Sara Seager: The search for planets beyond our solar system

113,041 views ใƒป 2015-05-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
I'm here to tell you about the real search for alien life.
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ืื ื™ ืคื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื.
00:16
Not little green humanoids arriving in shiny UFOs,
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ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื•ืช,
00:19
although that would be nice.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“.
00:21
But it's the search for planets orbiting stars far away.
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ืืœื ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
00:25
Every star in our sky is a sun.
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ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฉ.
00:27
And if our sun has planets --
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ื•ืื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช --
00:29
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, etc.,
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ื—ืžื”, ื ื•ื’ื”, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžืื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•',
00:31
surely those other stars should have planets also,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
00:34
and they do.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื.
00:35
And in the last two decades,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:36
astronomers have found thousands of exoplanets.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืืœืคื™ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:40
Our night sky is literally teeming with exoplanets.
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ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ืงืงื™ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
00:43
We know, statistically speaking,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
00:44
that every star has at least one planet.
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ืฉืœื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืช.
00:47
And in the search for planets,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
00:49
and in the future, planets that might be like Earth,
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ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:52
we're able to help address
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ
00:54
some of the most amazing and mysterious questions
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช
00:57
that have faced humankind for centuries.
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ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
00:59
Why are we here?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื”?
01:01
Why does our universe exist?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืงื™ื™ื?
01:03
How did Earth form and evolve?
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ืื™ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—?
01:05
How and why did life originate and populate our planet?
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ืื™ืš ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื•ืื™ื›ืœืกื• ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”?
01:09
The second question that we often think about is:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื:
01:12
Are we alone?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“?
01:14
Is there life out there?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ?
01:17
Who is out there?
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ืžื™ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ?
01:19
You know, this question has been around for thousands of years,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:22
since at least the time of the Greek philosophers.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื– ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
01:25
But I'm here to tell you just how close we're getting
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
01:27
to finding out the answer to this question.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:30
It's the first time in human history that this really is within reach for us.
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ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
01:35
Now when I think about the possibilities for life out there,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
01:38
I think of the fact that our sun is but one of many stars.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:42
This is a photograph of a real galaxy,
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
01:44
we think our Milky Way looks like this galaxy.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:47
It's a collection of bound stars.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื.
01:48
But our [sun] is one of hundreds of billions of stars
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
01:53
and our galaxy is one of upwards of hundreds of billions of galaxies.
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ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
01:58
Knowing that small planets are very common,
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช,
02:01
you can just do the math.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
02:03
And there are just so many stars and so many planets out there,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
02:07
that surely, there must be life somewhere out there.
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ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
02:11
Well, the biologists get furious with me for saying that,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ื–ื™ื ืขืœื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื–ื”,
02:14
because we have absolutely no evidence for life beyond Earth yet.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:18
Well, if we were able to look at our galaxy from the outside
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
02:23
and zoom in to where our sun is,
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ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฆืืช,
02:26
we see a real map of the stars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืคื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
02:28
And the highlighted stars are those with known exoplanets.
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
02:31
This is really just the tip of the iceberg.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจืง ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
02:34
Here, this animation is zooming in onto our solar system.
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ืคื”, ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:38
And you'll see here the planets
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืคื” ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
02:40
as well as some spacecraft that are also orbiting our sun.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:44
Now if we can imagine going to the West Coast of North America,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
02:48
and looking out at the night sky,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
02:50
here's what we'd see on a spring night.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™.
02:52
And you can see the constellations overlaid
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืœ
02:54
and again, so many stars with planets.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
02:57
There's a special patch of the sky where we have thousands of planets.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืœืคื™ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
03:01
This is where the Kepler Space Telescope focused for many years.
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ืฉื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ืงืคืœืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
03:05
Let's zoom in and look at one of the favorite exoplanets.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ืงื• ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช.
03:10
This star is called Kepler-186f.
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืงืคืœืจ 186f.
03:14
It's a system of about five planets.
