Michael Green: Why we should build wooden skyscrapers

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Ivana Korom

This is my grandfather.

Ovo je moj deda.

And this is my son.

A ovo je moj sin.

My grandfather taught me to work with wood

Deda me je naučio da radim sa drvetom

when I was a little boy,

kad sam bio mali dečak

and he also taught me the idea that

i takođe me je naučio ideji

if you cut down a tree to turn it into something,

da ako isečeš drvo da bi ga pretvorio u nešto,

honor that tree's life and make it as beautiful

poštuj život tog drveta i napravi to

as you possibly can.

najlepše što možeš.

My little boy reminded me

Moj dečak me podseća

that for all the technology and all the toys in the world,

da za svu tehnologiju i sve igračke na svetu,

sometimes just a small block of wood,

ponekad samo mali komad drveta,

if you stack it up tall,

ako ga naslažeš u visinu

actually is an incredibly inspiring thing.

u stvari je neverovatno inspirativna stvar.

These are my buildings.

Ovo su moje zgrade.

I build all around the world

Gradim širom sveta

out of our office in Vancouver and New York.

iz naše kancelarije u Vankuveru i Njujorku.

And we build buildings of different sizes and styles

Gradimo zgrade raznih veličina i stilova

and different materials, depending on where we are.

i od različitih materijala, u zavisnosti od toga gde smo.

But wood is the material that I love the most,

Ali drvo je materijal koji najviše volim

and I'm going to tell you the story about wood.

i ispričaću vam priču o drvetu.

And part of the reason I love it is that every time

Deo razloga zašto ga volim je taj što svaki put

people go into my buildings that are wood,

kad ljudi uđu u moje zgrade koje su od drveta,

I notice they react completely differently.

primetim da reaguju potpuno drugačije.

I've never seen anybody walk into one of my buildings

Nikad nisam video da neko uđe u neku od mojih zgrada

and hug a steel or a concrete column,

i zagrli čelični ili betonski stub,

but I've actually seen that happen in a wood building.

ali sam video to u zgradama od drveta.

I've actually seen how people touch the wood,

Video sam ljude kako dodiruju drvo

and I think there's a reason for it.

i mislim da postoji razlog za to.

Just like snowflakes, no two pieces of wood

Isto kao i snežne pahuljice, ni dva komada drveta

can ever be the same anywhere on Earth.

nikada i nigde na Zemlji ne mogu biti isti.

That's a wonderful thing.

To je divna stvar.

I like to think that wood

Sviđa mi se da mislim da drvo

gives Mother Nature fingerprints in our buildings.

ostavlja otiske prstiju Majke prirode na našim zgradama.

It's Mother Nature's fingerprints that make

Otisci prstiju Majke prirode su ti koji čine

our buildings connect us to nature in the built environment.

da nas naše zgrade povežu s prirodom u okruženju napravljenom ljudskom rukom.

Now, I live in Vancouver, near a forest

Živim u Vankuveru, pored šume

that grows to 33 stories tall.

koja raste do visine zgrade od 33 sprata.

Down the coast here in California, the redwood forest

Uz obalu ovde u Kaliforniji šuma sekvoje

grows to 40 stories tall.

raste do visine od 40 spratova.

But the buildings that we think about in wood

Ali zgrade od drveta na koje mislimo

are only four stories tall in most places on Earth.

su visoke samo četiri sprata na većini mesta na Zemlji.

Even building codes actually limit the ability for us to build

I pravila gradnje u stvari ograničavaju našu mogućnost da gradimo

much taller than four stories in many places,

zgrade mnogo više od četiri sprata na mnogim mestima

and that's true here in the United States.

i to je tako i ovde u Sjedinjenim Državama.

Now there are exceptions,

Postoje izuzeci,

but there needs to be some exceptions,

ali i potrebno je da postoje izuzeci

and things are going to change, I'm hoping.

i stvari će se promeniti, nadam se.

