Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are

Prevodilac: Ivana Krsmanovic Lektor: Mile Živković

We humans have always been very concerned about the health of our bodies,

Mi ljudi smo oduvek bili veoma zabrinuti za zdravlje svojih tela,

but we haven't always been that good at figuring out what's important.

ali ne shvatamo uvek tako dobro ono što je važno.

Take the ancient Egyptians, for example:

Uzmimo za primer drevne Egipćane: veoma su brinuli

very concerned about the body parts they thought they'd need in the afterlife,

o delovima tela za koje su smatrali da će im biti potrebni u zagrobnom životu,

but they left some parts out.

ali su izostavili neke delove.

This part, for example.

Ovaj deo, na primer.

Although they very carefully preserved the stomach, the lungs,

Iako su veoma pažljivo čuvali stomak, pluća,

the liver, and so forth,

jetru i nadalje,

they just mushed up the brain, drained it out through the nose,

od mozga su jednostavno pravili masu, izvukli je kroz nos

and threw it away,

i bacili ga,

which makes sense, really,

što zapravo ima smisla,

because what does a brain do for us anyway?

jer čemu nam mozak uopšte služi?

But imagine if there were a kind of neglected organ in our bodies

Ai zamislite da u našim telima postoji zanemaren organ

that weighed just as much as the brain

koji je iste težine kao mozak

and in some ways was just as important to who we are,

i koji je u određenim funkcijama od podjednake važnosti za nas,

but we knew so little about and treated with such disregard.

ali o kom znamo veoma malo i koji zanemarujemo.

And imagine if, through new scientific advances,

Zamislite da, zahvaljujući naučnim dostignućima,

we were just beginning to understand

tek počinjemo da shvatamo

its importance to how we think of ourselves.

njegovu važnost za razumevanje nas samih.

Wouldn't you want to know more about it?

Zar ne biste želeli da saznate više o njemu?

Well, it turns out that we do have something just like that:

Ispostavilo se da imamo nešto upravo takvo:

our gut,

našu utrobu.

or rather, its microbes.

Ili bolje rečeno, njene mikrobe.

But it's not just the microbes in our gut that are important.

Međutim, nisu važni samo mikrobi u našoj utrobi.

Microbes all over our body

Ispostavilo se da su mikrobi u čitavom telu

turn out to be really critical to a whole range of differences

od suštinske važnosti za čitav niz razlika

that make different people who we are.

koje nas čine različitima.

So for example, have you ever noticed

Na primer, da li ste ikada primetili

how some people get bitten by mosquitos way more often than others?

da komarci ujedaju neke ljude mnogo češće nego druge?

It turns out that everyone's anecdotal experience out camping is actually true.

Ispostavilo se da su šaljiva iskustva sa kampovanja zapravo tačna.

For example, I seldom get bitten by mosquitos,

Na primer, mene retko ujedaju komarci,

but my partner Amanda attracts them in droves,

međutim, moja partnerka Amanda ih privlači u rojevima,

and the reason why is that we have different microbes on our skin

a razlog tome je što imamo različite mikrobe na koži,

that produce different chemicals that the mosquitos detect.

koji proizvode različite hemikalije koje komarci detektuju.

Now, microbes are also really important in the field of medicine.

Mikrobi su takođe veoma važni u oblasti medicine.

So, for example, what microbes you have in your gut

Tako na primer, mikrobi koje imate u crevima

determine whether particular painkillers are toxic to your liver.

određuju da li su izvesni lekovi protiv bolova otrovni po vašu jetru.

They also determine whether or not other drugs will work for your heart condition.

Oni takođe određuju da li će drugi lekovi za vaše srčane probleme delovati ili ne.

And, if you're a fruit fly, at least,

A u slučaju vinskih mušica

your microbes determine who you want to have sex with.

mikrobi određuju izbor seksualnog partnera.

We haven't demonstrated this in humans yet

Ovo još nismo dokazali kod ljudi

but maybe it's just a matter of time before we find out. (Laughter)

ali možda je samo pitanje vremena kada ćemo otkriti. (Smeh)

So microbes are performing a huge range of functions.

Tako da mikrobi obavljaju ogroman broj funkcija.

They help us digest our food.

Pomažu nam da varimo hranu.

They help educate our immune system.

Pomažu nam da oformimo imunološki sistem.