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
03:16
And by the way, most of these exoplanets, we don't know too much about.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:20
We know their size, and their orbit and things like that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื’ื•ื“ืœื, ื•ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
03:23
But there's a very special planet here called Kepler-186f.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืงืคืœืจ 186f.
03:27
This planet is in a zone that is not too far from the star,
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ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
03:31
so that the temperature may be just right for life.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
03:35
Here, the artist's conception is just zooming in
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ืคื”, ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื•ื
03:38
and showing you what that planet might be like.
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ื•ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืื”.
03:43
So, many people have this romantic notion of astronomers
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ืื–, ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
03:48
going to the telescope on a lonely mountaintop
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืขืœ ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื”
03:52
and looking at the spectacular night sky through a big telescope.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:55
But actually, we just work on our computers like everyone else,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื,
03:59
and we get our data by email or downloading from a database.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:03
So instead of coming here to tell you
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืคื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
04:05
about the somewhat tedious nature of the data and data analysis
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ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
04:08
and the complex computer models we make,
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ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
04:10
I have a different way to try to explain to you
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
04:13
some of the things that we're thinking about exoplanets.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
04:15
Here's a travel poster:
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ื”ื ื” ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช:
04:16
"Kepler-186f:
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"'ืงืคืœืจ 186f:
04:19
Where the grass is always redder on the other side."
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ืฉื ื”ื“ืฉื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™."
04:22
That's because Kepler-186f orbits a red star,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงืคืœืจ 186f ื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื“ื•ื,
04:25
and we're just speculating that perhaps the plants there,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื,
04:28
if there is vegetation that does photosynthesis,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื–ื”,
04:31
it has different pigments and looks red.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
04:34
"Enjoy the gravity on HD 40307g,
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"ืชื”ื ื• ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ HD 40307g.
04:38
a Super-Earth."
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ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืืจืฅ."
04:40
This planet is more massive than Earth
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ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:42
and has a higher surface gravity.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
04:44
"Relax on Kepler-16b,
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"ื”ืจื’ืขื• ื‘ืงืคืœืจ 16b,
04:47
where your shadow always has company."
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ืฉื ืœืฆืœืœื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื”."
04:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:51
We know of a dozen planets that orbit two stars,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
04:55
and there's likely many more out there.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:57
If we could visit one of those planets,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
04:59
you literally would see two sunsets
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ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ืชืจืื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช
05:01
and have two shadows.
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆืœืœื™ื.
05:03
So actually, science fiction got some things right.
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:05
Tatooine from Star Wars.
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ื˜ื˜ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:08
And I have a couple of other favorite exoplanets
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช
05:10
to tell you about.
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ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
05:11
This one is Kepler-10b,
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ื–ื• ืงืคืœืจ 10b,
05:13
it's a hot, hot planet.
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ื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื—ืžื”.
05:15
It orbits over 50 times closer to its star
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ื”ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 50 ืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”
05:18
than our Earth does to our sun.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:20
And actually, it's so hot,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื,
05:22
we can't visit any of these planets, but if we could,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื,
05:25
we would melt long before we got there.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืžืกื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื.
05:27
We think the surface is hot enough to melt rock
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื—ืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืžื™ืก ืกืœืข
05:29
and has liquid lava lakes.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื’ืžื™ ืœืื‘ื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื.
05:31
Gliese 1214b.
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ื’ืœื™ืก 1214b.
05:33
This planet, we know the mass and the size
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ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืกื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ
05:35
and it has a fairly low density.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื“ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
05:36
It's somewhat warm.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžื”.
05:38
We actually don't know really anything about this planet,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:40
but one possibility is that it's a water world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ื,
05:43
like a scaled-up version of one of Jupiter's icy moons
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง
05:46
that might be 50 percent water by mass.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืกืชื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื.
05:49
And in this case, it would have a thick steam atmosphere
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
05:52
overlaying an ocean,
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ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
05:54
not of liquid water,
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ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื,
05:55
but of an exotic form of water, a superfluid --
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ืืœื ื’ืจืกื” ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ --
05:58
not quite a gas, not quite a liquid.
