Michael Green: Why we should build wooden skyscrapers

翻译人员: Fen Guan 校对人员: Ellen Tung

This is my grandfather.

这是我的爷爷

And this is my son.

这是我的儿子

My grandfather taught me to work with wood

我爷爷教了我做木工活儿

when I was a little boy,

在我还是个小男孩的时候

and he also taught me the idea that

他还教给我这样一个观念：

if you cut down a tree to turn it into something,

如果你砍下一棵树要把它做成什么东西，

honor that tree's life and make it as beautiful

尊重这棵树的生命，并且尽可能

as you possibly can.

把这个东西做得漂亮

My little boy reminded me

我的儿子让我想到

that for all the technology and all the toys in the world,

世界上所有的技术，所有的玩具

sometimes just a small block of wood,

甚至有时候就一小块木头

if you stack it up tall,

如果你把它堆高

actually is an incredibly inspiring thing.

就会变成不可思议的振奋人心的事

These are my buildings.

这些是我的建筑作品

I build all around the world

我建造的房屋遍布世界

out of our office in Vancouver and New York.

它们都来自我们在温哥华和纽约的工作室

And we build buildings of different sizes and styles

我们建造不同大小，不同风格的房子

and different materials, depending on where we are.

用不同的材料，看我们在哪儿造房子

But wood is the material that I love the most,

但是木头是我最喜爱的材料

and I'm going to tell you the story about wood.

接下来我会和你们说说木头的故事

And part of the reason I love it is that every time

我喜欢木头的部分原因是每次

people go into my buildings that are wood,

人们走进我用木头造的房子时

I notice they react completely differently.

我注意到他们的反应是完全不同于走进其他房子的

I've never seen anybody walk into one of my buildings

我从未见过任何人走进我的建筑

and hug a steel or a concrete column,

拥抱钢筋或水泥柱

but I've actually seen that happen in a wood building.

但是我看过他们拥抱木材建筑

I've actually seen how people touch the wood,

我亲眼看过人们触摸那些木头

and I think there's a reason for it.

我认为这是有原因的

Just like snowflakes, no two pieces of wood

就想雪花一样，地球上任何地方

can ever be the same anywhere on Earth.

没有两块木头是一样的

That's a wonderful thing.

这太奇妙了！

I like to think that wood

我想木头

gives Mother Nature fingerprints in our buildings.

让我们的房子有大自然的印记

It's Mother Nature's fingerprints that make

建筑的自然特征

our buildings connect us to nature in the built environment.

把我们和自然结合在人为建筑环境里

Now, I live in Vancouver, near a forest

现在，我住在温哥华，靠近

that grows to 33 stories tall.

33层楼高的树林

Down the coast here in California, the redwood forest

沿着海岸到加利福尼亚，红木林

grows to 40 stories tall.

长到40层楼高

But the buildings that we think about in wood

但是全球用木头做的建筑

are only four stories tall in most places on Earth.

大多数只有四层高

Even building codes actually limit the ability for us to build

尽管在很多地方，建筑规则限制了我们

much taller than four stories in many places,

建超过四层高

and that's true here in the United States.

美国就是如此

Now there are exceptions,

现在对此有一些异议

but there needs to be some exceptions,

但的确需要有异议

and things are going to change, I'm hoping.

和要改变的事，我希望

And the reason I think that way is that

我这样想是因为

today half of us live in cities,

今天有一半的人住在城市

and that number is going to grow to 75 percent.

但将来一半会增到75%

Cities and density mean that our buildings

城市和人口密度的增加意味着我们的建筑

are going to continue to be big,

将来依然会很大

and I think there's a role for wood to play in cities.

而我认为木头在城市必不可少

And I feel that way because three billion people

我这样认为是因为想到当今世界的30亿人

in the world today, over the next 20 years,

在20年后

will need a new home.

将需要新的家

That's 40 percent of the world that are going to need

就是说全球40%人口

在20年内需要新的房子

a new building built for them in the next 20 years.

Now, one in three people living in cities today

现在，事实上有1/3住在城市的人

actually live in a slum.