They help us resist disease,

Pomažu nam da se odbranimo od bolesti,

and they may even be affecting our behavior.

a moguće je da utiču čak i na naše ponašanje.

So what would a map of all these microbial communities look like?

Dakle, kako bi izgledala mapa svih ovih grupacija mikroba?

Well, it wouldn't look exactly like this,

Ne bi izgledala baš ovako,

but it's a helpful guide for understanding biodiversity.

ali ovo je koristan vodič za razumevanje biodiverziteta.

Different parts of the world have different landscapes of organisms

Različiti delovi sveta imaju različite organizme u okruženju

that are immediately characteristic of one place or another

koji su neposredno karakteristični za jedno mesto ili drugo

or another.

ili neko drugo.

With microbiology, it's kind of the same, although I've got to be honest with you:

U neku ruku je isto i sa mikrobiologijom, mada moram biti iskren prema vama:

All the microbes essentially look the same under a microscope.

svi mikroorganizmi izgledaju isto pod mikroskopom.

So instead of trying to identify them visually,

Tako da, umesto da pokušavamo da ih vizuelno identifikujemo,

what we do is we look at their DNA sequences,

mi posmatramo njihove DNK sekvence,

and in a project called the Human Microbiome Project,

u projektu koji je nazvan Projekat ljudskog bioma,

NIH funded this $173 million project

koji je Nacionalni institut za zdravlje finansirao sa 173 miliona dolara,

where hundreds of researchers came together

u kom su okupljene stotine istraživača

to map out all the A's, T's, G's, and C's,

u cilju detaljnog uređenja svih vrsta A, T, G i C

and all of these microbes in the human body.

i svih ovih mikroba u ljudskom telu.

So when we take them together, they look like this.

Tako da, kada ih spojimo, oni izgledaju ovako.

It's a bit more difficult to tell who lives where now, isn't it?

Sada je malo teže odrediti ko gde živi, zar ne?

What my lab does is develop computational techniques that allow us

Moja laboratorija se bavi razvijanjem kompjuterskih tehnika

to take all these terabytes of sequence data

koje nam omogućavaju da uzmemo ove terabajte nizova podataka

and turn them into something that's a bit more useful as a map,

i pretvorimo ih u nešto što je malo korisnije, kao mapa,

and so when we do that with the human microbiome data

i kada to učinimo sa podacima ljudskog mikrobioma

from 250 healthy volunteers,

koji potiču od 250 zdravih dobrovoljaca,

it looks like this.

to izgleda ovako.

Each point here represents all the complex microbes

Svaka tačka ovde predstavlja sve kompleksne mikrobe

in an entire microbial community.

u celokupnoj mikrobijalnoj zajednici.

See, I told you they basically all look the same.

Rekao sam vam, u suštini svi izgledaju isto.

So what we're looking at is each point represents one microbial community

Ono sto zapažamo je da svaka tačka predstavlja jednu mikrobijalnu zajednicu

from one body site of one healthy volunteer.

s jednog tela jednog zdravog dobrovoljca.

And so you can see that there's different parts of the map in different colors,

Možete primetiti da su različiti delovi mape različitih boja,

almost like separate continents.

skoro kao odvojeni kontinenti.

And what it turns out to be

Pokazalo se da oni,

is that those, as the different regions of the body,

kao različiti delovi tela,

have very different microbes in them.

sadrže veoma različite mikrobe.

So what we have is we have the oral community up there in green.

Imamo oralnu zajednicu gore u zelenom.

Over on the other side, we have the skin community in blue,

Gore s druge strane imamo zajednicu kože koja je plava,

the vaginal community in purple,

vaginalna zajednica je ljubičasta,

and then right down at the bottom, we have the fecal community in brown.

i onda skroz dole na dnu, imamo fekalnu zajednicu koja je braon.

And we've just over the last few years

Tek smo u poslednjih nekoliko godina otkrili

found out that the microbes in different parts of the body

da se mikrobi u različitim delovima tela

are amazingly different from one another.

neverovatno međusobno razlikuju.

So if I look at just one person's microbes

Tako da, ako pogledam mikrobe

in the mouth and in the gut,

u ustima ili crevima samo jedne osobe,

it turns out that the difference between those two microbial communities

ispostavlja se da je razlika između te dve zajednice mikroba

is enormous.

ogromna.

