Sara Seager: The search for planets beyond our solar system

113,041 views ใƒป 2015-05-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: YERI OH ๊ฒ€ํ† : Min Lee
00:12
I'm here to tell you about the real search for alien life.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์™ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
Not little green humanoids arriving in shiny UFOs,
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๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” UFO์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ๋…น์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ˆˆํฐ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋„ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ
00:19
although that would be nice.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ ๋ง๊ตฌ์š”,
00:21
But it's the search for planets orbiting stars far away.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณ„์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
Every star in our sky is a sun.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ณ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํƒœ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
And if our sun has planets --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒœ์–‘์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค
00:29
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, etc.,
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์ˆ˜์„ฑ, ๊ธˆ์„ฑ, ์ง€๊ตฌ, ํ™”์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:31
surely those other stars should have planets also,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ„๋“ค์—๋„ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
00:34
and they do.
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
And in the last two decades,
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์ง€๋‚œ 20์—ฌ๋…„ ๊ฐ„,
00:36
astronomers have found thousands of exoplanets.
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์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
Our night sky is literally teeming with exoplanets.
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๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์€ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ธ€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
We know, statistically speaking,
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ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
00:44
that every star has at least one planet.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ„์—๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
And in the search for planets,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ,
00:49
and in the future, planets that might be like Earth,
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๋˜ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
00:52
we're able to help address
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด์žˆ๋˜
00:54
some of the most amazing and mysterious questions
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ž๊ณ ๋„ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:57
that have faced humankind for centuries.
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๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Why are we here?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
01:01
Why does our universe exist?
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์™œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
01:03
How did Earth form and evolve?
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์™”๋Š”๊ฐ€?
01:05
How and why did life originate and populate our planet?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
01:09
The second question that we often think about is:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Are we alone?
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?
01:14
Is there life out there?
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์™ธ๊ณ„์—๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
01:17
Who is out there?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
01:19
You know, this question has been around for thousands of years,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
since at least the time of the Greek philosophers.
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๋ชปํ•ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด์•ผ์ฃ .
01:25
But I'm here to tell you just how close we're getting
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ต์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€
01:27
to finding out the answer to this question.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
It's the first time in human history that this really is within reach for us.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ด ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Now when I think about the possibilities for life out there,
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์ž, ์™ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ
01:38
I think of the fact that our sun is but one of many stars.
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์ €๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์ด ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
This is a photograph of a real galaxy,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
we think our Milky Way looks like this galaxy.
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์€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
01:47
It's a collection of bound stars.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
But our [sun] is one of hundreds of billions of stars
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ํƒœ์–‘์€ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ณ 
01:53
and our galaxy is one of upwards of hundreds of billions of galaxies.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
Knowing that small planets are very common,
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์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด
02:01
you can just do the math.
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋  ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋žต ์…ˆ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ .
02:03
And there are just so many stars and so many planets out there,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
02:07
that surely, there must be life somewhere out there.
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์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋„ ๋ถ„๋ช… ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:11
Well, the biologists get furious with me for saying that,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
because we have absolutely no evidence for life beyond Earth yet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Well, if we were able to look at our galaxy from the outside
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
02:23
and zoom in to where our sun is,
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ํƒœ์–‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณธ๋ฉด
02:26
we see a real map of the stars.
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์ง„์งœ ๋ณ„๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
And the highlighted stars are those with known exoplanets.
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ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
This is really just the tip of the iceberg.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋น™์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Here, this animation is zooming in onto our solar system.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด์„œ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:38
And you'll see here the planets
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„  ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ๋“ค๋„
02:40
as well as some spacecraft that are also orbiting our sun.
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ํƒœ์–‘์„ ๊ณต์ „ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Now if we can imagine going to the West Coast of North America,
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๋ถ๋ฏธ ์„œ์ชฝ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ
02:48
and looking out at the night sky,
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๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
02:50
here's what we'd see on a spring night.
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๋ด„์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ณด์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
And you can see the constellations overlaid
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๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
02:54
and again, so many stars with planets.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
02:57
There's a special patch of the sky where we have thousands of planets.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
This is where the Kepler Space Telescope focused for many years.
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์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ฒœ์ฒด ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
03:05
Let's zoom in and look at one of the favorite exoplanets.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
03:10
This star is called Kepler-186f.