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ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื–, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื•ื–ืœ.
06:00
And under that wouldn't be rock,
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกืœืขื™ื,
06:02
but a form of high-pressure ice,
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ืืœื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
06:04
like ice IX.
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ื›ืžื• ืงืจื— 9.
06:06
So out of all these planets out there,
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ืื– ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
06:08
and the variety is just simply astonishing,
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ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคืœื™ื,
06:12
we mostly want to find the planets that are Goldilocks planets, we call them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื.
06:17
Not too big, not too small,
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ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“, ืœื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™,
06:19
not too hot, not too cold --
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ืœื ื—ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™, ืœื ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ --
06:20
but just right for life.
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ืืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
06:22
But to do that, we'd have to be able to look
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜
06:24
at the planet's atmosphere,
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ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”,
06:26
because the atmosphere acts like a blanket trapping heat --
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื --
06:28
the greenhouse effect.
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ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
06:30
We have to be able to assess the greenhouse gases
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
06:33
on other planets.
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ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
06:35
Well, science fiction got some things wrong.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:37
The Star Trek Enterprise
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ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื–
06:39
had to travel vast distances at incredible speeds
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžื•ืช
06:42
to orbit other planets
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
06:44
so that First Officer Spock could analyze the atmosphere
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ืง ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
06:48
to see if the planet was habitable
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ื”
06:50
or if there were lifeforms there.
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ืื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื.
06:52
Well, we don't need to travel at warp speeds
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื—ื ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืช
06:55
to see other planet atmospheres,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:57
although I don't want to dissuade any budding engineers
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื›ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื
07:00
from figuring out how to do that.
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ืžืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:02
We actually can and do study planet atmospheres
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
07:04
from here, from Earth orbit.
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ืžืคื”, ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:06
This is a picture, a photograph of the Hubble Space Telescope
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ
07:09
taken by the shuttle Atlantis as it was departing
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืก ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชืง
07:12
after the last human space flight to Hubble.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื”ืื‘ืœ.
07:14
They installed a new camera, actually,
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ื”ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืžืฆืœืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
07:16
that we use for exoplanet atmospheres.
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ื‘ื” ื”ืชืฉืžืฉื ื• ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
07:18
And so far, we've been able to study dozens of exoplanet atmospheres,
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
07:23
about six of them in great detail.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜.
07:25
But those are not small planets like Earth.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืœื ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:27
They're big, hot planets that are easy to see.
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ื”ืŸ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
07:30
We're not ready,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื,
07:31
we don't have the right technology yet to study small exoplanets.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
07:36
But nevertheless,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื–ืืช,
07:37
I wanted to try to explain to you how we study exoplanet atmospheres.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
07:41
I want you to imagine, for a moment, a rainbow.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื ื•, ืœืจื’ืข, ืงืฉืช.
07:44
And if we could look at this rainbow closely,
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
07:47
we would see that some dark lines are missing.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื” ืงื•ื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื.
07:51
And here's our sun,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:52
the white light of our sun split up,
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืฆืœ,
07:54
not by raindrops, but by a spectrograph.
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ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื’ืจืฃ.
07:56
And you can see all these dark, vertical lines.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื›ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:59
Some are very narrow, some are wide,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื™ื,
08:00
some are shaded at the edges.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืœื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
08:02
And this is actually how astronomers have studied objects in the heavens,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
08:06
literally, for over a century.
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ื‘ืืžืช, ืœืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื”.
08:07
So here, each different atom and molecule
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ืื– ืคื”, ืœื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื
08:10
has a special set of lines,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื,
08:11
a fingerprint, if you will.
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ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
08:13
And that's how we study exoplanet atmospheres.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
08:15
And I'll just never forget when I started working
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื›ื— ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
08:18
on exoplanet atmospheres 20 years ago,
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ืขืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”,
08:20
how many people told me,
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™,
08:21
"This will never happen.