It's bigger than the difference between the microbes in this reef

Veća je od razlike između mikroba na ovom grebenu

and the microbes in this prairie.

i mikroba u ovoj preriji.

So this is incredible when you think about it.

Ovo je neverovatno kada razmislite o tome.

What it means is that a few feet of difference in the human body

To znači da nekoliko metara razlike u ljudskom telu

makes more of a difference to your microbial ecology

čini veću razliku vašoj mikrobijalnoj ekologiji

than hundreds of miles on Earth.

nego stotine kilometara na Zemlji.

And this is not to say that two people look basically the same

Time se ne tvrdi da dve osobe izgledaju potpuno isto

in the same body habitat, either.

niti da su im tela ista.

So you probably heard

Verovatno ste čuli

that we're pretty much all the same in terms of our human DNA.

da smo svi mi uglavnom isti kada je u pitanju naš ljudski DNK.

You're 99.99 percent identical in terms of your human DNA

Vi ste 99,99 posto identični osobi koja sedi pored vas

to the person sitting next to you.

kada je pitanju vaš ljudski DNK.

But that's not true of your gut microbes:

Međutim, to nije isto za vaše crevne mikrobe.

you might only share 10 percent similarity

Možete deliti samo 10 procenata sličnosti

with the person sitting next to you in terms of your gut microbes.

sa osobom koja sedi pored vas, kada se radi o crevnim mikrobima.

So that's as different as the bacteria on this prairie

Oni se razlikuju kao bakterije na ovoj preriji

and the bacteria in this forest.

i bakterije u ovoj šumi.

So these different microbes

Tako da ti različiti mikrobi

have all these different kinds of functions that I told you about,

imaju svakakve različite vrste funkcija o kojim sam vam pričao,

everything from digesting food

počevši od varenja hrane

to involvement in different kinds of diseases,

do učestvovanja u različitim bolestima,

metabolizing drugs, and so forth.

razlaganju lekova, i tako dalje.

So how do they do all this stuff?

Nego, kako uspevaju u svemu tome?

Well, in part it's because

Delimično tako što,

although there's just three pounds of those microbes in our gut,

uprkos tome što ima samo 1,3 kilograma ovih mikroba u našim crevima,

they really outnumber us.

zapravo ih ima više nego nas.

And so how much do they outnumber us?

A koliko više ih ima od nas?

Well, it depends on what you think of as our bodies.

Pa, zavisi od toga šta smatramo našim telima.

Is it our cells?

Da li su to naše ćelije?

Well, each of us consists of about 10 trillion human cells,

Svako od nas se sastoji od oko 10 biliona ljudskih ćelija,

but we harbor as many as 100 trillion microbial cells.

ali svi posedujemo 100 biliona mikrobijalnih ćelija.

So they outnumber us 10 to one.

Tako da ih ima više od nas u srazmeri 10 prema 1.

Now, you might think, well, we're human because of our DNA,

Možda ćete pomisliti, pa, mi smo ljudi zbog našeg DNK.

but it turns out that each of us has about 20,000 human genes,

ali se ispostavilo da svako od nas ima oko 20,000 ljudskih gena,

depending on what you count exactly,

u zavisnosti od toga šta tačno brojite,

but as many as two million to 20 million microbial genes.

ali imate između dva miliona i 20 miliona mikrobijalnih gena.

So whichever way we look at it, we're vastly outnumbered

Tako da, na koji god način da posmatramo, veoma su nas brojno nadmašili

by our microbial symbionts.

naši mikrobijalni organizmi u simbiozi.

And it turns out that in addition to traces of our human DNA,

Ispostavilo se da pored tragova našeg ljudskog DNK,

takođe ostavljamo tragove našeg mikrobijalnog DNK

we also leave traces of our microbial DNA

on everything we touch.

na svemu što dodirnemo.

We showed in a study a few years ago

U studiji od pre nekoliko godina pokazali smo

that you can actually match the palm of someone's hand up

da zapravo možete spariti dlan nečije ruke

to the computer mouse that they use routinely

sa kompjuterskim mišem koji uobičajeno koriste

with up to 95 percent accuracy.

sa preciznošću do čak 95 procenata.

So this came out in a scientific journal a few years ago,

Ovo je objavljeno u naučnom časopisu pre nekoliko godina,

but more importantly, it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"

ali što je još važnije, prikazano je u ''CSI: Miami'',

so you really know it's true.

tako da sigurno znate da je tačno.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So where do our microbes come from in the first place?