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์ด ๋ณ„์€ ์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ186F๋Š” ๋ณ„์ธ๋ฐ
03:14
It's a system of about five planets.
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5๊ฐœ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
And by the way, most of these exoplanets, we don't know too much about.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
We know their size, and their orbit and things like that.
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ถค๋„ ๋ญ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ
03:23
But there's a very special planet here called Kepler-186f.
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์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ186F๋ผ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
This planet is in a zone that is not too far from the star,
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
so that the temperature may be just right for life.
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•Œ๋งž์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ธก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
Here, the artist's conception is just zooming in
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ์ง€
03:38
and showing you what that planet might be like.
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ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
So, many people have this romantic notion of astronomers
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑํ•œ ํ™˜์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
going to the telescope on a lonely mountaintop
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๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ํ™€๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ
03:52
and looking at the spectacular night sky through a big telescope.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:55
But actually, we just work on our computers like everyone else,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ƒ์€ ์ €ํฌ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์•ž์— ์•‰์•„ ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
and we get our data by email or downloading from a database.
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์ด๋ฉ”์ผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ „์‚ฐ๋ง์—์„œ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์ฃ .
04:03
So instead of coming here to tell you
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜๋Š”
04:05
about the somewhat tedious nature of the data and data analysis
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์ข€ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„
04:08
and the complex computer models we make,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‹ 
04:10
I have a different way to try to explain to you
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์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ
04:13
some of the things that we're thinking about exoplanets.
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์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”.
04:15
Here's a travel poster:
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌํ–‰ ํ™๋ณด์ง€์—์š”.
04:16
"Kepler-186f:
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์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ186F ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Where the grass is always redder on the other side."
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์ด๊ณณ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ 186F๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
That's because Kepler-186f orbits a red star,
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04:25
and we're just speculating that perhaps the plants there,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”
04:28
if there is vegetation that does photosynthesis,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:31
it has different pigments and looks red.
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๋ถ‰์€ ์ƒ‰ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
"Enjoy the gravity on HD 40307g,
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"HD 40307G์˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”,
04:38
a Super-Earth."
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์Šˆํผ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ์š”."
04:40
This planet is more massive than Earth
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ณ 
04:42
and has a higher surface gravity.
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ๋„ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
"Relax on Kepler-16b,
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"์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ 16B์—์„œ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
์ด ๊ณณ์—์„  ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๋„ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”."
04:47
where your shadow always has company."
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04:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:51
We know of a dozen planets that orbit two stars,
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์„ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ๋„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๊ฐœ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
and there's likely many more out there.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
If we could visit one of those planets,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:59
you literally would see two sunsets
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„์–‘์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
and have two shadows.
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๋„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:03
So actually, science fiction got some things right.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผํ•™ ์žฅ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
05:05
Tatooine from Star Wars.
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์Šคํƒ€์›Œ์ฆˆ์˜ ํƒ€ํˆฌ์ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์š”.
05:08
And I have a couple of other favorite exoplanets
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:10
to tell you about.
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05:11
This one is Kepler-10b,
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ 10B ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
it's a hot, hot planet.
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์ •๋ง์ด์ง€ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด์ฃ .
05:15
It orbits over 50 times closer to its star
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–‘๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค
05:18
than our Earth does to our sun.
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50๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ์งง์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ณต์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
And actually, it's so hot,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์„œ
05:22
we can't visit any of these planets, but if we could,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์•„๋งˆ ๋‹ฟ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๋…น์•„๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:25
we would melt long before we got there.
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05:27
We think the surface is hot enough to melt rock
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋„ ๋…น์ผ๋งŒํผ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์„œ
05:29
and has liquid lava lakes.
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์•ก์ฒด์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์šฉ์•”ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
Gliese 1214b.
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๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ œ 1214B ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
This planet, we know the mass and the size
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ 
05:35
and it has a fairly low density.
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๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
It's somewhat warm.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์š”.
05:38
We actually don't know really anything about this planet,
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์•„๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
05:40
but one possibility is that it's a water world,
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๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
like a scaled-up version of one of Jupiter's icy moons
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๋ชฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ ์œ„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:46
that might be 50 percent water by mass.