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"ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืงืจื”.
08:22
We'll never be able to study them. Why are you bothering?"
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ. ืœืžื” ืืช ื˜ื•ืจื—ืช?"
08:25
And that's why I'm pleased to tell you about all the atmospheres studied now,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
08:29
and this is really a field of its own.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
08:31
So when it comes to other planets, other Earths,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:33
in the future when we can observe them,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื,
08:35
what kind of gases would we be looking for?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื–ื™ื ื ื—ืคืฉ?
08:38
Well, you know, our own Earth has oxygen in the atmosphere
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
08:41
to 20 percent by volume.
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ื‘ื ืคื— ืฉืœ 20 ืื—ื•ื–.
08:43
That's a lot of oxygen.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
08:45
But without plants and photosynthetic life,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื™ื™ื,
08:48
there would be no oxygen,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
08:49
virtually no oxygen in our atmosphere.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
08:52
So oxygen is here because of life.
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ืื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืคื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:54
And our goal then is to look for gases in other planet atmospheres,
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
08:58
gases that don't belong,
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ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื,
09:00
that we might be able to attribute to life.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
09:02
But which molecules should we search for?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ืงืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ?
09:04
I actually told you how diverse exoplanets are.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
09:07
We expect that to continue in the future
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
09:09
when we find other Earths.
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ื›ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:10
And that's one of the main things I'm working on now,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
09:13
I have a theory about this.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”.
09:14
It reminds me that nearly every day,
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ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
09:17
I receive an email or emails
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื• ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื
09:19
from someone with a crazy theory about physics of gravity
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ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
09:23
or cosmology or some such.
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ืื• ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
09:25
So, please don't email me one of your crazy theories.
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ืื–, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืืช ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืœื™ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
09:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:29
Well, I had my own crazy theory.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช ืžืฉืœื™.
09:32
But, who does the MIT professor go to?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืืŸ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ MIT ื”ื•ืœื›ืช?
09:34
Well, I emailed a Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
09:38
and he said, "Sure, come and talk to me."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™, ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื™."
09:40
So I brought my two biochemistry friends
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื• ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืฉืœื™
09:42
and we went to talk to him about our crazy theory.
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ื•ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:45
And that theory was that life produces all small molecules,
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ื•ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
09:48
so many molecules.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
09:50
Like, everything I could think of, but not being a chemist.
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžืื™ืช.
09:53
Think about it:
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
09:54
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื“ ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
09:56
molecular hydrogen, molecular nitrogen,
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ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™, ื—ื ืงืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™,
09:58
methane, methyl chloride --
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ืžืชืืŸ, ืžืชื™ืœ ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื“ --
09:59
so many gases.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื–ื™ื.
10:01
They also exist for other reasons,
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ื”ื ื’ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
10:03
but just life even produces ozone.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื—ื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
10:04
So we go to talk to him about this,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
10:06
and immediately, he shot down the theory.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:09
He found an example that didn't exist.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
10:11
So, we went back to the drawing board
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ืื–, ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜
10:13
and we think we have found something very interesting in another field.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจ.
10:17
But back to exoplanets,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
10:18
the point is that life produces so many different types of gases,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
10:21
literally thousands of gases.
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ืžืžืฉ ืืœืคื™ ื’ื–ื™ื.
10:24
And so what we're doing now is just trying to figure out
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:26
on which types of exoplanets,
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ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
10:28
which gases could be attributed to life.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
10:34
And so when it comes time when we find gases
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื’ื–ื™ื
10:36
in exoplanet atmospheres
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ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
10:37
that we won't know if they're being produced
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ืฉืœื ื ื“ืข ืื ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
10:39
by intelligent aliens or by trees,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆื™ื,
10:42
or a swamp,
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ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื”,
10:44
or even just by simple, single-celled microbial life.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื ืื—ื“.
10:47
So working on the models
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื
10:49
and thinking about biochemistry,
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ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
10:50
it's all well and good.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื”.