Odakle uopšte potiču naši mikrobi?

Well if, as I do, you have dogs or kids,

Pa, ako poput mene, imate pse ili decu,

you probably have some dark suspicions about that,

verovatno imate neku mračnu sumnju vezanu za to,

all of which are true, by the way.

što je, uzgred rečeno, tačno.

So just like we can match you to your computer equipment

Tako da, baš kao što možemo spariti vas i vašu kompjutersku opremu

by the microbes you share,

pomoću mikroba koje delite,

we can also match you up to your dog.

isto možemo uraditi kada je vaš pas u pitanju.

But it turns out that in adults,

Međutim, ispostavilo se da su kod odraslih,

microbial communities are relatively stable,

mikrobijalne zajednice relativno stabilne,

so even if you live together with someone,

pa čak iako živite sa nekim,

you'll maintain your separate microbial identity

zadržaćete svoj odvojeni mikrobijalni identitet

over a period of weeks, months, even years.

nedeljama, mesecima, pa čak i godinama.

It turns out that our first microbial communities

Ispostavilo se da naše prve mikrobijalne zajednice

depend a lot on how we're born.

dosta zavise od načina na koji smo rođeni.

So babies that come out the regular way,

Tako da kod beba koje su rođene na uobičajen način

all of their microbes are basically like the vaginal community,

svi mikrobe su poput vaginalne zajednice,

whereas babies that are delivered by C-section,

dok kod beba koje su rođene carskim rezom

all of their microbes instead look like skin.

svi mikrobi izgledaju kao koža.

And this might be associated with some of the differences

Ovo može biti povezano sa nekim razlikama u zdravlju

in health associated with Cesarean birth,

koje se dovode u vezu sa rođenjem putem carskog reza,

such as more asthma, more allergies, even more obesity,

kao što su učestalija astma, alergije, čak i više gojaznosti,

all of which have been linked to microbes now,

i sve se danas dovode u vezu sa mikrobima,

and when you think about it, until recently, every surviving mammal

i kada razmislite o tome, do nedavno, svaki preživeli sisar

had been delivered by the birth canal,

je došao na svet kroz vaginalni kanal,

and so the lack of those protective microbes

pa nedostatak tih zaštitnih mikroba

that we've co-evolved with might be really important

bez kojih se razvijamo, može biti veoma bitan

for a lot of these different conditions that we now know involve the microbiome.

kada su u pitanju mnoga različita stanja za koja danas znamo da uključuju mikrobe.

When my own daughter was born a couple of years ago

Kada je moja kćerka rođena pre par godina

by emergency C-section,

putem hitnog carskog reza,

we took matters into our own hands

mi smo uzeli stvar u svoje ruke

and made sure she was coated with those vaginal microbes

i osigurali se da bude pokrivena sa tim vaginalnim mikrobima

that she would have gotten naturally.

koje bi dobila prirodnim putem.

Now, it's really difficult to tell whether this has had an effect

Veoma je teško reći da li je ovo imalo uticaja

on her health specifically, right?

specifično na njeno zdravlje, zar ne?

With a sample size of just one child, no matter how much we love her,

Vodeći se primerom samo jednog deteta, bez obzira na to koliko je volimo,

you don't really have enough of a sample size

zapravo nemamo dovoljno uzoraka

to figure out what happens on average,

da zaključimo šta se dešava u proseku,

but at two years old, she hasn't had an ear infection yet,

ali sa dve pune godine, još uvek nije imala infekciju uha,

so we're keeping our fingers crossed on that one.

tako da se nadamo najboljem.

And what's more, we're starting to do clinical trials with more children

Povrh svega, počinjemo sa kliničkim ispitivanjima s većim brojem dece

to figure out whether this has a protective effect generally.

da bismo zaključili da li to ima zaštitni uticaj uopšteno.

So how we're born has a tremendous effect on what microbes we have initially,

To kako smo rođeni ima izuzetan uticaj na mikrobe koje posedujemo u početku,

but where do we go after that?

ali šta se dalje dešava?

What I'm showing you again here is this map

Ovo što vam ponovo pokazujem ovde je mapa

of the Human Microbiome Project Data,

Podataka ljudskog mikrobijalnog projekta,

so each point represents a sample from one body site

tako svaka tačka predstavlja uzorak iz jednog tela,

from one of 250 healthy adults.

jednog od 250 zdravih odraslih ljudi.

