstvo susreće stoljećima.

Why are we here?

Zašto smo ovdje?

Why does our universe exist?

Zašto naš svemir postoji?

How did Earth form and evolve?

Kako se Zemlja formirala i evoluirala?

How and why did life originate and populate our planet?

Kako i zašto se razvio život i nastanio naš planet?

The second question that we often think about is:

Drugo pitanje o kojemu često razmišljamo je:

Are we alone?

Jesmo li sami?

Is there life out there?

Postoji li život tamo negdje?

Who is out there?

Tko je tamo?

You know, this question has been around for thousands of years,

Ovo pitanje se postavlja već tisućama godina,

since at least the time of the Greek philosophers.

najkasnije od vremena grčkih filozofa.

But I'm here to tell you just how close we're getting

Ovdje sam da vam kažem koliko smo zapravo blizu

to finding out the answer to this question.

pronalaženju odgovora na ovo pitanje.

It's the first time in human history that this really is within reach for us.

Ovo je prvi puta u ljudskoj povijesti da smo doista tako blizu.

Now when I think about the possibilities for life out there,

Kada pomislim o vjerojatnosti postojanja života tamo negdje,

I think of the fact that our sun is but one of many stars.

pomislim kako je naše sunce samo jedna od mnogih zvijezda.

This is a photograph of a real galaxy,

Ovo je fotografija stvarne galaksije,

we think our Milky Way looks like this galaxy.

mislimo da Mliječna staza izgleda poput nje.

It's a collection of bound stars.

To je skup povezanih zvijezda.

But our [sun] is one of hundreds of billions of stars

Ali naše [sunce] je jedno od stotina milijardi zvijezda,

and our galaxy is one of upwards of hundreds of billions of galaxies.

a naša galaksija jedna od stotina milijardi galaksija.

Knowing that small planets are very common,

S obzirom da znamo da su mali planeti vrlo česti,

you can just do the math.

i sami možete izračunati.

And there are just so many stars and so many planets out there,

Postoji toliko zvijezda i toliko planeta,

that surely, there must be life somewhere out there.

da zasigurno, mora negdje postojati i život.

Well, the biologists get furious with me for saying that,

Dobro, biolozi pobijesne kada kažem ovo

because we have absolutely no evidence for life beyond Earth yet.

jer još nemamo baš nikakvih dokaza o životu izvan Zemlje.

Well, if we were able to look at our galaxy from the outside

Kada bismo mogli vidjeti našu galaksiju od izvana

and zoom in to where our sun is,

i zumirati na naše sunce,

we see a real map of the stars.

vidjeli bi pravu mapu zvijezda.

And the highlighted stars are those with known exoplanets.

Istaknute zvijezde su one koje imaju poznate egzoplanete.

This is really just the tip of the iceberg.

Ovo je doista samo kap u moru.

Here, this animation is zooming in onto our solar system.

Ovdje, animacija zumira na naš sunčev sustav.

And you'll see here the planets

Ovdje ćete vidjeti planete

as well as some spacecraft that are also orbiting our sun.

kao i nekakve letjelice koje orbitiraju oko našeg sunca.

Now if we can imagine going to the West Coast of North America,

Sada, ako zamislimo da smo na zapadnoj obali Sjeverne Amerike

and looking out at the night sky,

i gledamo u noćno nebo,

here's what we'd see on a spring night.

ovo bismo vidjeli u proljetnoj noći.

And you can see the constellations overlaid

I vidite konstelacije

and again, so many stars with planets.

i opet, toliko zvijezda s planetima.

There's a special patch of the sky where we have thousands of planets.

Postoji poseban djelić neba gdje imamo tisuće planeta.

This is where the Kepler Space Telescope focused for many years.

Na ovo mjesto je svemirski teleskop Kepler bio fokusiran mnogo godina.

Let's zoom in and look at one of the favorite exoplanets.

Hajdemo zumirati i pogledati jedan od najdražih egzoplaneta.

This star is called Kepler-186f.

Ova zvijezda zove se Kepler-186f.

It's a system of about five planets.

Ovo je sustav od pet planeta.

And by the way, most of these exoplanets, we don't know too much about.

