Rob Knight: How our microbes make us who we are

Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Vanja Kovac

We humans have always been very concerned about the health of our bodies,

Mi ljudi smo oduvijek brinuli o zdravlju svojih tijela,

but we haven't always been that good at figuring out what's important.

ali nismo oduvijek bili tako dobri u shvaćanju što je bitno.

Take the ancient Egyptians, for example:

Uzmite drevne Egipćane, na primjer:

very concerned about the body parts they thought they'd need in the afterlife,

Jako su brinuli o dijelovima tijela koja su smatrali potrebnima zagrobnom životu,

but they left some parts out.

ali izostavili su neke dijelove.

This part, for example.

Ovaj dio, na primjer.

Although they very carefully preserved the stomach, the lungs,

Iako su vrlo pažljivo sačuvali želudac, pluća,

the liver, and so forth,

jetru, i tako dalje,

they just mushed up the brain, drained it out through the nose,

mozak bi samo usitnili u kašu, izvukli ga kroz nos,

and threw it away,

i bacili,

which makes sense, really,

što zapravo i ima smisla,

because what does a brain do for us anyway?

jer što će nam mozak ionako?

But imagine if there were a kind of neglected organ in our bodies

Ali zamislite kad bi postojao zanemaren organ u našim tijelima

that weighed just as much as the brain

koji bi bio težak koliko i mozak

and in some ways was just as important to who we are,

i u nekim pogledima bio jednako toliko bitan za to što smo,

but we knew so little about and treated with such disregard.

ali o kojem znamo jako malo i prema kojem postupamo jednako nemarno.

And imagine if, through new scientific advances,

I zamislite kad, kroz novi napredak znanosti,

we were just beginning to understand

bismo baš započinjali razumijevati

its importance to how we think of ourselves.

njegovu važnost za to kako razmišljamo o sebi.

Wouldn't you want to know more about it?

Ne biste li željeli znati više o tome?

Well, it turns out that we do have something just like that:

Pa, ispada da imamo nešto baš takvo:

our gut,

naša crijeva,

or rather, its microbes.

ili prije, njihove mikrobe.

But it's not just the microbes in our gut that are important.

Ali nisu samo mikrobi u našim crijevima oni važni.

Microbes all over our body

Mikrobi po cijelom našem tijelu

turn out to be really critical to a whole range of differences

ispadaju zbilja kritični za cijeli raspon razlika

that make different people who we are.

koji čine različite ljudima onime što jesu.

So for example, have you ever noticed

Pa na primjer, jeste li primijetili

how some people get bitten by mosquitos way more often than others?

kako neke ljude komarci grizu puno češće nego druge?

It turns out that everyone's anecdotal experience out camping is actually true.

Ispada da je svačije anegdotalno iskustvo sa kampiranja zapravo istinito.

For example, I seldom get bitten by mosquitos,

Na primjer, mene rijetko grizu komarci,

but my partner Amanda attracts them in droves,

ali moja ih partnerica Amanda privlači u rojevima,

and the reason why is that we have different microbes on our skin

a razlog zašto je kako imamo različite mikrobe u našoj koži

that produce different chemicals that the mosquitos detect.

koji proizvode različite kemikalije koje komarac otkriva.

Now, microbes are also really important in the field of medicine.

Sad, mikrobi su također vrlo važni u polju medicine.

So, for example, what microbes you have in your gut

Tako, na primjer, koje mikrobe imate u crijevima

determine whether particular painkillers are toxic to your liver.

određuje točno koja sredstva protiv bolova su otrovna za vašu jetru.

They also determine whether or not other drugs will work for your heart condition.

Također određuju hoće li ili neće drugi lijekovi pomoći oko stanja vašeg srca.

And, if you're a fruit fly, at least,

A, barem ako ste vinska mušica,

your microbes determine who you want to have sex with.

vaši mikrobi određuju s kim želite imati seks.

We haven't demonstrated this in humans yet

Nismo to još dokazali na ljudima

but maybe it's just a matter of time before we find out. (Laughter)

ali možda je samo pitanje vremena prije nego otkrijemo. (Smijeh)

So microbes are performing a huge range of functions.

Dakle mikrobi izvode ogroman raspon uloga.

They help us digest our food.

Pomažu nam probaviti hranu.

They help educate our immune system.

Pomažu nam obrazovati imunološki sustav.