And the reason I think that way is that

Razlog zbog čega tako mislim je taj

today half of us live in cities,

što danas polovina nas živi u gradovima

and that number is going to grow to 75 percent.

i taj broj će porasti do 75 procenata.

Cities and density mean that our buildings

Gradovi i gustina znače da će naše zgrade

are going to continue to be big,

i dalje biti velike

and I think there's a role for wood to play in cities.

i mislim da postoji uloga koju drvo može da odigra u gradu.

And I feel that way because three billion people

Mislim tako jer će za tri milijarde ljudi

in the world today, over the next 20 years,

u svetu danas, za 20 godina,

will need a new home.

biti potreban novi dom.

That's 40 percent of the world that are going to need

To je 40 posto sveta kojem će biti potrebna

nova zgrada izgrađena za njih u sledećih 20 godina.

a new building built for them in the next 20 years.

Now, one in three people living in cities today

Jedan od tri čoveka koji živi u gradovima danas,

actually live in a slum.

u stvari živi u sirotinjskom kraju.

That's one billion people in the world live in slums.

To je milijardu ljudi u svetu koji žive u sirotinjskim krajevima.

A hundred million people in the world are homeless.

Sto miliona ljudi u svetu su beskućnici.

The scale of the challenge for architects

Veličina izazova sa kojim se suočavaju

and for society to deal with in building

arhitekte i društvo u graditeljstvu

is to find a solution to house these people.

je u tome da nađu rešenje da udome ove ljude.

But the challenge is, as we move to cities,

Ali izazov je, kako se selimo u gradove,

cities are built in these two materials,

oni su sagrađeni od dva materijala:

steel and concrete, and they're great materials.

čelika i betona i to su sjajni materijali.

They're the materials of the last century.

To su materijali poslednjeg stoleća.

But they're also materials with very high energy

Ali to su takođe materijali sa veoma velikom energijom

and very high greenhouse gas emissions in their process.

i veoma velikom emisijom gasova staklene bašte u svom procesu.

Steel represents about three percent

Čelik predstavlja oko 3 procenta

of man's greenhouse gas emissions,

čovekovih emisija gasa staklene bašte,

and concrete is over five percent.

a beton preko 5 procenata.

So if you think about that, eight percent

Ako razmislite o tome, osam procenata

of our contribution to greenhouse gases today

našeg doprinosa gasovima staklene bašte danas

comes from those two materials alone.

dolazi samo od ova dva materijala.

We don't think about it a lot, and unfortunately,

Mi ne mislimo mnogo o tome i nažalost,

we actually don't even think about buildings, I think,

ne mislimo čak ni o zgradama, ja mislim,

as much as we should.

onoliko koliko bi trebalo.

This is a U.S. statistic about the impact of greenhouse gases.

Ovo je statistika SAD o uticaju gasova staklene bašte.

Almost half of our greenhouse gases are related to the building industry,

Skoro polovina naših gasova staklene bašte je u vezi sa građevinarstvom

and if we look at energy, it's the same story.

i ako pogledamo energiju, ista je priča.

You'll notice that transportation's sort of second down that list,

Videćete da je prevoz na drugom mestu te liste,

but that's the conversation we mostly hear about.

ali to je nešto što uglavnom čujemo.

And although a lot of that is about energy,

Iako puno toga zavisi od energije,

it's also so much about carbon.

takođe puno zavisi i od ugljenika

The problem I see is that, ultimately,

Problem kako ga ja vidim je u tome da, konačno,

the clash of how we solve that problem

sudaranje načina na koje rešavamo taj problem

of serving those three billion people that need a home,

opsluživanja tri milijarde ljudi kojima treba dom

and climate change, are a head-on collision

i klimatskih promena, je čeoni sudar

about to happen, or already happening.

koji treba da se dogodi ili se već događa.