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  50%๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
And in this case, it would have a thick steam atmosphere
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ ์ธต์ด
05:52
overlaying an ocean,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
not of liquid water,
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์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
05:55
but of an exotic form of water, a superfluid --
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์ดˆ ์œ ๋™์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
not quite a gas, not quite a liquid.
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๊ธฐ์ฒด๋„ ์•ก์ฒด๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
06:00
And under that wouldn't be rock,
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๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
but a form of high-pressure ice,
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๊ณ ์••์ถ•๋œ ์–ผ์Œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:04
like ice IX.
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์•„์ด์Šค๋‚˜์ธ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
06:06
So out of all these planets out there,
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์™ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์€
06:08
and the variety is just simply astonishing,
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
we mostly want to find the planets that are Goldilocks planets, we call them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
Not too big, not too small,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ์ง€๋„, ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ 
06:19
not too hot, not too cold --
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋œจ๊ฒ์ง€๋„, ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถฅ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€
06:20
but just right for life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด์ฃ .
06:22
But to do that, we'd have to be able to look
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋ฉด
06:24
at the planet's atmosphere,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
because the atmosphere acts like a blanket trapping heat --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ด์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ด์š”๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
the greenhouse effect.
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์˜จ์‹คํšจ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
06:30
We have to be able to assess the greenhouse gases
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—๋„ ์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
on other planets.
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06:35
Well, science fiction got some things wrong.
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๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™๋ฌผ์— ์ž˜๋ชป ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
The Star Trek Enterprise
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์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ๋ ‰ ์—”ํ„ฐํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆํ˜ธ๋Š”
06:39
had to travel vast distances at incredible speeds
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๋งค์šฐ ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๋’ค
06:42
to orbit other planets
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
so that First Officer Spock could analyze the atmosphere
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์ผ๋“ฑ ํ•ญํ•ด์‚ฌ ์Šคํฌํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด
06:48
to see if the planet was habitable
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๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
06:50
or if there were lifeforms there.
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ํ˜น์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํ”์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:52
Well, we don't need to travel at warp speeds
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:55
to see other planet atmospheres,
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์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์™œ๊ณก๋  ์ •๋„์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋น„ํ–‰ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
06:57
although I don't want to dissuade any budding engineers
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฑธ
07:00
from figuring out how to do that.
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๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
07:02
We actually can and do study planet atmospheres
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ด ๊ณณ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์•ˆ ํŒŽ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
from here, from Earth orbit.
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07:06
This is a picture, a photograph of the Hubble Space Telescope
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ํ—ˆ๋ธ” ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
taken by the shuttle Atlantis as it was departing
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํƒœ์šด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์šฐ์ฃผ์™•๋ณต์„ ์ธ ์•„ํ‹€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ์Šค ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€
07:12
after the last human space flight to Hubble.
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ํ—ˆ๋ธ”์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
They installed a new camera, actually,
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์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
that we use for exoplanet atmospheres.
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07:18
And so far, we've been able to study dozens of exoplanet atmospheres,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”๊ณ 
07:23
about six of them in great detail.
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6๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
But those are not small planets like Earth.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
They're big, hot planets that are easy to see.
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ํฌ๊ณ  ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์„œ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
07:30
We're not ready,
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์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
we don't have the right technology yet to study small exoplanets.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:36
But nevertheless,
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07:37
I wanted to try to explain to you how we study exoplanet atmospheres.
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์ €๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
I want you to imagine, for a moment, a rainbow.
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์ž ๊น, ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:44
And if we could look at this rainbow closely,
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์ด ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:47
we would see that some dark lines are missing.
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์–ด๋‘์šด ์„ ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
And here's our sun,
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07:52
the white light of our sun split up,
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ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰๋น›์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
07:54
not by raindrops, but by a spectrograph.
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๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
And you can see all these dark, vertical lines.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋กœ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ฒ€์€ ์„ ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ ?
07:59
Some are very narrow, some are wide,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด ์–‡๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด ๋„“๊ณ 
08:00
some are shaded at the edges.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด ๋์ด ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
And this is actually how astronomers have studied objects in the heavens,
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ, 100๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:06
literally, for over a century.
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08:07
So here, each different atom and molecule
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์›์ž์™€ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€
08:10
has a special set of lines,
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๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์„  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
a fingerprint, if you will.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
08:13
And that's how we study exoplanet atmospheres.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
And I'll just never forget when I started working
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20๋…„ ์ „ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ์žŠ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
on exoplanet atmospheres 20 years ago,
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08:20
how many people told me,
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์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ, "๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด.