是住在贫民窟

That's one billion people in the world live in slums.

相当于全球有10亿人住在贫民窟

A hundred million people in the world are homeless.

而世界上还有一亿人是无家可归的

The scale of the challenge for architects

建筑师和社会要面对的

and for society to deal with in building

巨大建筑挑战

is to find a solution to house these people.

是为这些人找到安身之处

But the challenge is, as we move to cities,

但我们迁移到城市的挑战是

cities are built in these two materials,

城市是由两种材料构成的

steel and concrete, and they're great materials.

钢筋和混凝土，这些是很好的材料

They're the materials of the last century.

它们是上个世纪最伟大的材料

But they're also materials with very high energy

但这些材料在生产中也有很高的能源消耗

and very high greenhouse gas emissions in their process.

和温室气体排放量

Steel represents about three percent

钢筋占了3%的

of man's greenhouse gas emissions,

人类温室气体排放量

and concrete is over five percent.

混凝土占了超过5%

So if you think about that, eight percent

所以这样算的话，现在

of our contribution to greenhouse gases today

我们产生温室气体中的8%

comes from those two materials alone.

仅来自于这两种材料

We don't think about it a lot, and unfortunately,

我们不怎么这样思考，更不幸的是

we actually don't even think about buildings, I think,

我认为，我们甚至根本没把建筑

as much as we should.

放在眼里

This is a U.S. statistic about the impact of greenhouse gases.

这是关于温室气体效应在美国的统计

Almost half of our greenhouse gases are related to the building industry,

几乎一半的的温室气体和建筑业有关

and if we look at energy, it's the same story.

在能源方面也是同样

You'll notice that transportation's sort of second down that list,

你会发现，交通运输其实在这些方面排在第二

but that's the conversation we mostly hear about.

但我们最常听到谈论交通

And although a lot of that is about energy,

尽管大多是只是关于能源

it's also so much about carbon.

但它也关系到碳

The problem I see is that, ultimately,

我认为最终的问题是

the clash of how we solve that problem

如何解决

of serving those three billion people that need a home,

30亿人住房需求

and climate change, are a head-on collision

和气候改变的冲突将会很尖锐

about to happen, or already happening.

或者说已经很尖锐

That challenge means that we have to start thinking in new ways,

这挑战要我们必须开始思考新的方法

and I think wood is going to be part of that solution,

我认为木材将会是一个出路

and I'm going to tell you the story of why.

下面我将讲我的理由

As an architect, wood is the only material,

作为建筑师，木材是唯一的

big material, that I can build with

够大的，我能用来建筑的，

that's already grown by the power of the sun.

已经依靠太阳能生长好的材料

When a tree grows in the forest and gives off oxygen

当一棵树长在森林，放出氧气

and soaks up carbon dioxide,

吸入二氧化碳，

and it dies and it falls to the forest floor,

死亡，倒在树林里

it gives that carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere or into the ground.

它把二氧化碳又还回大气或者大地

If it burns in a forest fire, it's going to give that carbon

如果它在森林火灾中着火，它也把碳

back to the atmosphere as well.

还回了大气

But if you take that wood and you put it into a building

但如果取了木材用在建筑里

or into a piece of furniture or into that wooden toy,

或者家具里，或者玩具里

it actually has an amazing capacity

它事实上有了存储碳的神奇能力

to store the carbon and provide us with a sequestration.

并提供给我们缓冲保存期

One cubic meter of wood will store

一立方米的木材将存储

one tonne of carbon dioxide.

一顿的二氧化碳

Now our two solutions to climate are obviously

现在我们解决气候问题的两个明显方法是

to reduce our emissions and find storage.

减少排放和找到存储介质

Wood is the only major material building material

木材是我能使用的唯一

可以满足这两个方面的主要建筑材料

I can build with that actually does both those two things.

So I believe that we have

所以我认为，既然我们遵从

an ethic that the Earth grows our food,

地球给我们生长食物的准则

and we need to move to an ethic in this century

在这个世纪，我们要遵从

that the Earth should grow our homes.