That challenge means that we have to start thinking in new ways,

Taj izazov znači da treba da počnemo da razmišljamo na nove načine

and I think wood is going to be part of that solution,

i mislim da će drvo biti deo tog rešenja

and I'm going to tell you the story of why.

i ispričaću vam zašto.

As an architect, wood is the only material,

Kao arhitekti, drvo je jedini materijal,

big material, that I can build with

veliki materijal, sa kojim mogu da gradim,

that's already grown by the power of the sun.

koji je izrastao uz pomoć sunčeve energije.

When a tree grows in the forest and gives off oxygen

Kada drvo raste u šumi i ispušta kiseonik

and soaks up carbon dioxide,

i apsorbuje ugljen-dioksid

and it dies and it falls to the forest floor,

i umre i padne na šumsko tlo,

it gives that carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere or into the ground.

ono vraća ugljen-dioksid u atmosferu ili u zemlju.

If it burns in a forest fire, it's going to give that carbon

Ako izgori u šumskom požaru, takođe će vratiti taj ugljenik

back to the atmosphere as well.

nazad u atmosferu.

But if you take that wood and you put it into a building

Ali ako uzmete to drvo i napravite od njega zgradu

or into a piece of furniture or into that wooden toy,

ili komad nameštaja ili drvenu igračku,

it actually has an amazing capacity

ono u stvari ima neverovatnu sposobnost

to store the carbon and provide us with a sequestration.

da skladišti ugljenik i omogućava nam njegovo oduzimanje.

One cubic meter of wood will store

Jedan kubni metar drveta će uskladištiti

one tonne of carbon dioxide.

jednu tonu ugljen-dioksida.

Now our two solutions to climate are obviously

Naša dva rešenja za klimu su, očigledno,

to reduce our emissions and find storage.

da smanjimo emisije i nađemo skladište.

Wood is the only major material building material

Drvo je jedini od glavnih materijala za gradnju

sa kojim mogu da gradim i koji radi obe ove stvari.

I can build with that actually does both those two things.

So I believe that we have

Verujem da imamo

an ethic that the Earth grows our food,

moralni princip da nam Zemlja daje hranu

and we need to move to an ethic in this century

i u ovom veku moramo da pređemo na moralni princip

that the Earth should grow our homes.

da nam Zemlja daje domove.

Now, how are we going to do that

A kako ćemo to da uradimo

when we're urbanizing at this rate

kada sprovodimo urbanizaciju ovim tempom

and we think about wood buildings only at four stories?

i razmišljamo samo o drvenim zrgadama od četiri sprata?

We need to reduce the concrete and steel and we need

Treba da smanjimo beton i čelik

to grow bigger, and what we've been working on

i da gradimo više zgrade i ono na čemu radimo

su zgrade od drveta od 30 spratova

is 30-story tall buildings made of wood.

We've been engineering them with an engineer

Projektujemo ih sa inženjerom

named Eric Karsh who works with me on it,

po imenu Erik Karš koji radi sa mnom na tome

and we've been doing this new work because

i radimo ovaj novi posao

there are new wood products out there for us to use,

jer postoje novi proizvodi od drveta koje možemo da koristimo

and we call them mass timber panels.

i zovemo ih masovne drvene ploče.

These are panels made with young trees,

Ove ploče su napravljene od mladog drveća,

small growth trees, small pieces of wood

niskog drveća, malih komada drveta

glued together to make panels that are enormous:

zalepljenih jedan za drugi da bi formirali ploče koje su ogromne:

eight feet wide, 64 feet long, and of various thicknesses.

2.5 metra široke, 19.5 metara dugačke i raznih debljina.

The way I describe this best, I've found, is to say

Način na koji najbolje mogu da opišem ovo, je taj

that we're all used to two-by-four construction

da smo svi navikli na gradnju 2 puta 4

kada mislimo o drvetu.

when we think about wood.

To je ono što ljudi preuranjeno zaključuju.