08:21
"This will never happen.
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08:22
We'll never be able to study them. Why are you bothering?"
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์™œ ์‚ฌ์„œ ๊ณ ์ƒ์„ ํ•ด?"
08:25
And that's why I'm pleased to tell you about all the atmospheres studied now,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
08:29
and this is really a field of its own.
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08:31
So when it comes to other planets, other Earths,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ œ 2์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด์„œ
08:33
in the future when we can observe them,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
08:35
what kind of gases would we be looking for?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:38
Well, you know, our own Earth has oxygen in the atmosphere
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
to 20 percent by volume.
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20%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:43
That's a lot of oxygen.
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๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
But without plants and photosynthetic life,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด,
์‚ฐ์†Œ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
there would be no oxygen,
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08:49
virtually no oxygen in our atmosphere.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:52
So oxygen is here because of life.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:54
And our goal then is to look for gases in other planet atmospheres,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€,
์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
gases that don't belong,
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09:00
that we might be able to attribute to life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ์š”.
09:02
But which molecules should we search for?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:04
I actually told you how diverse exoplanets are.
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์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ์ง€ ์•„๊นŒ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“œ๋ ธ์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:07
We expect that to continue in the future
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๊ณ„์† ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—
09:09
when we find other Earths.
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์ œ 2์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
And that's one of the main things I'm working on now,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธˆํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
I have a theory about this.
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์ „ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์›Œ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
It reminds me that nearly every day,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งค์ผ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
I receive an email or emails
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09:19
from someone with a crazy theory about physics of gravity
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์น™์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ์ฃผํ•™ ๋ญ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
or cosmology or some such.
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09:25
So, please don't email me one of your crazy theories.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉ”์ผ์€ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
09:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:29
Well, I had my own crazy theory.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:32
But, who does the MIT professor go to?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ MIT๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:34
Well, I emailed a Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜๊ป˜ ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
and he said, "Sure, come and talk to me."
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"๋ฌผ๋ก , ์™€์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
09:40
So I brought my two biochemistry friends
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต์ธ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋‘˜๊ณผ
09:42
and we went to talk to him about our crazy theory.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
And that theory was that life produces all small molecules,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œํ˜• ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค, ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„
09:48
so many molecules.
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์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
Like, everything I could think of, but not being a chemist.
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ํ™”ํ•™๋งŒ ๋นผ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์‹์„ ์Ÿ์•„๋ถ€์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:53
Think about it:
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ, ์ผ์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ,
09:54
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
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09:56
molecular hydrogen, molecular nitrogen,
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๋ถ„์ž ์ˆ˜์†Œ, ๋ถ„์ž ์งˆ์†Œ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„, ์—ผํ™” ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ,
09:58
methane, methyl chloride --
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09:59
so many gases.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
They also exist for other reasons,
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์˜ค์กด๋งˆ์ ธ๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
10:03
but just life even produces ozone.
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10:04
So we go to talk to him about this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธธํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
10:06
and immediately, he shot down the theory.
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๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์€ ๊ทธ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋ฌต์‚ดํ•˜์…จ์–ด์š”.
10:09
He found an example that didn't exist.
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ก€๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:11
So, we went back to the drawing board
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ
10:13
and we think we have found something very interesting in another field.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
But back to exoplanets,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ์š”
10:18
the point is that life produces so many different types of gases,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
literally thousands of gases.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ฃ .
10:24
And so what we're doing now is just trying to figure out
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:26
on which types of exoplanets,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด
10:28
which gases could be attributed to life.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์œ ์ง€์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
And so when it comes time when we find gases
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ
10:36
in exoplanet atmospheres
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๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
10:37
that we won't know if they're being produced
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€,
10:39
by intelligent aliens or by trees,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ๋Šช ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
or a swamp,
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10:44
or even just by simple, single-celled microbial life.
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๊ทธ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์š”.