10:52
But a really big challenge ahead of us is: how?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื: ืื™ืš?
10:54
How are we going to find these planets?
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ืื™ืš ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
10:57
There are actually many ways to find planets,
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ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
10:59
several different ways.
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ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:00
But the one that I'm most focused on is how can we open a gateway
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืขืจ
11:04
so that in the future,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
11:05
we can find hundreds of Earths.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืืจืฅ.
11:07
We have a real shot at finding signs of life.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:10
And actually, I just finished leading a two-year project
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
11:13
in this very special phase
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ื‘ืคืื–ื” ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื–ื•
11:15
of a concept we call the starshade.
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ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ื™ื“.
11:18
And the starshade is a very specially shaped screen
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ื•ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
11:21
and the goal is to fly that starshade
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ื™ื“
11:23
so it blocks out the light of a star
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
11:26
so that the telescope can see the planets directly.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
11:29
Here, you can see myself and two team members
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ื•ืคื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
11:31
holding up one small part of the starshade.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ื™ื“.
11:33
It's shaped like a giant flower,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืžื• ืคืจื— ืขื ืง,
11:35
and this is one of the prototype petals.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช.
11:38
The concept is that a starshade and telescope could launch together,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉืกื˜ืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ื•ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื™ืฉื•ื’ืจื• ื™ื—ื“,
11:43
with the petals unfurling from the stowed position.
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ืขื ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ืžืชื ื•ื—ื” ืžืื•ื›ืกื ืช.
11:46
The central truss would expand,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืชืชืจื—ื‘,
11:48
with the petals snapping into place.
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ืขื ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื.
11:52
Now, this has to be made very precisely,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
11:54
literally, the petals to microns
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ืžืžืฉ, ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื™ื
11:55
and they have to deploy to millimeters.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืชื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
11:58
And this whole structure would have to fly
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื˜ื•ืก
12:00
tens of thousands of kilometers away from the telescope.
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค.
12:04
It's about tens of meters in diameter.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
12:06
And the goal is to block out the starlight to incredible precision
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื”ื™ื
12:11
so that we'd be able to see the planets directly.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
12:15
And it has to be a very special shape,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช,
12:17
because of the physics of defraction.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”.
12:19
Now this is a real project that we worked on,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœื™ื•,
12:21
literally, you would not believe how hard.
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ืžืžืฉ, ืœื ืชืืžื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื”.
12:24
Just so you believe it's not just in movie format,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืœืกืจื˜,
12:26
here's a real photograph
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
12:28
of a second-generation starshade deployment test bed in the lab.
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืคืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™.
12:33
And in this case, I just wanted you to know
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืขื•
12:35
that that central truss has heritage left over
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ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืฉื•ืช
12:38
from large radio deployables in space.
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ืžืคืจื™ืกื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
12:41
So after all of that hard work
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ืื– ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื”
12:43
where we try to think of all the crazy gases that might be out there,
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ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื,
12:46
and we build the very complicated space telescopes
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
12:49
that might be out there,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
12:51
what are we going to find?
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ืžื” ื ืžืฆื?
12:52
Well, in the best case,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:54
we will find an image of another exo-Earth.
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ื ืžืฆื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืงื–ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจ.
12:58
Here is Earth as a pale blue dot.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื“ื”ื•ื™ื”.
13:00
And this is actually a real photograph of Earth
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
13:03
taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft,
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ 1,
13:05
four billion miles away.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
13:07
And that red light is just scattered light in the camera optics.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”.
13:11
But what's so awesome to consider
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
13:13
is that if there are intelligent aliens
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื
13:16
orbiting on a planet around a star near to us
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ืฉื—ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•
13:20
and they build complicated space telescopes
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ ื—ืœืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
13:22
of the kind that we're trying to build,
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ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช,
13:24
all they'll see is this pale blue dot,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื ืงืจื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื”ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
13:27
a pinprick of light.