That's what people jump to as a conclusion.

Two-by-four construction is sort of like the little

Gradnja 2 puta 4 je nešto kao

eight-dot bricks of Lego that we all played with as kids,

male Lego kocke sa 8 tačaka sa kojima smo se svi igrali kao deca

i možete napraviti razne super stvari od Lego kocki

and you can make all kinds of cool things out of Lego

at that size, and out of two-by-fours.

te veličine i od kocki 2 puta 4.

But do remember when you were a kid,

Ali setite se kad ste bili deca

and you kind of sifted through the pile in your basement,

i pretraživali gomilu u vašem podrumu

i nalazili veliku Lego kocku od 24 tačke

and you found that big 24-dot brick of Lego,

and you were kind of like,

i rekli biste nešto kao:

"Cool, this is awesome. I can build something really big,

"Super, ovo je sjajno. Mogu da sagradim nešto baš veliko

and this is going to be great."

i biće super."

That's the change.

To je ta promena.

Mass timber panels are those 24-dot bricks.

Masovne drvene ploče su te kocke od 24 tačke.

They're changing the scale of what we can do,

One menjaju razmeru onoga što možemo da uradimo

and what we've developed is something we call FFTT,

i ono što smo razvili, je nešto što zovemo FFTT,

which is a Creative Commons solution

što je rešenje "Creative Commons"-a

to building a very flexible system

za izgradnju veoma fleksibilnog sistema

of building with these large panels where we tilt up

gradnje sa ovim velikim pločama gde možemo da gradimo

six stories at a time if we want to.

šest spratova odjednom, ako hoćemo.

This animation shows you how the building goes together

Ova animacija vam pokazuje kako se zgrada sklapa

in a very simple way, but these buildings are available

na vrlo jednostavan način, ali ove zgrade su sada dostupne

for architects and engineers now to build on

arhitektama i inženjerima da grade

for different cultures in the world,

za različite kulture u svetu,

different architectural styles and characters.

različite arhitektonske stilove i karaktere.

In order for us to build safely,

Da bismo gradili bezbedno

we've engineered these buildings, actually,

projektovali smo ove zgrade

to work in a Vancouver context,

da funkcionišu u okolnostima Vankuvera,

where we're a high seismic zone,

gde smo u visoko trusnoj oblasti,

even at 30 stories tall.

čak 30 spratova u visinu.

Now obviously, every time I bring this up,

Očigledno, svaki put kad pomenem ovo,

people even, you know, here at the conference, say,

čak i ovde na konferenciji, ljudi kažu:

"Are you serious? Thirty stories? How's that going to happen?"

"Jesi li ozbiljan? Trideset spratova? Kako ćeš to da uradiš?"

And there's a lot of really good questions that are asked

A ima puno stvarno dobrih i važnih pitanja koja postavljaju

and important questions that we spent quite a long time

i za koja provedemo puno vremena

working on the answers to as we put together

smišljajući odgovore, dok sastavljamo

our report and the peer reviewed report.

naš izveštaj i reviziju izveštaja kolega.

I'm just going to focus on a few of them,

Fokusiraću se na nekoliko njih

and let's start with fire, because I think fire

i da počnemo sa vatrom, jer mislim da je vatra

is probably the first one that you're all thinking about right now.

verovatno prvo o čemu svi razmišljate sada.

To je u redu.

Fair enough.

And the way I describe it is this.

Način na koji to opisujem je ovaj.

If I asked you to take a match and light it

Ako vas zamolim da uzmete šibicu i zapalite je

and hold up a log and try to get that log to go on fire,

i držite cepanicu i pokušate da je zapalite,

it doesn't happen, right? We all know that.

to se ne dešava, zar ne? Svi to znamo.