10:47
So working on the models
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๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
10:49
and thinking about biochemistry,
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์ƒํ™”ํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:50
it's all well and good.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กœ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
But a really big challenge ahead of us is: how?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ •๋ง ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” "์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ?" ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
How are we going to find these planets?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
10:57
There are actually many ways to find planets,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
several different ways.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:00
But the one that I'm most focused on is how can we open a gateway
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฌ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
so that in the future,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š”,
11:05
we can find hundreds of Earths.
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์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ์š”.
11:07
We have a real shot at finding signs of life.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ๋ฐ
11:10
And actually, I just finished leading a two-year project
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ํŠนํžˆ ์–ผ๋งˆ์ „ ๋งˆ์นœ 2๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ
11:13
in this very special phase
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์Šคํƒ€์‰์ด๋“œ(starshade)๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
11:15
of a concept we call the starshade.
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ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ง ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
And the starshade is a very specially shaped screen
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์Šคํƒ€์‰์ด๋“œ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์ธ๋ฐ
11:21
and the goal is to fly that starshade
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜์•„์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ณ„๋น›์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:23
so it blocks out the light of a star
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
so that the telescope can see the planets directly.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
11:29
Here, you can see myself and two team members
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ €์™€ ๋‘ ํŒ€์›์ด
11:31
holding up one small part of the starshade.
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์Šคํƒ€์‰์ด๋“œ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:33
It's shaped like a giant flower,
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์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ฝƒ ๋ชจ์–‘์ธ๋ฐ
11:35
and this is one of the prototype petals.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฝƒ์žŽ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
The concept is that a starshade and telescope could launch together,
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์Šคํƒ€์‰์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜์•„์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ›„
11:43
with the petals unfurling from the stowed position.
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์ ‘ํ˜€์ง„ ๊ฝƒ์žŽ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
The central truss would expand,
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์ค‘์•™์˜ ๊ณ ์ •๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
11:48
with the petals snapping into place.
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๊ฝƒ์žŽ๋“ค์ด ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:52
Now, this has to be made very precisely,
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์ด ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ์„œ
11:54
literally, the petals to microns
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๊ฝƒ์žŽ์€ ๋ฏธ์ดํฌ๋ก  ๋‹จ์œ„์ด๊ณ 
11:55
and they have to deploy to millimeters.
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๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
And this whole structure would have to fly
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์ด ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
12:00
tens of thousands of kilometers away from the telescope.
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์ˆ˜๋งŒ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
12:04
It's about tens of meters in diameter.
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์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
And the goal is to block out the starlight to incredible precision
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๋ณ„๋น›์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
so that we'd be able to see the planets directly.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:15
And it has to be a very special shape,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ตด์ ˆ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์น™ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
because of the physics of defraction.
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12:19
Now this is a real project that we worked on,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
literally, you would not believe how hard.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชป ๋ฏฟ์œผ์‹ค๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
12:24
Just so you believe it's not just in movie format,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์˜์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
12:26
here's a real photograph
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์‹ค๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
of a second-generation starshade deployment test bed in the lab.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— ์„ค์น˜ ํ•ด ๋…ผ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
And in this case, I just wanted you to know
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑด,
12:35
that that central truss has heritage left over
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์ค‘์•™ ๊ณ ์ •๋Œ€๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:38
from large radio deployables in space.
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๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
So after all of that hard work
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ž‘์—… ๋์—,
12:43
where we try to think of all the crazy gases that might be out there,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ 
12:46
and we build the very complicated space telescopes
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
12:49
that might be out there,
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์ด ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
12:51
what are we going to find?
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12:52
Well, in the best case,
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์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
12:54
we will find an image of another exo-Earth.
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์™ธ๊ณ„ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
Here is Earth as a pale blue dot.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
And this is actually a real photograph of Earth
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์™•๋ณต์„  ๋ณด์ด์ € 1ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฐ์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:05
four billion miles away.
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40์–ต ๋งˆ์ผ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์„œ์š”.
13:07
And that red light is just scattered light in the camera optics.
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๋ถ‰์€ ๋น›์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์— ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ๋น›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
But what's so awesome to consider
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•œ ์ ์€์š”
13:13
is that if there are intelligent aliens
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์ด
13:16
orbiting on a planet around a star near to us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ณ„์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:20
and they build complicated space telescopes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์˜
13:22
of the kind that we're trying to build,
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์™„์„ฑ๋ณธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:24
all they'll see is this pale blue dot,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ด ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
a pinprick of light.