I usput, o većini ovih egzoplaneta ne znamo baš puno.

We know their size, and their orbit and things like that.

Znamo njihovu veličinu, njihovu orbitu i takve stvari.

But there's a very special planet here called Kepler-186f.

No, ovdje je jedan vrlo poseban planet koji se zove Kepler-186f.

This planet is in a zone that is not too far from the star,

Ovaj planet nalazi se zoni koja nije predaleko od zvijezde,

so that the temperature may be just right for life.

tako da bi temperatura mogla biti pogodna za život.

Here, the artist's conception is just zooming in

Ovdje je zumiran umjetnički koncept

and showing you what that planet might be like.

koji pokazuje kako bi planet mogao izgledati.

So, many people have this romantic notion of astronomers

Mnogo ljudi ima romantičnu viziju astronoma

going to the telescope on a lonely mountaintop

koji odlaze do teleskopa na usamljenom brdašcu

and looking at the spectacular night sky through a big telescope.

i gledaju spektakularno noćno nebo kroz veliki teleskop.

But actually, we just work on our computers like everyone else,

Međutim, mi radimo na svojim računalima kao i svi drugi

and we get our data by email or downloading from a database.

i dobivamo podatke preko e-maila ili skidanjem s banke podataka.

So instead of coming here to tell you

Umjesto da vam ovdje pričam

about the somewhat tedious nature of the data and data analysis

o ponešto zamornoj prirodi podataka i analize podataka

and the complex computer models we make,

i o kompliciranim računalnim modelima,

I have a different way to try to explain to you

na drugačiji način ću vam pokušati objasniti

some of the things that we're thinking about exoplanets.

neke stvari o egzoplanetima.

Here's a travel poster:

Evo reklamni plakat:

"Kepler-186f:

"Kepler-186f:

Where the grass is always redder on the other side."

Gdje je trava uvijek crvenija na drugoj strani ograde."

That's because Kepler-186f orbits a red star,

To je zato jer Kepler-186f orbitira oko crvene zvijezde

and we're just speculating that perhaps the plants there,

te pretpostavljamo da biljke ondje,

if there is vegetation that does photosynthesis,

ukoliko ima vegetacije koja provodi fotosintezu,

it has different pigments and looks red.

imaju drugačije pigmente pa su crvene.

"Enjoy the gravity on HD 40307g,

"Uživajte u gravitaciji na HD 40307g,

a Super-Earth."

Super-Zemlji."

This planet is more massive than Earth

Ovaj planet je masivniji od Zemlje

and has a higher surface gravity.

i ima veću površinsku gravitaciju.

"Relax on Kepler-16b,

"Opustite se na Kepleru-16b,

where your shadow always has company."

gdje Vaša sjena uvijek ima društvo."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We know of a dozen planets that orbit two stars,

Znamo desetke planeta koji orbitiraju oko dvije zvijezde,

and there's likely many more out there.

a vjerojatno ih je i mnogo više.

If we could visit one of those planets,

Kada bismo posjetili jedan takav planet,

you literally would see two sunsets

vidjeli bismo dva zalaska sunca

and have two shadows.

i imali dvije sjene.

So actually, science fiction got some things right.

Znanstvena fantastika je pogodila neke stvari.

Tatooine from Star Wars.

Tatooine iz Zvjezdanih ratova.

And I have a couple of other favorite exoplanets

Imam još par najdražih egzoplaneta

to tell you about.

o kojima ću vam pričati.

This one is Kepler-10b,

Ovo je Kepler-10b,

it's a hot, hot planet.

vrući, vrući planet.

It orbits over 50 times closer to its star

Orbitira preko 50 puta bliže svom suncu

than our Earth does to our sun.

nego naša Zemlja našem suncu.

And actually, it's so hot,

Zapravo je toliko vruće da

we can't visit any of these planets, but if we could,

ne možemo posjetiti ove planete, ali kada bismo mogli,

we would melt long before we got there.

otopili bi se puno prije slijetanja.

We think the surface is hot enough to melt rock

Površina je dovoljno vruća da otopi kamenje

and has liquid lava lakes.

i ima tekuća jezera lave.

Gliese 1214b.