And you've seen children develop physically.

Videli ste kako se deca razvijaju fizički.

You've seen them develop mentally.

Videli ste kako se razvijaju mentalno.

Now, for the first time, you're going to see

Sada ćete videti, po prvi put,

one of my colleague's children develop microbially.

kako se jedno od dece mog saradnika razvija mikrobijalno.

So what we are going to look at

Ono što ćemo gledati

is we're going to look at this one baby's stool,

je stolica ove bebe,

the fecal community, which represents the gut,

fekalna zajednica, koja predstavlja utrobu,

sampled every week for almost two and a half years.

sakupljana svake nedelje skoro dve i po godine.

And so we're starting on day one.

Počinjemo sa prvim danom.

What's going to happen is that the infant is going to start off as this yellow dot,

Novorođenče će početi od ove žute tačke,

and you can see that he's starting off basically in the vaginal community,

i možete videti da zapravo počinje u vaginalnoj zajednici,

as we would expect from his delivery mode.

što smo i očekivali po načinu rođenja.

And what's going to happen over these two and a half years

Za ove dve i po godine,

is that he's going to travel all the way down

ono će otputovati skroz dole i počeće da podseća

to resemble the adult fecal community from healthy volunteers down at the bottom.

na fekalnu zajednicu odraslih zdravih volontera skroz na dnu.

So I'm just going to start this going and we'll see how that happens.

Pokrenuću ovo i videćemo šta se dešava.

What you can see, and remember each step in this is just one week,

Ovde vidite, i zapamtite da svaki korak predstavlja samo jednu nedelju,

what you can see is that week to week,

možete videti iz nedelje u nedelju

the change in the microbial community of the feces of this one child,

da je promena u mikrobijalnoj zajednici fekalija ovog deteta,

the differences week to week are much greater

razlike iz nedelje u nedelju su mnogo veće

than the differences between individual healthy adults

od razlika između zdravih odraslih ljudi

in the Human Microbiome Project cohort,

u grupi Ljudskog mikrobijalnog projekta,

which are those brown dots down at the bottom.

koji predstavljaju ove braon tačke skroz na dnu.

Možete videti da on počinje da se približava fekalnoj zajednici odraslih.

And you can see he's starting to approach the adult fecal community.

This is up to about two years.

Ovo obuhvata oko dve godine.

But something amazing is about to happen here.

Ali nešto sjajno će se desiti ovde.

So he's getting antibiotics for an ear infection.

Dakle, on dobija antibiotike za infekciju uha.

What you can see is this huge change in the community,

Ono sto možete primetiti je ogromna promena u zajednici,

followed by a relatively rapid recovery.

praćena relativno brzim oporavkom.

I'll just rewind that for you.

Ja ću vam premotati to.

And what we can see is that just over these few weeks,

Ono što možemo videti je da tokom samo nekoliko nedelja,

we have a much more radical change,

imamo mnogo značajniju promenu,

a setback of many months of normal development,

višemesečni zastoj u normalnom razvoju,

followed by a relatively rapid recovery,

praćen relativno brzim oporavkom,

and by the time he reaches day 838,

a kada dođe 838. dan, što je i kraj ovog videa

which is the end of this video,

možete videti da je on u suštini stigao

you can see that he has essentially reached the healthy adult stool community,

do fekalne zajednice zdravih odraslih osoba,

despite that antibiotic intervention.

uprkos intervenciji antibioticima.

So this is really interesting because it raises fundamental questions

Ovo je veoma zanimljivo zato što postavlja suštinska pitanja

about what happens when we intervene at different ages in a child's life.

u vezi sa tim šta se dešava kada se umešamo u različitim dobima života deteta.

So does what we do early on, where the microbiome is changing so rapidly,

Dakle, da li ono što rano radimo, kada se mikrobi ubrzano menjaju,

actually matter,

zapravo utiče,

or is it like throwing a stone into a stormy sea,

ili je to poput bacanja kamena u uzburkano more,

where the ripples will just be lost?

gde će mali talasi samo biti izgubljeni?