They help us resist disease,

Pomažu nam oduprijeti se bolestima,

and they may even be affecting our behavior.

a možda čak mogu utjecati na naše ponašanje.

So what would a map of all these microbial communities look like?

Pa kako bi mapa svih tih mikrobnih zajednica izgledala?

Well, it wouldn't look exactly like this,

Dobro, ne bi izgledala točno poput ovog,

but it's a helpful guide for understanding biodiversity.

ali to je koristan vodič za razumijevanje biološke raznolikosti.

Different parts of the world have different landscapes of organisms

Različiti dijelovi svijeta imaju različite pejzaže organizama

that are immediately characteristic of one place or another

koji su odmah svojstveni jednom mjestu ili drugom

or another.

ili drugom.

With microbiology, it's kind of the same, although I've got to be honest with you:

S mikrobiologijom, na neki je način isto, iako moram vam biti iskren:

All the microbes essentially look the same under a microscope.

Svi mikrobi u biti izgledaju isto pod mikroskopom.

So instead of trying to identify them visually,

Pa umjesto da ih pokušavamo identificirati vizualno,

what we do is we look at their DNA sequences,

što činimo je gledamo njihove slijedove DNA,

and in a project called the Human Microbiome Project,

a u projektu zvanom Projekt ljudskog mikrobioma,

NIH funded this $173 million project

Nacionalni instituti za zdravlje su financirali taj projekt od 137 mil. dolara

where hundreds of researchers came together

gdje se stotine istraživača sakupilo

to map out all the A's, T's, G's, and C's,

kako bi mapiralo sve A-ove, T-ove, G-ove i C-ove,

and all of these microbes in the human body.

i to sve od tih mikroba u ljudskom tijelu.

So when we take them together, they look like this.

Pa kad ih uzmemo zajedno, izgledaju ovako.

It's a bit more difficult to tell who lives where now, isn't it?

Sad je malo teže reći tko živi gdje, nije li?

What my lab does is develop computational techniques that allow us

Što moj laboratorij radi je razvija računalne tehnike koje nam omogućuju

to take all these terabytes of sequence data

da uzmemo sve te terabajte podataka iz slijedova

and turn them into something that's a bit more useful as a map,

i pretvorimo ih u nešto što je malo korisnije, poput mape,

and so when we do that with the human microbiome data

i tako dok to napravimo sa podacimo ljudskog mikrobioma

from 250 healthy volunteers,

od 250 zdravih dobrovoljaca,

it looks like this.

to izgleda nekako ovako.

Each point here represents all the complex microbes

Svaka točka ovdje predstavlja sve složene mikrobe

in an entire microbial community.

u cjelokupnoj mikrobijalnoj zajednici.

See, I told you they basically all look the same.

Vidite, rekao sam vam kako oni u osnovi svi izgledaju isto.

So what we're looking at is each point represents one microbial community

A ono što gledamo je svaka točka predstavlja jednu mikrobijalnu zajednicu

from one body site of one healthy volunteer.

sa jednog mjesta na tijelu jednog zdravog dobrovoljca.

And so you can see that there's different parts of the map in different colors,

I možete vidjeti kako su različiti dijelovi mape u različitim bojama,

almost like separate continents.

gotovo kao odvojeni kontinenti.

And what it turns out to be

A što ispada

is that those, as the different regions of the body,

je kako te, kao različite regije na tijelu,

have very different microbes in them.

sadrže vrlo različite mikrobe.

So what we have is we have the oral community up there in green.

Tako da što imamo je ima oralnu zajednicu tamo gore u zelenom

Over on the other side, we have the skin community in blue,

Preko na drugoj strani imam kožnu zajednicu u plavom,

the vaginal community in purple,

vaginalnu zajednicu u ljubičastom,

and then right down at the bottom, we have the fecal community in brown.

te potom točno dolje na dnu, imamo fekalnu zajednicu u smeđem.

And we've just over the last few years

A tek smo tijekom zadnjih nekoliko godina

found out that the microbes in different parts of the body

otkrili kako su mikrobi u različitim dijelovima tijela

are amazingly different from one another.

zapanjujuće različiti jedni od drugih.

So if I look at just one person's microbes

Pa ako pogledam samo na mikrobe neke osobe

in the mouth and in the gut,

u ustima i crijevima,

it turns out that the difference between those two microbial communities

ispada kako je razlika među tim mikrobijalnim zajednicama

is enormous.

ogromna.