Gliese 1214b.

This planet, we know the mass and the size

Znamo masu i veličinu ovog planeta

and it has a fairly low density.

te ima poprilično nisku gustoću.

It's somewhat warm.

Pomalo je topao.

We actually don't know really anything about this planet,

Zapravo ne znamo gotovo ništa o ovom planetu,

but one possibility is that it's a water world,

ali moguće je da je ovo vodeni svijet,

like a scaled-up version of one of Jupiter's icy moons

poput uvećane verzije jednog od Jupiterovih ledenih mjeseca,

that might be 50 percent water by mass.

koji po masi može sadržavati i preko 50 posto vode.

And in this case, it would have a thick steam atmosphere

U ovom slučaju, imao bi gustu atmosferu od vodene pare

overlaying an ocean,

koja bi prekrivala ocean,

not of liquid water,

ali ne od tekuće vode,

but of an exotic form of water, a superfluid --

nego od egzotičnog oblika vode, supertekućine --

not quite a gas, not quite a liquid.

koja nije ni plin, niti tekućina.

And under that wouldn't be rock,

Ispod toga ne bi se nalazio kamen

but a form of high-pressure ice,

nego tip leda pod visokim tlakom,

like ice IX.

poput leda IX.

So out of all these planets out there,

Od svih ovih planeta,

and the variety is just simply astonishing,

a njihova raznolikost je doista nevjerojatna,

we mostly want to find the planets that are Goldilocks planets, we call them.

najviše želimo pronaći tzv. Goldilocks planete.

Not too big, not too small,

Ne prevelike, ne premalene,

not too hot, not too cold --

ne prevruće, ne prehladne --

but just right for life.

nego baš taman za život.

But to do that, we'd have to be able to look

Kako bismo to napravili, moramo pregledati

at the planet's atmosphere,

atmosferu planeta

because the atmosphere acts like a blanket trapping heat --

jer atmosfera djeluje poput deke koja zarobljava toplinu -

the greenhouse effect.

pruža efekt staklenika.

We have to be able to assess the greenhouse gases

Moramo biti u stanju procijeniti stakleničke plinove

on other planets.

na drugim planetima.

Well, science fiction got some things wrong.

Znanstvena fantastika je nešto i pogriješila.

The Star Trek Enterprise

Zvjezdane staze Enterprise

had to travel vast distances at incredible speeds

morale su proputovati velike udaljenosti pri nevjerojatnim brzinama

to orbit other planets

kako bi orbitirale oko planeta

so that First Officer Spock could analyze the atmosphere

te da bi prvi časnik Spock mogao analizirati atmosferu

to see if the planet was habitable

i vidio je li planet nastanjiv

or if there were lifeforms there.

i ima li kakvih oblika života.

Well, we don't need to travel at warp speeds

Ne trebamo putovati warp brzinama

to see other planet atmospheres,

kako bismo vidjeli atmosfere drugih planeta,

although I don't want to dissuade any budding engineers

iako ne želim obeshrabriti ambiciozne inženjere

from figuring out how to do that.

koji žele odgonetnuti kako to učiniti.

We actually can and do study planet atmospheres

Mi zapravo možemo istraživati atmosfere planeta

from here, from Earth orbit.

odavdje, iz Zemljine orbite.

This is a picture, a photograph of the Hubble Space Telescope

Ovo je fotografija svemirskog teleskopa Hubble

taken by the shuttle Atlantis as it was departing

koju je snimio šatl Atlantis na svojem odlasku,

after the last human space flight to Hubble.

nakon zadnje posjete Hubbleu s ljudskom posadom.

They installed a new camera, actually,

Instalirali su novu kameru

that we use for exoplanet atmospheres.

koju koristimo za atmosfere egzoplaneta.

And so far, we've been able to study dozens of exoplanet atmospheres,

Do sada smo istražili desetke atmosfera egzoplaneta,

about six of them in great detail.

a šest od njih vrlo detaljno.

But those are not small planets like Earth.

Međutim, to nisu mali planeti poput Zemlje.

They're big, hot planets that are easy to see.

To su veliki, vrući planeti koji su lako vidljivi.