But to build a fire, you kind of start with small pieces

Da biste zapalili vatru, počinjete od malih komada drveta

of wood and you work your way up,

i raspaljujete je

and eventually you can add the log to the fire,

i posle nekog vremena možete da stavite cepanicu na vatru

and when you do add the log to the fire, of course,

i kad ste je stavili, naravno,

ona gori, ali gori polako.

it burns, but it burns slowly.

Well, mass timber panels, these new products

Masovne drvene ploče, ovi novi proizvodi

that we're using, are much like the log.

koje koristimo, su prilično iste kao cepanice.

It's hard to start them on fire, and when they do,

Teško je zapaliti ih, a kada se zapale

they actually burn extraordinarily predictably,

u stvari gore neobično predvidivo

and we can use fire science in order to predict

i možemo upotrebiti nauku o vatri da bismo predvideli

and make these buildings as safe as concrete

i učinili ove zgrade sigurnim kao betonske

and as safe as steel.

i čelične.

The next big issue, deforestation.

Sledeći veliki problem, seča šuma.

Eighteen percent of our contribution

18 procenata naše zasluge

to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide

za emisije gasova staklene bašte širom sveta

is the result of deforestation.

je rezultat seče šuma.

The last thing we want to do is cut down trees.

Poslednje što želimo je da sečemo drveće.

Or, the last thing we want to do is cut down the wrong trees.

Ili poslednje što želimo je da sečemo pogrešno drveće.

There are models for sustainable forestry

Postoje modeli održivog šumarstva

that allow us to cut trees properly,

koji nam omogućavaju da sečemo drveće kako treba

and those are the only trees appropriate

i to je jedino drveće pogodno

to use for these kinds of systems.

za upotrebu u ovakvim sistemima.

Now I actually think that these ideas

Mislim da će ove ideje

will change the economics of deforestation.

promeniti ekonomiju seče šuma.

In countries with deforestation issues,

U zemljama sa problemima sa sečom šuma

we need to find a way to provide

moramo da nađemo način da obezbedimo

better value for the forest

veću vrednost šumama

and actually encourage people to make money

i podstaknemo ljude da zarađuju novac

through very fast growth cycles --

kroz vrlo brze cikluse rasta -

10-, 12-, 15-year-old trees that make these products

10, 12, 15 godina staro drveće koje čini ove proizvode

and allow us to build at this scale.

i omogućava nam da gradimo u ovoj meri.

We've calculated a 20-story building:

Napravili smo proračun za zgradu od 20 spratova.

We'll grow enough wood in North America every 13 minutes.

Uzgajaćemo dovoljno drveta u Severnoj Americi svakih 13 minuta.

That's how much it takes.

Toliko je potrebno.

The carbon story here is a really good one.

Priča sa ugljenikom ovde je stvarno dobra.

If we built a 20-story building out of cement and concrete,

Da smo izgradili zgradu od cementa i betona,

the process would result in the manufacturing

taj proces bi rezultirao proizvodnjom

of that cement and 1,200 tonnes of carbon dioxide.

tog cementa i 1.200 tona ugljen-dioksida.

If we did it in wood, in this solution,

Da smo je izgradili od drveta, u ovom rešenju,

we'd sequester about 3,100 tonnes,

oduzeli bismo oko 3.100 tona

for a net difference of 4,300 tonnes.

za neto razliku od 4.300 tona.

That's the equivalent of about 900 cars

Ekvivalent tome je 900 automobila

removed from the road in one year.

sklonjenih sa puteva za godinu dana.

Think back to that three billion people

Pomislite na onih 3 milijarde ljudi

that need a new home,

kojima treba novi dom

and maybe this is a contributor to reducing.

i možda će ovo doprineti smanjenju.

We're at the beginning of a revolution, I hope,

Na početku smo revolucije, nadam se,

in the way we build, because this is the first new way

u načinu na koji gradimo, jer ovo je prvi novi način

za gradnju oblakodera u verovatno 100 godina ili više.

to build a skyscraper in probably 100 years or more.