It's bigger than the difference between the microbes in this reef

Veća je od razlike mikroba ovog grebena

and the microbes in this prairie.

i mikroba ove prerije.

So this is incredible when you think about it.

Tako da je nevjerojatno kad razmislite o tome.

What it means is that a few feet of difference in the human body

Što to znači je kako par desetaka centimetara razlike po ljudskom tijelu

makes more of a difference to your microbial ecology

čini više razlike vašoj mikrobijalnoj ekologiji

than hundreds of miles on Earth.

nego stotine milja po Zemlji.

And this is not to say that two people look basically the same

Ali to ne znači kako dvije osobe izgledaju u osnovi isto

in the same body habitat, either.

u staništu istog dijela tijela.

So you probably heard

Vjerojatno ste čuli

that we're pretty much all the same in terms of our human DNA.

kako smo poprilično isti u pogledu naše ljudske DNA.

You're 99.99 percent identical in terms of your human DNA

Vi ste 99,99 posto identični u pogledu vaše ljudske DNA

to the person sitting next to you.

osobi koja sjedi do vas.

But that's not true of your gut microbes:

Ali to nije tako kod mikroba crijeva:

you might only share 10 percent similarity

možete dijeliti samo 10 postotnu sličnost

with the person sitting next to you in terms of your gut microbes.

sa osobom koja sjedi do vas u pogledu crijevnih mikroba.

So that's as different as the bacteria on this prairie

A to je toliko različito koliko i bakterije ove prerije

and the bacteria in this forest.

od bakterija ove šume.

So these different microbes

Tako ti različiti mikrobi

have all these different kinds of functions that I told you about,

imaju sve te različite vrste uloga o kojima sam vam pričao

everything from digesting food

svašta od probavljanja hrane

to involvement in different kinds of diseases,

do uključenosti u različite vrste bolesti,

metabolizing drugs, and so forth.

preradi lijekova, i tako dalje.

So how do they do all this stuff?

Pa kako oni čine sve te stvari?

Well, in part it's because

Dobro, djelomično zato što

although there's just three pounds of those microbes in our gut,

iako je samo kilogram i pol tih mikroba u našem crijevu,

they really outnumber us.

zapravo nas nadmašuju u brojnosti.

And so how much do they outnumber us?

A koliko nas nadmašuju?

Well, it depends on what you think of as our bodies.

Pa, po to ovisi o tome što smatrate našim tijelima.

Is it our cells?

Jesu li ovo naše stanice?

Well, each of us consists of about 10 trillion human cells,

Svatko se od nas sastoji od 10 trilijuna ljudskih stanica,

but we harbor as many as 100 trillion microbial cells.

ali skrivamo i do 100 trilijuna mikrobijalnih stanica.

So they outnumber us 10 to one.

Tako da nas brojčano nadmašuju 10:1.

Now, you might think, well, we're human because of our DNA,

Sad, možete misliti, dobro, ljudi smo zbog naše DNA,

but it turns out that each of us has about 20,000 human genes,

ali ispada kako svatko od nas ima oko 20.000 ljudskih gena,

depending on what you count exactly,

ovisno o tome što točno računate,

but as many as two million to 20 million microbial genes.

ali od čak dva milijuna do 20 milijun mikrobijalnih gena.

So whichever way we look at it, we're vastly outnumbered

Tako da na koji god način da gledate, vrlo smo brojčano nadmašeni

by our microbial symbionts.

od strane naših mikrobijalnih simbionata.

And it turns out that in addition to traces of our human DNA,

A ispada kako u dodatku tragovima naše ljudske DNA,

we also leave traces of our microbial DNA

također ostavljamo tragove naše mikrobijalne DNA

on everything we touch.

na svemu što dotaknemo.

We showed in a study a few years ago

Pokazali smo u istraživanju prije nekoliko godina

that you can actually match the palm of someone's hand up

da se zapravo može spojiti dlan nečije ruke sa

to the computer mouse that they use routinely

računalnim mičem koji rutinski koristi

with up to 95 percent accuracy.

sa sigurnošću od 95 posto.

So this came out in a scientific journal a few years ago,

To je izašlo u znanstvenom časopisu prije nekoliko godina,

but more importantly, it was featured on "CSI: Miami,"

ali važnije, bilo je upotrebljeno u "CSI:Miami"

so you really know it's true.

tako da znate da je zbilja istina.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So where do our microbes come from in the first place?

A otkud uopće naši mikrobi dolaze?