We're not ready,

Nismo spremni,

we don't have the right technology yet to study small exoplanets.

još nemamo pravu tehnologiju za proučavanje malih egzoplaneta.

But nevertheless,

Bez obzira na to,

I wanted to try to explain to you how we study exoplanet atmospheres.

htjela sam vam pokušati objasniti kako proučavamo atmosfere egzoplaneta.

I want you to imagine, for a moment, a rainbow.

Htjela bih da na trenutak zamislite dugu.

And if we could look at this rainbow closely,

Kada bismo mogli vidjeti ovu dugu izbliza,

we would see that some dark lines are missing.

vidjeli bismo da nedostaju nekakve tamne linije.

And here's our sun,

Evo naše sunce,

the white light of our sun split up,

bijelo svjetlo našeg sunca razdijeljeno

not by raindrops, but by a spectrograph.

spektrogramom, a ne kapima kiše.

And you can see all these dark, vertical lines.

Možete vidjeti tamne, vertikalne linije.

Some are very narrow, some are wide,

Neke su vrlo uske, neke su široke,

some are shaded at the edges.

neke imaju osjenčane rubove.

And this is actually how astronomers have studied objects in the heavens,

Na ovaj način astronomi proučavaju objekte na nebesima

literally, for over a century.

već duže od stoljeća.

So here, each different atom and molecule

Svaki atom i svaka molekula

has a special set of lines,

ima poseban niz linija,

a fingerprint, if you will.

može se reći otisak prsta.

And that's how we study exoplanet atmospheres.

Ovako proučavamo atmosfere egzoplaneta.

And I'll just never forget when I started working

Nikada neću zaboraviti, kada sam počela raditi

on exoplanet atmospheres 20 years ago,

s atmosferama planeta, prije 20 godina,

how many people told me,

koliko mi je ljudi reklo

"This will never happen.

"Ovo nikada neće uspjeti.

We'll never be able to study them. Why are you bothering?"

Nikada ih nećemo moći istraživati. Zašto se trudiš?"

And that's why I'm pleased to tell you about all the atmospheres studied now,

I zato sa zadovoljstvom pričam o svim atmosferama koje smo dosad istražili,

and this is really a field of its own.

a ovo je zaista i polje za sebe.

So when it comes to other planets, other Earths,

Kada se govori o drugim planetima, drugim Zemljama,

in the future when we can observe them,

kada ih u budućnosti budemo promatrali,

what kind of gases would we be looking for?

kakve plinove bismo tražili?

Well, you know, our own Earth has oxygen in the atmosphere

Znate da naša Zemlja ima kisik u atmosferi,

to 20 percent by volume.

po volumenu do 20 posto.

That's a lot of oxygen.

To je puno kisika.

But without plants and photosynthetic life,

Ali bez biljki i fotosintetskog života,

there would be no oxygen,

ne bi bilo kisika,

virtually no oxygen in our atmosphere.

gotovo ništa u našoj atmosferi.

So oxygen is here because of life.

Dakle, kisik je ovdje zbog života.

And our goal then is to look for gases in other planet atmospheres,

Stoga je naš cilj tražiti plinove u atmosferama drugih planeta,

gases that don't belong,

plinove koji ondje ne pripadaju,

that we might be able to attribute to life.

a koje bismo mogli pripisati životu.

But which molecules should we search for?

Ali kakve bismo molekule trebali tražiti?

I actually told you how diverse exoplanets are.

Već sam spomenula koliko su egzoplaneti raznoliki.

We expect that to continue in the future

Očekujemo da će se to nastaviti i ubuduće,

when we find other Earths.

kada nađemo druge Zemlje.

And that's one of the main things I'm working on now,

To je jedna od glavnih stvari na kojima sada radim,

I have a theory about this.

imam teoriju o ovome.

It reminds me that nearly every day,

To me podsjetilo da gotovo svaki dan

I receive an email or emails

dobijem e-mail ili e-mailove

from someone with a crazy theory about physics of gravity

od nekoga tko ima ludu teoriju o fizici gravitacije

or cosmology or some such.

ili kozmologiji ili nešto slično.

So, please don't email me one of your crazy theories.