But the challenge is changing society's perception

Ali promeniti percepciju društva o mogućnostima

of possibility, and it's a huge challenge.

je izazov i to veliki.

The engineering is, truthfully, the easy part of this.

Gradnja je, iskreno, lakši deo ovoga.

And the way I describe it is this.

Ja to ovako opisujem.

The first skyscraper, technically --

Prvi oblakoder, tehički -

and the definition of a skyscraper is 10 stories tall, believe it or not —

a po definiciji oblakoder je zgrada od 10 spratova, verovali ili ne -

but the first skyscraper was this one in Chicago,

prvi oblakoder je bio ovaj u Čikagu

i ljudi su se plašili da prođu ispod ove zgrade.

and people were terrified to walk underneath this building.

But only four years after it was built,

Ali samo četiri godine kasnije

Gustave Eiffel was building the Eiffel Tower,

Gustav Ajfel je gradio Ajfelov toranj

and as he built the Eiffel Tower,

i kako ga je sagradio,

he changed the skylines of the cities of the world,

tako je promenio horizonte gradova sveta,

changed and created a competition

promenio i stvorio konkurenciju

between places like New York City and Chicago,

između mesta kao što su Njujork i Čikago

where developers started building bigger and bigger buildings

gde su graditelji počeli da prave sve veće zgrade

i da pomeraju granicu visine

and pushing the envelope up higher and higher

with better and better engineering.

sa sve boljim graditeljstvom.

We built this model in New York, actually,

Napravili smo ovaj model u Njujorku

as a theoretical model on the campus

kao teoretski model studentskog grada

of a technical university soon to come,

tehničkog univerziteta koji se osniva

and the reason we picked this site

i razlog što smo izabrali ovu lokaciju

to just show you what these buildings may look like,

je da vam pokažemo kako ove zgrade mogu da izgledaju

because the exterior can change.

jer spoljašnjost može da se menja.

It's really just the structure that we're talking about.

U stvari samo govorimo o strukturi.

The reason we picked it is because this is a technical university,

Razlog što smo ga izabrali je taj što je ovo tehnički univerzitet

and I believe that wood is the most

i verujem da je drvo

technologically advanced material I can build with.

tehnološki najnapredniji materijal sa kojim mogu da gradim.

It just happens to be that Mother Nature holds the patent,

Slučajno Majka priroda drži patent

and we don't really feel comfortable with it.

i ne osećamo se prijatno zbog toga.

But that's the way it should be,

Ali tako treba da bude,

nature's fingerprints in the built environment.

otisci prstiju prirode u okruženju stvorenom ljudskom rukom.

I'm looking for this opportunity

Tražim mogućnost

to create an Eiffel Tower moment, we call it.

da ostvarim "momenat Ajfelovog tornja", koko to zovemo.

Buildings are starting to go up around the world.

Zgrade počinju da niču širom sveta.

There's a building in London that's nine stories,

Postoji zgrada u Londonu od devet spratova,

a new building that just finished in Australia

nova zgrada, tek završena, u Australiji

that I believe is 10 or 11.

koja ima, ja mislim, 10 ili 11.

We're starting to push the height up of these wood buildings,

Počinjemo da podižemo visinu ovih drvenih zgrada

and we're hoping, and I'm hoping,

i nadamo se i ja se nadam

that my hometown of Vancouver actually potentially

da će moj grad Vankuver možda

announces the world's tallest at around 20 stories

objaviti najvišu zgradu na svetu od oko 20 spratova

in the not-so-distant future.

u ne tako dalekoj budućnosti.

That Eiffel Tower moment will break the ceiling,

Taj "momenat Ajfelovog tornja" će probiti plafon,

these arbitrary ceilings of height,

taj proizvoljni plafon visine

and allow wood buildings to join the competition.

i omogućiti drvenim zgradama da uđu u trku.

And I believe the race is ultimately on.

I mislim da je trka konačno počela.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)