Well, fascinatingly, it turns out that if you give children antibiotics

Fascinantno je to što se ispostavilo da ako deci date antibiotike

in the first six months of life,

u prvih šest meseci života,

they're more likely to become obese later on

veća je verovatnoća da će kasnije biti gojazni

than if they don't get antibiotics then or only get them later,

u poređenju s tim ako im tada ne damo antibiotike ili ako im ih damo kasnije,

and so what we do early on may have profound impacts

tako da, ono što radimo veoma rano može imati snažan uticaj

on the gut microbial community and on later health

na crevnu mikrobijalnu zajednicu i buduće zdravlje,

that we're only beginning to understand.

što tek počinjemo da razumemo.

So this is fascinating, because one day, in addition to the effects

Ovo je fascinantno jer, jednoga dana, osim efekata

koje antibiotici imaju na bakterije koje su otporne na antibiotike,

that antibiotics have on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,

which are very important,

koji su veoma bitni,

they may also be degrading our gut microbial ecosystems,

oni takođe mogu oštetiti nas crevni mikrobijalni ekosistem,

and so one day we may come to regard antibiotics with the same horror

tako bismo jednog dana mogli gledati na antibiotike sa istim užasom

that we currently reserve for those metal tools

s kojim danas posmatramo metalno oruđe

that the Egyptians used to use to mush up the brains

koje su Egipćani koristili da naprave kašu od mozgova

before they drained them out for embalming.

pre nego što bi ih izvadili za balsamovanje.

So I mentioned that microbes have all these important functions,

Pomenuo sam da mikrobi imaju sve te važne funkcije

and they've also now, just over the past few years,

a sada su takođe, tek tokom poslednjih nekoliko godina,

been connected to a whole range of different diseases,

povezivane sa čitavim nizom različitih bolesti,

including inflammatory bowel disease,

uključujući zapaljenje creva,

heart disease, colon cancer,

bolesti srca, rak debelog creva,

and even obesity.

pa čak i gojaznost.

Obesity has a really large effect, as it turns out,

Gojaznost ima veliki uticaj, kako se ispostavilo,

and today, we can tell whether you're lean or obese

i danas možemo zaključiti da li ste mršavi ili gojazni

with 90 percent accuracy

sa preciznošću od 90 procenata,

by looking at the microbes in your gut.

gledajući mikrobe u vašoj utrobi.

Now, although that might sound impressive,

Iako to može zvučati imresivno,

in some ways it's a little bit problematic as a medical test,

na neki način je možda problematično kao medicinski test

because you can probably tell which of these people is obese

jer verovatno možete reći koji od ovih ljudi je gojazan,

without knowing anything about their gut microbes,

a da ne znate ništa o mikrobima u njihovim crevima.

but it turns out that even if we sequence their complete genomes

ali ispostavilo se da, čak iako napravimo niz njihovih kompletnih genoma

and had all their human DNA,

i ako bismo imali čitav njihov ljudski DNK,

we could only predict which one was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.

mogli bismo predvideti ko je gojazan sa preciznošću od samo 60 procenata.

So that's amazing, right?

To je neverovatno, zar ne?

What it means that the three pounds of microbes that you carry around with you

To znači da su 1,3 kilograma mikroba koje nosite sa sobom,

may be more important for some health conditions

možda važniji za neke bolesti

than every single gene in your genome.

od svakog pojedinog gena u vašem genomu.

And then in mice, we can do a lot more.

Kada su miševi u pitanju, možemo učiniti mnogo više.

So in mice, microbes have been linked to all kinds of additional conditions,

Kod miševa, mikrobi su povezani sa raznim vrstama dodatnih bolesti,

including things like multiple sclerosis,

uključujući sklerozu multipleks,

depression, autism, and again, obesity.

depresiju, autizam, i opet, gojaznost.

But how can we tell whether these microbial differences

Ali kako možemo otkriti da li su ove mikrobijalne razlike

that correlate with disease are cause or effect?

vezane za bolesti njihov uzrok ili posledica?

Well, one thing we can do is we can raise some mice

Mogli bismo da uzgajamo miševe bez ikakvih mikroba

without any microbes of their own in a germ-free bubble.

koji pripadaju njima, u mehuru bez bacila.

Then we can add in some microbes that we think are important,

Onda možemo ubaciti neke bacile koje smatramo važnima

and see what happens.

i da vidimo šta se dešava.