Zato, molim vas, nemojte mi slati jednu od vaših ludih teorija.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Well, I had my own crazy theory.

I ja sam imala jednu svoju ludu teoriju.

But, who does the MIT professor go to?

Ali, kome se obraća profesorica s MIT-a?

Well, I emailed a Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine

Poslala sam e-mail jednom dobitniku Nobela za fiziologiju ili medicinu

and he said, "Sure, come and talk to me."

i rekao je: "Naravno, dođi da popričamo."

So I brought my two biochemistry friends

Povela sam dva prijatelja s biokemije

and we went to talk to him about our crazy theory.

i otišli smo pričati s njim o našoj ludoj teoriji.

And that theory was that life produces all small molecules,

Teorija je tvrdila da sav život stvara sve male molekule,

so many molecules.

mnoštvo molekula.

Like, everything I could think of, but not being a chemist.

Sve što mogu zamisliti, iako, nisam kemičarka.

Think about it:

Razmislite:

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,

ugljik-dioksid, ugljik-monoksid,

molecular hydrogen, molecular nitrogen,

molekularni vodik, molekularni dušik,

methane, methyl chloride --

metan, metil-klorid --

so many gases.

mnoštvo plinova.

They also exist for other reasons,

Oni postoje i iz drugih razloga,

but just life even produces ozone.

ali i sam život stvara ozon.

So we go to talk to him about this,

Tako smo otišli pričati s njim

and immediately, he shot down the theory.

i odmah nam je opovrgnuo teoriju.

He found an example that didn't exist.

Našao je primjer koji nije postojao.

So, we went back to the drawing board

Vratili smo se na početak

and we think we have found something very interesting in another field.

i mislimo da smo našli nešto vrlo zanimljivo u drugom polju.

But back to exoplanets,

No, vratimo se egzoplanetima,

the point is that life produces so many different types of gases,

poanta je u tome da život stvara mnoštvo različitih tipova plinova,

literally thousands of gases.

doslovno na tisuće plinova.

And so what we're doing now is just trying to figure out

Sada pokušavamo odgonetnuti

on which types of exoplanets,

na kojim tipovima egzoplaneta

which gases could be attributed to life.

koji bi se plinovi mogli pripisati životu.

And so when it comes time when we find gases

I kada dođe do toga da nađemo plinove

in exoplanet atmospheres

u atmosferama egzoplaneta,

that we won't know if they're being produced

nećemo znati proizvode li ih

by intelligent aliens or by trees,

inteligentni izvanzemaljci ili drveće

or a swamp,

ili močvara

or even just by simple, single-celled microbial life.

ili samo jednostavni, jednostanični mikrobiološki život.

So working on the models

Rad na modelima

and thinking about biochemistry,

i razmišljanja o biokemiji,

it's all well and good.

sve je to u redu.

But a really big challenge ahead of us is: how?

Međutim, veliki izazov koji je pred nama je: kako?

How are we going to find these planets?

Kako pronaći ove planete?

There are actually many ways to find planets,

Postoji puno načina kojima nalazimo planete,

several different ways.

nekoliko različitih načina.

But the one that I'm most focused on is how can we open a gateway

Ja sam najviše usredotočena na to kako otvoriti vrata

so that in the future,

da bismo u budućnosti

we can find hundreds of Earths.

mogli pronaći stotine Zemalja.

We have a real shot at finding signs of life.

Imamo realnu priliku pronaći znakove života.

And actually, I just finished leading a two-year project

Zapravo, upravo sam završila s dvogodišnjim projektom

in this very special phase

u vrlo posebnoj fazi

of a concept we call the starshade.

koncepta koji nazivamo Starshade.

And the starshade is a very specially shaped screen

Starshade je posebno oblikovani zaslon,

and the goal is to fly that starshade

a cilj je usmjeriti Starshade

so it blocks out the light of a star

tako da zablokira svjetlo zvijezde

so that the telescope can see the planets directly.

kako bi teleskop mogao direktno vidjeti planete.

Here, you can see myself and two team members

Ovdje me možete vidjeti s dvoje članova tima

holding up one small part of the starshade.

gdje držimo mali dio Starshadea.