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ื“ืงื™ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
13:29
And so sometimes, when I pause to think
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
13:32
about my professional struggle and huge ambition,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœื™ ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช,
13:36
it's hard to think about that
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”
13:38
in contrast to the vastness of the universe.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
13:42
But nonetheless, I am devoting the rest of my life
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืืจ ื—ื™ื™
13:46
to finding another Earth.
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ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
13:48
And I can guarantee
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
13:50
that in the next generation of space telescopes,
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ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ ื—ืœืœ,
13:52
in the second generation,
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™,
13:54
we will have the capability to find and identity other Earths.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:59
And the capability to split up the starlight
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
14:02
so that we can look for gases
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื’ื–ื™ื
14:04
and assess the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
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ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
14:07
estimate the surface temperature,
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
14:09
and look for signs of life.
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ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:11
But there's more.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:13
In this case of searching for other planets like Earth,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
14:16
we are making a new kind of map
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืคื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ
14:19
of the nearby stars and of the planets orbiting them,
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื—ื’ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืŸ,
14:22
including [planets] that actually might be inhabitable by humans.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
14:26
And so I envision that our descendants,
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจืช ืฉื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
14:29
hundreds of years from now,
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ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
14:31
will embark on an interstellar journey to other worlds.
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ื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:35
And they will look back at all of us
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื ื•
14:37
as the generation who first found the Earth-like worlds.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืžืฆื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:41
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:42
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:49
June Cohen: And I give you, for a question,
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื”ืŸ: ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืš, ืœืฉืืœื”,
14:51
Rosetta Mission Manager Fred Jansen.
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ืืช ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ืคืจื“ ื’'ื ืกืŸ.
14:53
Fred Jansen: You mentioned halfway through
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ืคืจื“ ื’'ื ืกืŸ: ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”
14:55
that the technology to actually look at the spectrum
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ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื
14:59
of an exoplanet like Earth is not there yet.
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ืฉืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื”.
15:02
When do you expect this will be there,
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ืžืชื™ ืืช ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข,
15:04
and what's needed?
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ื•ืžื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ?
15:05
Actually, what we expect is what we call our next-generation Hubble telescope.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืื‘ืœ.
15:10
And this is called the James Webb Space Telescope,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ื‘,
15:12
and that will launch in 2018,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ื’ืจ ื‘ 2018,
15:14
and that's what we're going to do,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
15:16
we're going to look at a special kind of planet
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
15:18
called transient exoplanets,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ,
15:20
and that will be our first shot at studying small planets
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
15:23
for gases that might indicate the planet is habitable.
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ืื—ืจ ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:27
JC: I'm going to ask you one follow-up question, too, Sara,
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ื’"ื›: ืื ื™ ื’ื ืืฉืืœ ืื•ืชืš ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืฉืš, ืฉืจื”,
15:30
as the generalist.
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ื›ืžื›ืœื™ืœื”.
15:31
So I am really struck by the notion in your career
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื ืคืขืžืช ืžื”ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš
15:34
of the opposition you faced,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ืžื•ืœืš,
15:36
that when you began thinking about exoplanets,
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ืฉื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
15:38
there was extreme skepticism in the scientific community
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช
15:40
that they existed,
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
15:42
and you proved them wrong.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืฉื”ื ื˜ืขื•.
15:43
What did it take to take that on?
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ืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
15:45
SS: Well, the thing is that as scientists,
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ืฉ"ืก: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
15:47
we're supposed to be skeptical,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื™ื,
15:49
because our job to make sure that what the other person is saying
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
15:52
actually makes sense or not.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื• ืœื.
15:53
But being a scientist,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
15:56
I think you've seen it from this session,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
15:58
it's like being an explorer.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจ.
16:00
You have this immense curiosity,
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
16:02
this stubbornness,
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ืืช ื”ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช,
16:03
this sort of resolute will that you will go forward
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืง ืฉืชืžืฉื™ื›ื•
16:06
no matter what other people say.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•.
16:08
JC: I love that. Thank you, Sara.
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ื’"ื›: ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืฉืจื”.
16:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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