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์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ๋น›์ด์ฃ .
13:29
And so sometimes, when I pause to think
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
about my professional struggle and huge ambition,
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์ œ ์ง์—…์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ, ํฐ ์•ผ๋ง ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
13:36
it's hard to think about that
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•จ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด
13:38
in contrast to the vastness of the universe.
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๋ณด์ž˜ ๊ฒƒ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
But nonetheless, I am devoting the rest of my life
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ๋‚จ์€ ์‚ถ์„ ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ณ์„œ
13:46
to finding another Earth.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
And I can guarantee
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์žฅ๋‹ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
that in the next generation of space telescopes,
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์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ, 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
13:52
in the second generation,
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13:54
we will have the capability to find and identity other Earths.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•ด ๋‚ผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
And the capability to split up the starlight
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๋ณ„๋น›์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
14:02
so that we can look for gases
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๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
14:04
and assess the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘์˜ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
14:07
estimate the surface temperature,
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:09
and look for signs of life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ง•ํ›„๋„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
But there's more.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:13
In this case of searching for other planets like Earth,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
14:16
we are making a new kind of map
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
of the nearby stars and of the planets orbiting them,
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ณ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ฃ .
14:22
including [planets] that actually might be inhabitable by humans.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
14:26
And so I envision that our descendants,
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค์ด
14:29
hundreds of years from now,
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์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„์—
14:31
will embark on an interstellar journey to other worlds.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
And they will look back at all of us
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ํ›„์†๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
as the generation who first found the Earth-like worlds.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ์š”.
14:41
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:49
June Cohen: And I give you, for a question,
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์ค€ ์ฝ”ํ—จ(J.H.): ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
Rosetta Mission Manager Fred Jansen.
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๋กœ์ œํƒ€ ๋ฏธ์…˜์˜ ๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์ €์ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ์  ์Šจ(F.J.)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
Fred Jansen: You mentioned halfway through
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F.J.: ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—
14:55
that the technology to actually look at the spectrum
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด
14:59
of an exoplanet like Earth is not there yet.
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์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:02
When do you expect this will be there,
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์–ธ์ œ์ฏค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‚˜์š”?
15:04
and what's needed?
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๋˜ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ ?
15:05
Actually, what we expect is what we call our next-generation Hubble telescope.
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์‚ฌ๋ผ: ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ—ˆ๋ธ” ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
15:10
And this is called the James Webb Space Telescope,
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์ œ์ž„์Šค ์›น ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
and that will launch in 2018,
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2018๋…„์— ์˜์•„์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—์š”.
15:14
and that's what we're going to do,
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ผ์€,
15:16
we're going to look at a special kind of planet
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"์ผ์‹œ์  ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ"์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š”
15:18
called transient exoplanets,
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
and that will be our first shot at studying small planets
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž‘์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”
15:23
for gases that might indicate the planet is habitable.
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๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:27
JC: I'm going to ask you one follow-up question, too, Sara,
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J.C.: ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”. .
15:30
as the generalist.
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15:31
So I am really struck by the notion in your career
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ถ€๋”ซํ˜”๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ก ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ 
์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
15:34
of the opposition you faced,
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์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์› ์„ ๋•Œ
15:36
that when you began thinking about exoplanets,
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15:38
there was extreme skepticism in the scientific community
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
15:40
that they existed,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์–ด๋• ๋‚˜์š”?
15:42
and you proved them wrong.
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15:43
What did it take to take that on?
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15:45
SS: Well, the thing is that as scientists,
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์‚ฌ๋ผ: ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
์˜๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
15:47
we're supposed to be skeptical,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด
15:49
because our job to make sure that what the other person is saying
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๋ง์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
15:52
actually makes sense or not.
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15:53
But being a scientist,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ
15:56
I think you've seen it from this session,
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
15:58
it's like being an explorer.
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ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
16:00
You have this immense curiosity,
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์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ง‘์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ์ฃ .
16:02
this stubbornness,
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16:03
this sort of resolute will that you will go forward
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ์˜์ง€๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์•ผํ•ด์š”.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋“  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:06
no matter what other people say.
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J.C.: ์ข‹์€ ๋ง์ด๋„ค์š”. ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”, ์‚ฌ๋ผ
16:08
JC: I love that. Thank you, Sara.
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16:09
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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