地球给我们生长房子的准则

Now, how are we going to do that

现在，我们如何做到这一点

when we're urbanizing at this rate

在这样高速城市化的时代

and we think about wood buildings only at four stories?

而且我们只把木头建筑局限在四层

We need to reduce the concrete and steel and we need

我们需要减少混凝土和钢筋，我们需要

to grow bigger, and what we've been working on

种植更大的树，我们已经在设计建造

30层高的木头建筑

is 30-story tall buildings made of wood.

We've been engineering them with an engineer

我们已经和一个工程师，

named Eric Karsh who works with me on it,

Eric Karsh，开始了设计模拟

and we've been doing this new work because

我们开始这项新项目是因为

there are new wood products out there for us to use,

刚好有新的木材供我们使用

and we call them mass timber panels.

我们把它们叫做大规模木板

These are panels made with young trees,

这些木板由新树，

small growth trees, small pieces of wood

小树做成。小的木头

glued together to make panels that are enormous:

粘在一起做成巨大的板

eight feet wide, 64 feet long, and of various thicknesses.

有8英尺宽，64英尺长和各种宽度

The way I describe this best, I've found, is to say

我发现到最好的描述方法是，比如说，

that we're all used to two-by-four construction

我们都会想到了2乘4木块

当我们想到木头时

when we think about wood.

这是人们通常得到的结论

That's what people jump to as a conclusion.

Two-by-four construction is sort of like the little

2乘4木块就像

eight-dot bricks of Lego that we all played with as kids,

我们小时候玩的乐高小八点积木

你可以做出各种很酷的东西，就用乐高

and you can make all kinds of cool things out of Lego

at that size, and out of two-by-fours.

那么小的方块，或者2乘4木块

But do remember when you were a kid,

但是记住当你是小孩的时候，

and you kind of sifted through the pile in your basement,

你找遍地下室的堆积物

然后找到大的乐高24点积木

and you found that big 24-dot brick of Lego,

and you were kind of like,

你会想

"Cool, this is awesome. I can build something really big,

酷，太棒了，我可以堆些大东西了

and this is going to be great."

将会很棒

That's the change.

这就是改变

Mass timber panels are those 24-dot bricks.

大规模木板就是那些24点积木

They're changing the scale of what we can do,

它们改变我们能做的事的规模

and what we've developed is something we call FFTT,

我们已经开放的项目叫FFTT

which is a Creative Commons solution

这是一个创造性的公共解决方案

to building a very flexible system

是为了建立一个很灵活的系统

of building with these large panels where we tilt up

我们可以用这些大木板

six stories at a time if we want to.

一下建起6层楼，如果我们想的话。

This animation shows you how the building goes together

这个动画展示了如何简单地组合这样的建筑

in a very simple way, but these buildings are available

但这些建筑现在已经可以供给

for architects and engineers now to build on

建筑师和工程师来建造

for different cultures in the world,

满足世界不同文化

different architectural styles and characters.

不同建筑风格和特色的建筑

In order for us to build safely,

为了我们的建筑安全

we've engineered these buildings, actually,

事实上，我们已经模拟设计了这种楼

to work in a Vancouver context,

能适合温哥华

where we're a high seismic zone,

多震的环境

even at 30 stories tall.

最高有30层

Now obviously, every time I bring this up,

现在很明显地，每次我提到这

people even, you know, here at the conference, say,

比如现在在会场，大家会说

"Are you serious? Thirty stories? How's that going to happen?"

“你不是开玩笑吧？30层？怎么可能？”

And there's a lot of really good questions that are asked

我们被问了很多很好的问题

and important questions that we spent quite a long time

还有些重要的问题让我们花了很长时间才回答

working on the answers to as we put together

这些就发生在我们总结

our report and the peer reviewed report.

我们的报告和专家评审报告时

I'm just going to focus on a few of them,

我打算讲其中的几个

and let's start with fire, because I think fire

从火灾隐患将其，因为我想火

is probably the first one that you're all thinking about right now.

大概是大家都想到的第一个隐患

很好

Fair enough.

And the way I describe it is this.