It's shaped like a giant flower,

Oblikovan je u ogroman cvijet,

and this is one of the prototype petals.

a ovo je jedna od latica prototipa.

The concept is that a starshade and telescope could launch together,

Koncept je takav da se Starshade i teleskop zajedno lansiraju,

with the petals unfurling from the stowed position.

latice se otvaraju iz zatvorene pozicije.

The central truss would expand,

Središnji rešetkasti nosač se širi,

with the petals snapping into place.

a latice se potpuno zatežu.

Now, this has to be made very precisely,

Ovo je potrebno vrlo precizno izraditi,

literally, the petals to microns

doslovno, latice do u mikron,

and they have to deploy to millimeters.

a moraju se postaviti točno u milimetar.

And this whole structure would have to fly

Cijela struktura treba odletjeti

tens of thousands of kilometers away from the telescope.

na desetke tisuća kilometara daleko od teleskopa.

It's about tens of meters in diameter.

Velik je na desetke metara u promjeru.

And the goal is to block out the starlight to incredible precision

Cilj je blokiranje zvjezdanog svjetla do nevjerojatne preciznosti

so that we'd be able to see the planets directly.

kako bismo direktno mogli vidjeti planete.

And it has to be a very special shape,

Mora biti ovakvog posebnog oblika

because of the physics of defraction.

zbog fizike difrakcije.

Now this is a real project that we worked on,

Ovo je stvarni projekt na kojem smo radili,

literally, you would not believe how hard.

doista, ne biste vjerovali koliko je težak bio.

Just so you believe it's not just in movie format,

Da ne mislite da je samo u animacijskom formatu,

here's a real photograph

evo i stvarne fotografije

of a second-generation starshade deployment test bed in the lab.

ležaja za testiranje odašiljanja Starshadea druge generacije.

And in this case, I just wanted you to know

A u ovom slučaju, htjela bih da znate,

that that central truss has heritage left over

da je središnji rešetkasti nosač izrađen od ostataka

from large radio deployables in space.

velikih razmjestivih radio antena.

So after all of that hard work

I nakon svega ovoga teškog posla

where we try to think of all the crazy gases that might be out there,

dok pokušavamo smisliti sve lude plinove koji bi mogli biti ondje

and we build the very complicated space telescopes

i izgrađujemo vrlo komplicirane svemirske teleskope

that might be out there,

koji bi mogli biti ondje,

what are we going to find?

što ćemo pronaći?

Well, in the best case,

Pa, u najboljem slučaju,

we will find an image of another exo-Earth.

pronaći ćemo sliku druge egzo-Zemlje.

Here is Earth as a pale blue dot.

Ovo je Zemlja kao blijeda plava točka.

And this is actually a real photograph of Earth

Ovo je stvarna fotografija Zemlje

taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft,

koju je snimila letjelica Voyager 1,

s udaljenosti od šest i pol milijardi kilometara

four billion miles away.

And that red light is just scattered light in the camera optics.

Ovo crveno svjetlo je samo raspršeno svjetlo u optici kamere.

But what's so awesome to consider

Čudesno je pomisliti da

is that if there are intelligent aliens

ako postoje inteligentni izvanzemaljci,

orbiting on a planet around a star near to us

koji orbitiraju oko planete obližnje zvijezde

and they build complicated space telescopes

i koji su izgradili komplicirane teleskope

of the kind that we're trying to build,

poput onih koje mi pokušavamo izgraditi,

all they'll see is this pale blue dot,

sve što će vidjeti je ova blijeda plava točka,

a pinprick of light.

sićušna točkica svjetla.

And so sometimes, when I pause to think

Zato ponekad, kada stanem i razmislim

about my professional struggle and huge ambition,

o svojoj profesionalnoj borbi i ogromnoj ambiciji,

it's hard to think about that

teško je o tome razmišljati

in contrast to the vastness of the universe.

u usporedbi s beskrajnošću svemira.

But nonetheless, I am devoting the rest of my life

Bez obzira, ja sam posvetila ostatak svojeg života

to finding another Earth.

pronalaženju druge Zemlje.