Well if, as I do, you have dogs or kids,

Ako, kao ja, imate pse ili djecu,

you probably have some dark suspicions about that,

vjerojatno imate neke mračne sumnje o tome,

all of which are true, by the way.

koje su sve istinite, usput.

So just like we can match you to your computer equipment

Pa isto kako možemo spojiti vas i vašu računalnu opremu

by the microbes you share,

po mikrobima koje dijelite,

we can also match you up to your dog.

možemo vas spojiti i sa vašim psom.

But it turns out that in adults,

Ali ispada kako u odraslih,

microbial communities are relatively stable,

mikrobijalne su zajednice relativno stabilne,

so even if you live together with someone,

pa čak i ako živite zajedno s nekim,

you'll maintain your separate microbial identity

održat ćete svoje odvojene mikrobijalne identitete

over a period of weeks, months, even years.

kroz razdoblja tjedana, mjeseci, čak godina.

It turns out that our first microbial communities

Ispada kako naše prve mikrobijalne zajednice

depend a lot on how we're born.

puno ovise o načinu na koji smo rođeni.

So babies that come out the regular way,

Tako bebe koje izađu normalnim putem,

all of their microbes are basically like the vaginal community,

svi su njihovi mikrobi u osnovi poput vaginalne zajednice,

whereas babies that are delivered by C-section,

dok kod beba rođenih carskim rezom,

all of their microbes instead look like skin.

svi njihovi mikrobi izgledaju kao koža.

And this might be associated with some of the differences

A to može biti u vezi sa nekim razlikama

in health associated with Cesarean birth,

u zdravlju povezanih sa carskim rezom,

such as more asthma, more allergies, even more obesity,

poput više astme, više alergija, čak i više pretilosti,

all of which have been linked to microbes now,

što je sve bilo povezano sa mikrobima sada,

and when you think about it, until recently, every surviving mammal

a kad o tome razmislite, do nedavno, svaki je preživjeli sisavac

had been delivered by the birth canal,

bio porođen kroz porođajni kanal,

and so the lack of those protective microbes

tako da bi nedostatak tih zaštitinih mikroba

that we've co-evolved with might be really important

s kojima smo se surazvili mogao biti zbilja važan

for a lot of these different conditions that we now know involve the microbiome.

za puno tih različitih uvjeta za koje sada znamo kako utječu na mikrobiom.

When my own daughter was born a couple of years ago

Kad je moja vlastita kćer rođena prije nekoliko godina

by emergency C-section,

hitnim carskim rezom,

we took matters into our own hands

uzeli smo stvar u svoje ruke

and made sure she was coated with those vaginal microbes

i pobrinuli se da bude prekrivena tim vaginalnim mikrobima

that she would have gotten naturally.

koje bi dobila prirodno.

Now, it's really difficult to tell whether this has had an effect

Sad, zbilaj je teško reći je li to imalo utjecaja

on her health specifically, right?

baš na njeno zdravlje, jel tako?

With a sample size of just one child, no matter how much we love her,

Sa uzorkom veličine samo jednog djeteta, bez obzira koliko je voljeli,

you don't really have enough of a sample size

zapravo nemate dovoljnu veličinu uzorka

to figure out what happens on average,

da shvatite što se dešava u prosjeku,

but at two years old, she hasn't had an ear infection yet,

Ali sa dvije godine, još nije imala upalu uha,

so we're keeping our fingers crossed on that one.

pa držimo prekrižene prste da je to - to.

And what's more, we're starting to do clinical trials with more children

A još i više, počinjemo raditi klinička ispitivanja s više djece

to figure out whether this has a protective effect generally.

kako bi shvatili ako ovo ima općenit zaštitni učinak.

So how we're born has a tremendous effect on what microbes we have initially,

To kako smo rođeni ima ogroman učinak na koje mikrobe imamo u početku,

but where do we go after that?

ali gdje idemo nakon toga?

What I'm showing you again here is this map

Što vam ponovo ovdje pokazujem je mapa

of the Human Microbiome Project Data,

podataka Projekta ljudskog mikrobioma,

so each point represents a sample from one body site

pa svaka točka predstavlja uzorak s jednog mjesta na tijelu

from one of 250 healthy adults.

jednog od 250 zdravih odraslih.

And you've seen children develop physically.

Vidjeli ste djecu kako se razvijaju fizički.

You've seen them develop mentally.