When we take the microbes from an obese mouse

Kada uzmemo mikrobe iz gojaznog miša

and transplant them into a genetically normal mouse

i transplantujemo ih u genetski normalnog miša

that's been raised in a bubble with no microbes of its own,

koji je uzgajan u mehuru bez sopstvenih mikroba

it becomes fatter than if it got them from a regular mouse.

on postaje još deblji nego da ih je dobio iz običnog miša.

Why this happens is absolutely amazing, though.

Neverovatno je zašto se to događa.

Sometimes what's going on is that the microbes

Ponekad se dešava da im mikrobi

are helping them digest food more efficiently from the same diet,

pomažu da efikasnije vare hranu iz istog načina ishrane,

so they're taking more energy from their food,

tako da dobijaju više energije iz hrane

but other times, the microbes are actually affecting their behavior.

ali u drugim slučajevima, mikrobi zapravo utiču na njihovo ponašanje.

What they're doing is they're eating more than the normal mouse,

Oni jedu više nego normalni miševi.

so they only get fat if we let them eat as much as they want.

pa se goje samo onoliko koliko im mi dozvolimo da jedu.

So this is really remarkable, right?

Ovo je izuzetno, zar ne?

The implication is that microbes can affect mammalian behavior.

Implikacija je da mikrobi mogu uticati na ponašanje sisara.

So you might be wondering whether we can also do this sort of thing across species,

Možda se pitate da li ovako nešto možemo uraditi sa drugim vrstama,

and it turns out that if you take microbes from an obese person

i ispostavilo se da ako uzmete mikrobe iz gojazne osobe

and transplant them into mice you've raised germ-free,

i transplantujete ih u miša koji je uzgajan bez bacila,

those mice will also become fatter

ti miševi će takođe postati deblji

than if they received the microbes from a lean person,

nego u slučaju da dobiju mikrobe iz mršave osobe,

but we can design a microbial community that we inoculate them with

ali možemo da stvorimo mikrobijalnu zajednicu kojom bismo ih zaštitili

that prevents them from gaining this weight.

i koja bi ih sprečila da se ugoje.

Ovo takođe možemo uraditi i kod neuhranjenosti.

We can also do this for malnutrition.

So in a project funded by the Gates Foundation,

Tako da u projektu koji finansira Fondacija Gejts

what we're looking at is children in Malawi

posmatramo decu u Malaviju

who have kwashiorkor, a profound form of malnutrition,

koja imaju kvašiorkor, ozbiljan oblik neuhranjenosti,

and mice that get the kwashiorkor community transplanted into them

i miševi koji dobiju transplantovanu zajednicu kvašiorkora

lose 30 percent of their body mass

izgube 30 procenata telesne mase

in just three weeks,

za samo tri nedelje,

but we can restore their health by using the same peanut butter-based supplement

ali možemo obnoviti njihovo zdravlje uz isti dodatak na bazi kikiriki putera,

that is used for the children in the clinic,

korišćen za decu na klinici,

and the mice that receive the community

a miševi koji dobiju zajednicu

from the healthy identical twins of the kwashiorkor children do fine.

od zdravih identičnih blizanaca dece obolele od kvašiorkoa su dobro.

This is truly amazing because it suggests that we can pilot therapies

Ovo ja zaista sjajno, jer nam omogućava da prilagođavamo terapije

by trying them out in a whole bunch of different mice

isprobavajući ih na velikom broju različitih miševa,

with individual people's gut communities

sa crevnim zajednicama pojedinačnih ljudi

and perhaps tailor those therapies all the way down to the individual level.

i možda prilagodimo te terapije za individualne potrebe.

So I think it's really important that everyone has a chance

Smatram da je veoma važno da svako dobije šansu

to participate in this discovery.

da učestvuje u ovom otkriću.

So, a couple of years ago,

Pre par godina

we started this project called American Gut,

započeli smo projekat nazvan Američka utroba

which allows you to claim a place for yourself on this microbial map.

koji vam omogućava da zauzmete mesto na mikrobijalnoj mapi.

This is now the largest crowd-funded science project that we know of --

Ovo je sada najveći naučni masovno finansiran projekat koji postoji -

over 8,000 people have signed up at this point.

trenutno broji preko 8.000 ljudi.

What happens is, they send in their samples,

Oni šalju svoje uzorke,

we sequence the DNA of their microbes and then release the results back to them.

a mi od njihovih mikroba pravimo DNK nizove i šaljemo im rezultate.