And I can guarantee

Mogu vam garantirati

that in the next generation of space telescopes,

da će sljedeća generacija svemirskih teleskopa,

in the second generation,

u drugoj generaciji,

we will have the capability to find and identity other Earths.

imati sposobnost pronalaska i identifikacije drugih Zemalja.

And the capability to split up the starlight

I imat ćemo sposobnost razdjeljivanja zvjezdanog svjetla

so that we can look for gases

kako bismo mogli tražiti plinove

and assess the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,

te procjenjivati stakleničke plinove u atmosferi,

estimate the surface temperature,

pretpostaviti temperaturu

and look for signs of life.

i tražiti znakove života.

But there's more.

I još nešto.

In this case of searching for other planets like Earth,

U ovom slučaju potrage za drugim planetima poput Zemlje,

we are making a new kind of map

radimo novu vrstu mape

of the nearby stars and of the planets orbiting them,

obližnjih zvijezda i planeta koji orbitiraju oko njih,

including [planets] that actually might be inhabitable by humans.

uključujući one koje bi mogli nastaniti ljudi.

And so I envision that our descendants,

Zamišljam naše potomke,

hundreds of years from now,

stotine godina iza nas,

will embark on an interstellar journey to other worlds.

kako započinju međuzvjezdano putovanje na druge svjetove.

And they will look back at all of us

I gledat će na sve nas kao na generaciju

as the generation who first found the Earth-like worlds.

koja je prva pronašla svjetove poput Zemlje.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

June Cohen: And I give you, for a question,

June Cohen: Za pitanje, predstavljam vam

Rosetta Mission Manager Fred Jansen.

voditelja misije Rosetta, Freda Jansena.

Fred Jansen: You mentioned halfway through

Fred Jansen: Negdje ste u govoru spomenuli

that the technology to actually look at the spectrum

da tehnologija kojom se zapravo gleda spektar

of an exoplanet like Earth is not there yet.

egzoplaneta poput Zemlje ne postoji.

When do you expect this will be there,

Kada će se razviti

and what's needed?

i što je za nju potrebno?

Actually, what we expect is what we call our next-generation Hubble telescope.

Očekujemo novu generaciju Hubble teleskopa.

And this is called the James Webb Space Telescope,

Zove se svemirski teleskop James Webb

and that will launch in 2018,

i bit će lansiran 2018.,

and that's what we're going to do,

a radit ćemo sljedeće,

we're going to look at a special kind of planet

tražit ćemo posebne planete

called transient exoplanets,

koje zovemo prijelaznim egzoplanetima

and that will be our first shot at studying small planets

i to će biti naša prva prilika za proučavanje malih planeta

for gases that might indicate the planet is habitable.

i plinova koji bi ukazali na to da je planet nastanjiv.

JC: I'm going to ask you one follow-up question, too, Sara,

JC: I ja ću te nešto pitati, Sara,

as the generalist.

kao laik.

So I am really struck by the notion in your career

Zbilja me se dojmila ideja

of the opposition you faced,

opozicije koju ste imali u karijeri,

that when you began thinking about exoplanets,

kada ste počeli razmišljati o egzoplanetima

there was extreme skepticism in the scientific community

javio se skepticizam znanstvene zajednice

that they existed,

o njihovom postojanju

i dokazali ste da su u krivu.

and you proved them wrong.

What did it take to take that on?

Kako ste se borili s time?

SS: Well, the thing is that as scientists,

SS: Pa, stvar je u tome što znanstvenici

we're supposed to be skeptical,

i trebaju biti skeptici

jer naš je zadatak pokazati

because our job to make sure that what the other person is saying

da ono što druga osoba govori zapravo ima smisla.

actually makes sense or not.

But being a scientist,

Biti znanstvenik,

I think you've seen it from this session,

kao što ste vidjeli iz ove sesije,

it's like being an explorer.

je kao da ste istraživač.

You have this immense curiosity,

Imate ogromnu znatiželju,

this stubbornness,

tvrdoglavost,

this sort of resolute will that you will go forward

nepokolebljivost da idete naprijed

bez obzira što drugi kažu.

no matter what other people say.

JC: Odlično. Hvala, Sara.

JC: I love that. Thank you, Sara.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)