Vidjeli ste ih kako se razvijaju mentalno.

Now, for the first time, you're going to see

Sada, po prvi put, vidjet ćete

one of my colleague's children develop microbially.

dijete jednog mog kolege kako se razvija mikrobijalno.

So what we are going to look at

Dakle ono što ćemo gledati

is we're going to look at this one baby's stool,

je gledati ćemo stolicu ove bebe,

the fecal community, which represents the gut,

fekalnu zajednicu, koja predstavlja crijevo,

sampled every week for almost two and a half years.

uzorkovanu svaki tjedan kroz gotovo dvije i pol godine.

And so we're starting on day one.

I tako krećemo od prvog dana.

What's going to happen is that the infant is going to start off as this yellow dot,

Što će se dogoditi je dijete će započeti kao ova žuta točka,

and you can see that he's starting off basically in the vaginal community,

i možete vidjeti kako kreće u osnovi iz vaginalne zajednice,

as we would expect from his delivery mode.

kako bismo i očekivali iz njegovog oblika poroda.

And what's going to happen over these two and a half years

A što će se dogoditi tijekom ovih dvije i pol godine

is that he's going to travel all the way down

je kako će otputovati cijelim putem dolje

to resemble the adult fecal community from healthy volunteers down at the bottom.

da odgovara odrasloj fekalnoj zajednici zdravih dobrovoljaca dolje na dnu.

So I'm just going to start this going and we'll see how that happens.

Samo ću pokrenuti ovo pa ćemo vidjeti kako se to dešava.

What you can see, and remember each step in this is just one week,

Što možete vidjeti, a zapamtite svaki je korak ovoga samo jedan tjedan,

what you can see is that week to week,

što možeti vidjeti je kako iz tjedna u tjedan,

the change in the microbial community of the feces of this one child,

promjene u mikrobijalnoj zajednici fekalija ovog djeteta,

the differences week to week are much greater

razlike iz tjedna u tjedan su puno veće

than the differences between individual healthy adults

nego razlike između pojedinih zdravih odraslih

in the Human Microbiome Project cohort,

u grupi uključenoj u Projekt ljudskog mikrobioma,

which are those brown dots down at the bottom.

koji su ove smeđe točke dolje na dnu.

And you can see he's starting to approach the adult fecal community.

I možete vidjeti kako se počeo približavati odrasloj fekalnoj zajednici.

This is up to about two years.

Ovdje smo na otprilke dvije godine.

But something amazing is about to happen here.

Ali nešto zapanjujuće će se dogoditi uskoro.

So he's getting antibiotics for an ear infection.

Dobija antibiotike radi upale uha.

What you can see is this huge change in the community,

Što možete vidjeti je ta ogromna promjena u zajednici,

followed by a relatively rapid recovery.

nakon koje slijedi relativno brz oporavak.

I'll just rewind that for you.

Premotat ću vam to.

And what we can see is that just over these few weeks,

A ono što vidim je kako samo tijekom tih nekoliko tjedana,

we have a much more radical change,

imamo puno korjenitiju promjenu,

a setback of many months of normal development,

Smetnja brojnim mjesecima normalnog razvoja,

followed by a relatively rapid recovery,

koju slijedi relativno brz oporavak.

and by the time he reaches day 838,

a do vremena kad dosegne dan 838,

which is the end of this video,

koji je kraj ovog videa,

you can see that he has essentially reached the healthy adult stool community,

možete vidjeti kako je u biti dosegao zdravu odraslu zajednicu u stolici,

despite that antibiotic intervention.

usprkos tom uplivu antibiotika.

So this is really interesting because it raises fundamental questions

Ovo je vrlo zanimljivo jer podiže temeljna pitanja

about what happens when we intervene at different ages in a child's life.

o tome što se događa kad se upletemo u različitim dobima djetetovog života.

So does what we do early on, where the microbiome is changing so rapidly,

Je li ono što činimo u ranoj dobi, gdje se mikrobiom mijenja tako brzo

actually matter,

zbilja nešto znači,

or is it like throwing a stone into a stormy sea,

ili je to poput bacanja kamena u olujno more,

where the ripples will just be lost?

gdje će mreškanje jednostavno nestati?