We also release them, de-identified, to scientists, to educators,

Takođe ih, bez identifikacije šaljemo naučnicima, profesorima,

to interested members of the general public, and so forth,

zainteresovanima iz javnog sektora, i tako dalje,

so anyone can have access to the data.

tako da svako ima pristup podacima.

On the other hand,

S druge strane,

when we do tours of our lab at the BioFrontiers Institute,

kada pokazujemo našu laboratoriju na Institutu BioFrontiers,

and we explain that we use robots and lasers to look at poop,

i objašnjavamo kako koristimo robote i lasere da proučavamo izmet,

it turns out that not everyone wants to know.

ispostavi se da ne žele svi da znaju.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But I'm guessing that many of you do,

Ali pretpostavljam da mnogi od vas žele,

and so I brought some kits here if you're interested

pa sam doneo opremu ovde ako ste zainteresovani

in trying this out for yourself.

da ovo probate sami.

So why might we want to do this?

Zašto bismo želeli da radimo ovo?

Well, it turns out that microbes are not just important

Ispostavilo se da mikrobi ne samo da su važni

for finding out where we are in terms of our health,

za otkrivanje našeg zdravstvenog stanja,

but they can actually cure disease.

već mogu zapravo da leče bolesti.

This is one of the newest things we've been able to visualize

Ovo je jedna od najnovijih stvari koje smo uspeli da ostvarimo

with colleagues at the University of Minnesota.

sa kolegama sa Univerziteta u Minesoti.

So here's that map of the human microbiome again.

Evo ponovo te mape ljudskih mikroba.

What we're looking at now --

Ono što sada gledamo -

I'm going to add in the community of some people with C. diff.

sada ću dodati zajednice nekih ljudi sa Klostridijum Dificile.

So, this is a terrible form of diarrhea

Ovo je užasan oblik dijareje,

where you have to go up to 20 times a day,

koja zahteva pražnjenje do 20 puta dnevno,

and these people have failed antibiotic therapy for two years

i ovim ljudima nije pomogla terapija antibioticima tokom dve godine

before they're eligible for this trial.

pre nego što su se kvalifikovali za ovo testiranje.

So what would happen if we transplanted some of the stool from a healthy donor,

Šta bi se desilo kad bismo transplantovali deo stolice zdravog davaoca

that star down at the bottom,

te zvezde na dnu,

into these patients.

u ove pacijente?

Would the good microbes do battle with the bad microbes

Da li bi se dobri mikrobi borili protiv loših

and help to restore their health?

i pomogli da se obnovi njihovo zdravlje?

So let's watch exactly what happens there.

Hajde da vidimo šta se tu tačno dešava.

Four of those patients are about to get a transplant

Četiri pacijenta će dobiti transplantaciju

from that healthy donor at the bottom,

od tog zdravog davaoca na dnu.

and what you can see is that immediately,

i ono što odmah možete videti

you have this radical change in the gut community.

je da dolazi do korenite promene u crevnoj zajednici.

So one day after you do that transplant,

Tako da jedan dan posle transplantacije

all those symptoms clear up,

svi simptomi nestaju

the diarrhea vanishes,

i dijareja prestaje i oni su

and they're essentially healthy again, coming to resemble the donor's community,

suštinski ponovo zdravi i počinju da podsećaju na zajednicu davaoca

and they stay there.

i ostaju takvi.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So we're just at the beginning of this discovery.

Tek smo na početku ovog otkrića

We're just finding out that microbes have implications

Tek saznajemo da mikrobi imaju implikacije

for all these different kinds of diseases,

za sve ove različite vrste bolesti

ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to obesity,

od inflamatorne bolesti creva do gojaznosti

and perhaps even autism and depression.

pa možda čak autizma i depresije.

What we need to do, though,

Ono što ipak moramo učiniti

is we need to develop a kind of microbial GPS,

je da osmislimo mikrobijalni GPS

where we don't just know where we are currently

pomoću kog ne samo da znamo gde smo

but also where we want to go and what we need to do

već i kuda želimo ići i šta moramo uraditi

in order to get there,

da bismo tamo stigli

and we need to be able to make this simple enough

i to moramo učiniti dovoljno jednostavnim

that even a child can use it. (Laughter)

da ga i dete može koristiti. (Smeh)

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)