Well, fascinatingly, it turns out that if you give children antibiotics

Dobro, fascinantno, ispada da ako djeci date antibiotike

in the first six months of life,

u prvih šest mjeseci života,

they're more likely to become obese later on

veća je vjerojatnost da će kasnije postati pretili

than if they don't get antibiotics then or only get them later,

nego ako ne dobiju antibiotike tada ili ih dobiju kasnije,

and so what we do early on may have profound impacts

tako da što činimo u ranoj dobi može izvršiti značajne utjecaje

on the gut microbial community and on later health

na mikrobijalnu zajednicu crijeva i na kasnije zdravlje

that we're only beginning to understand.

koje tek počinjemo shvaćati.

So this is fascinating, because one day, in addition to the effects

Dakle ovo je očaravajuće jer jednog dana, u dodatku poslijedicama

that antibiotics have on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,

antibiotika na bakterije otporne na antibiotike,

which are very important,

koje su vrlo važne,

they may also be degrading our gut microbial ecosystems,

možda također slabe mikrobijalne ekosustave naših crijeva,

and so one day we may come to regard antibiotics with the same horror

pa ćemo se možda jednog dana odnositi prema antibioticima sa istom stravom

that we currently reserve for those metal tools

koju trenutno čuvamo za onaj metalni alat

that the Egyptians used to use to mush up the brains

koji su Egipćani koristili za usitnjavanje mozgova

before they drained them out for embalming.

prije nego bi ih izvukli tijekom balzamiranja.

So I mentioned that microbes have all these important functions,

Spomenuo sam kako mikrobi imaju sve te bitne uloge,

and they've also now, just over the past few years,

A također su sada, baš tijekom zadnjih nekoliko godina,

been connected to a whole range of different diseases,

bili povezani sa cijelim rasponom različitih bolesti,

including inflammatory bowel disease,

uključujući upalnu bolest crijeva,

heart disease, colon cancer,

srčane bolesti, rak debelog crijeva,

and even obesity.

i čak pretilost.

Obesity has a really large effect, as it turns out,

Pretilost ima zbilja veliku poveznicu, kako ispada,

and today, we can tell whether you're lean or obese

i danas, možemo reći jeste li mršav i ili pretili

with 90 percent accuracy

sa 90 postotnom točnošću

by looking at the microbes in your gut.

gledajući mikrobe vaših crijeva.

Now, although that might sound impressive,

Sad, iako to može zvučati upečatljivo,

in some ways it's a little bit problematic as a medical test,

na neki je način malo problematično kao medicinski test,

because you can probably tell which of these people is obese

jer vjerojatno možete reći koji su od tih ljudi pretili

without knowing anything about their gut microbes,

bez da znate išta o mikrobima njihovih crijeva,

but it turns out that even if we sequence their complete genomes

ali ispada da čak i kad bi izvukli potpune slijedove njihovih genoma

and had all their human DNA,

i imali sam njihov ljudski DNA,

we could only predict which one was obese with about 60 percent accuracy.

mogli bi predvidjeti koji je pretio sa samo oko 60 posto točnosti.

So that's amazing, right?

Tako da to je zapanjujuće, jel tako?

What it means that the three pounds of microbes that you carry around with you

Što to znači je kako kilogram i pol mikroba koje nosite uokolo sa sobom

may be more important for some health conditions

mogu biti važniji za neke zdravstvene prilike

than every single gene in your genome.

nego svaki pojedini gen vašeg genoma.

And then in mice, we can do a lot more.

A onda u miševa, možemo učiniti toliko toga više.

So in mice, microbes have been linked to all kinds of additional conditions,

U miševa, mikrobi su povezani sa svim vrstama dodatnih prilika,

including things like multiple sclerosis,

uključujući stvari poput multiple skleroze,

depression, autism, and again, obesity.

depresije, autizma, te ponovo, pretilosti.

But how can we tell whether these microbial differences

Ali kako možemo reći jesu li te mikrobijalne razlike

that correlate with disease are cause or effect?

koje uzajamno odgovaraju bolestima uzroci ili posljedice?

Well, one thing we can do is we can raise some mice

Dobro, jedna stvar koju možemo je možemo uzgojiti nešto miševa

without any microbes of their own in a germ-free bubble.

bez ikakvih vlastiti mikroba u mjehuru bez klica.

Then we can add in some microbes that we think are important,

Tad možemo dodati neke mikrobe za koje mislimo kako su važni,

and see what happens.

i gledati što se događa.

When we take the microbes from an obese mouse

Kad uzmemo mikrobe sa pretilog miša

and transplant them into a genetically normal mouse

i presadimo ih u genetski normalnog miša

that's been raised in a bubble with no microbes of its own,

koji je uzgojen u mjehuru bez vlastitih mikroba,

it becomes fatter than if it got them from a regular mouse.

postaje deblji nego ako ih dobije od običnog miša.

Why this happens is absolutely amazing, though.

Zašto se ovo događa je posve zapanjujuće, ipak.

Sometimes what's going on is that the microbes

Nekad je ono što se događa kako im mikrobi

are helping them digest food more efficiently from the same diet,

pomažu probaviti hranu učinkovitije iz iste prehrane,

so they're taking more energy from their food,

pa dobijaju više energije iz svoje hrane,

but other times, the microbes are actually affecting their behavior.

no u drugim slučajevima, mikrobi zapravo utječu na njihovo ponašanje.

What they're doing is they're eating more than the normal mouse,

Što čine je kako jedu više nego normalan miš,

so they only get fat if we let them eat as much as they want.

pa postaju debeli samo ako im pustimo da jedu onoliko koliko bi željeli.

So this is really remarkable, right?

Ovo je zbilja izvanredno, zar ne?

The implication is that microbes can affect mammalian behavior.

Ukazuje kako mikrobi mogu utjecati na ponašanje sisavaca.

So you might be wondering whether we can also do this sort of thing across species,

Pa se možda pitate možemo li učiniti ovakve stvari i među vrstama,

and it turns out that if you take microbes from an obese person

i ispada da ako uzmete mikrobe iz pretile osobe

and transplant them into mice you've raised germ-free,

i presadite ih u miševe koje ste uzgojili bez klica,

those mice will also become fatter

ti će miševi također postati deblji

than if they received the microbes from a lean person,

nego ako su primili klice iz mršave osobe,

but we can design a microbial community that we inoculate them with

ali možemo osmisliti mikrobijalnu zajednicu kojom ih možemo cijepiti

that prevents them from gaining this weight.

kako bismo spriječili takvo debljanje.

We can also do this for malnutrition.

To također možemo učiniti i sa pothranjenošću.

So in a project funded by the Gates Foundation,

Tako u projektu kojeg financira zaklada Gates,

what we're looking at is children in Malawi

što gledamo su djeca u Malawiju

who have kwashiorkor, a profound form of malnutrition,

koja imaju kvašiorkor, dubok oblik pothranjenosti,

and mice that get the kwashiorkor community transplanted into them

a miševi kojima usadimo zajednicu kvašiorkora

lose 30 percent of their body mass

izgube 30 posto tjelesne mase

in just three weeks,

u samo tri tjedna,

but we can restore their health by using the same peanut butter-based supplement

ali možemo im vratiti zdravlje koristeći taj isti dodatak temeljen na maslacu od kikirikija

that is used for the children in the clinic,

koji se koristi za djecu u klinici,

and the mice that receive the community

a miševi koji prime zajednicu

from the healthy identical twins of the kwashiorkor children do fine.

od zdravih identičnih blizanaca djece sa kvašiorkorom su u redu.

This is truly amazing because it suggests that we can pilot therapies

Ovo je zbilja zapanjujuće jer nagoviješta kako možemo provoditi terapije

by trying them out in a whole bunch of different mice

iskušavajući ih na čitavoj hrpi različitih miševa

with individual people's gut communities

sa crijevnim zajednicama pojedinih ljudi

and perhaps tailor those therapies all the way down to the individual level.

i možda krojiti te terapije sve do razine pojedinca.

So I think it's really important that everyone has a chance

Mislim kako je zbilja važno da svatko ima priliku

to participate in this discovery.

sudjelovati u ovom otkriću-

So, a couple of years ago,

Tako, prije par godina,

we started this project called American Gut,

počeli smo ovaj projekt nazvan Američko crijevo,

which allows you to claim a place for yourself on this microbial map.

koji vam omogućuje da zauzmete mjesto za sebe na ovoj mikrobijalnoj mapi.

This is now the largest crowd-funded science project that we know of --

To je sada najveći grupno financirani znanstveni projekt za koji znamo --

over 8,000 people have signed up at this point.

preko 8.000 ljudi je potpisalo do sada.

What happens is, they send in their samples,

Što se događa jest, oni pošalju svoje uzorke,

we sequence the DNA of their microbes and then release the results back to them.

mi izvučemo slijedove DNA njihovih mikroba te im potom šaljemo rezultate nazad.

We also release them, de-identified, to scientists, to educators,

Također ih šaljemo, lišene identiteta, znanstvenicima, prosvjetiteljima,

to interested members of the general public, and so forth,

zainteresiranim članovima šire javnosti, i tako dalje,

so anyone can have access to the data.

tako da svatko može imati pristup podacima.

On the other hand,

U drugu ruku,

when we do tours of our lab at the BioFrontiers Institute,

kada radimo obilaske našeg laboratorija u institutu Biofrontiers,

and we explain that we use robots and lasers to look at poop,

i objasnimo da koristimo robote i lasere kako bi gledali u kakicu,

it turns out that not everyone wants to know.

ispada kako to ne želi znati svatko.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But I'm guessing that many of you do,

Ali nagađam da puno vas želi,

and so I brought some kits here if you're interested

pa sam donio nešto opreme ovdje ako vas zanima

in trying this out for yourself.

da je i sami iskušate.

So why might we want to do this?

Dakle zašto bismo mogli željeti ovo?

Well, it turns out that microbes are not just important

Pa, ispada kako mikrobi nisu samo važni

for finding out where we are in terms of our health,

za otkrivanje gdje smo u pogledu zdravlja,

but they can actually cure disease.

već i da zapravo mogu liječiti bolesti.

This is one of the newest things we've been able to visualize

Ovo je jedna od najnovijih stvari koje smo bili u stanju vizualizirati

with colleagues at the University of Minnesota.

sa kolegama sa Sveučilišta Minnesote.

So here's that map of the human microbiome again.

Dakle eto mape ljudskog mikrobioma ponovo.

What we're looking at now --

Što gledamo trenutno --

I'm going to add in the community of some people with C. diff.

Dodat ću zajednicu nekih ljudi sa C. diff.

So, this is a terrible form of diarrhea

Dakle, to je strašan oblik proljeva

where you have to go up to 20 times a day,

gdje morate ići do 20 puta dnevno,

and these people have failed antibiotic therapy for two years

a ovi ljudi nisu koristili terapiju antibioticima kroz dvije godine

before they're eligible for this trial.

prije nego što su postali kvalificirani za ovu probu.

So what would happen if we transplanted some of the stool from a healthy donor,

Dakle što bi se dogodilo ako bi presadili nešto stolice iz zdravog davaoca,

that star down at the bottom,

one zvijezde dolje na dnu,

into these patients.

u ove pacijente.

Would the good microbes do battle with the bad microbes

Bi li se dobri mikrobi borili sa lošim mikrobima

and help to restore their health?

i pomogli im vratiti zdravlje?

So let's watch exactly what happens there.

Pa pogledajmo točno što se tamo događa.

Four of those patients are about to get a transplant

Četirima od tih pacijenata će upravo biti presađen uzorak

from that healthy donor at the bottom,

od zdravog davaoca na dnu,

and what you can see is that immediately,

a što možete vidjeti je kako odmah,

you have this radical change in the gut community.

imate tu temeljitu promjenu u zajednici crijeva.

So one day after you do that transplant,

Dakle jedan dan nakon što izvršite presađivanje,

all those symptoms clear up,

svi se ti simptomi raščiste,

the diarrhea vanishes,

proljev nestaje,

and they're essentially healthy again, coming to resemble the donor's community,

i ona je u biti ponovno zdrava, počinje nalikovati na davateljevu zajednicu

and they stay there.

i ostaje takva.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

So we're just at the beginning of this discovery.

Tek smo na početku ovog otkrića.

We're just finding out that microbes have implications

Tek otkrivamo da mikrobi utječu

for all these different kinds of diseases,

na sve te različite vrste bolesti,

ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to obesity,

od upalne bolesti crijeva do pretilosti,

and perhaps even autism and depression.

te možda i autizma te depresije.

What we need to do, though,

Što trebamo uraditi, ipak,

is we need to develop a kind of microbial GPS,

moramo razviti nešto kao mikrobijalni GPS,

where we don't just know where we are currently

gdje nije da samo znamo gdje smo trenutno

but also where we want to go and what we need to do

nego i gdje želimo stići i što trebamo učiniti

in order to get there,

kako bismo tamo i stigli,

and we need to be able to make this simple enough

i moramo biti u stanju učiniti to dovoljno jednostavnim

that even a child can use it. (Laughter)

da ga čak i dijete može koristiti. (Smijeh)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Pljesak)

(Applause)