这么说吧

If I asked you to take a match and light it

如果我让你拿起一根火柴点燃

and hold up a log and try to get that log to go on fire,

再拿起一节原木干并试着把它点燃

it doesn't happen, right? We all know that.

做不到，是不是？我们都知道这个常识

But to build a fire, you kind of start with small pieces

但是引发一个火灾，通常是从小片的

of wood and you work your way up,

木头开始，然后慢慢变大

and eventually you can add the log to the fire,

最后你可以把原木干加进去

and when you do add the log to the fire, of course,

当然当你把原木加入火场

它立马就燃烧了，但是很慢

it burns, but it burns slowly.

Well, mass timber panels, these new products

那么，大规模木板，我们用的新材料

that we're using, are much like the log.

就像这原木干

It's hard to start them on fire, and when they do,

它们很难被引燃，即便要着火，

they actually burn extraordinarily predictably,

它们事实上是特别易预测地

and we can use fire science in order to predict

我们可以用防火学来预测

and make these buildings as safe as concrete

这样这些建筑就和混凝土一样安全

and as safe as steel.

和钢筋一样安全

The next big issue, deforestation.

下一个大问题，毁坏树林

Eighteen percent of our contribution

全球18%的

to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide

温室气体排放

is the result of deforestation.

源于滥砍滥伐

The last thing we want to do is cut down trees.

砍伐树木是我们最不愿做的事

Or, the last thing we want to do is cut down the wrong trees.

或者说，砍伐错误的树木是我们最不愿做的

There are models for sustainable forestry

已经有可持续林业学的模型

that allow us to cut trees properly,

来指导我们正确地采伐

and those are the only trees appropriate

这些只是适合

to use for these kinds of systems.

我们建筑系统的树木

Now I actually think that these ideas

现在我想这些想法

will change the economics of deforestation.

将会改变滥伐森林的经济观

In countries with deforestation issues,

在有滥伐森林问题的国家

we need to find a way to provide

我们需要找到赋予

better value for the forest

树林更高价值的方法

and actually encourage people to make money

并鼓励大家通过

through very fast growth cycles --

更快的生长周期来赚钱

10-, 12-, 15-year-old trees that make these products

10,12,15年的树适合我们的生产要求

and allow us to build at this scale.

也满足我们的构造尺度

We've calculated a 20-story building:

我们计算过一个20层楼：

We'll grow enough wood in North America every 13 minutes.

在北美，每13分钟就可以生长出足够的木材

That's how much it takes.

这就是所需要的

The carbon story here is a really good one.

这种碳楼房真的非常好

If we built a 20-story building out of cement and concrete,

如果我们用水泥混凝土建20层楼的建筑

the process would result in the manufacturing

这过程将需要生产水泥

of that cement and 1,200 tonnes of carbon dioxide.

还产出1200吨二氧化碳

If we did it in wood, in this solution,

如果我们用上面提的木材

we'd sequester about 3,100 tonnes,

我们将储存3100吨

for a net difference of 4,300 tonnes.

相当于总共减少4300吨

That's the equivalent of about 900 cars

这相当于一年从路上

removed from the road in one year.

少了900辆车

Think back to that three billion people

再回到30亿

that need a new home,

需要一个新家的人

and maybe this is a contributor to reducing.

这会大大减少消耗

We're at the beginning of a revolution, I hope,

我希望我们正在建筑业大变革的起点

in the way we build, because this is the first new way

因为这是100年甚至更长时间内第一个新的

建造摩天楼的方法

to build a skyscraper in probably 100 years or more.

But the challenge is changing society's perception

但是挑战是改变社会对于这个方法可能性的认知

of possibility, and it's a huge challenge.

这是非常大的挑战

The engineering is, truthfully, the easy part of this.

实话说，工程方面是简单的部分

And the way I describe it is this.

可以这样理解这个问题

The first skyscraper, technically --

严格说第一个摩天楼——

and the definition of a skyscraper is 10 stories tall, believe it or not —

按照10层楼高的定义，信不信由你——

but the first skyscraper was this one in Chicago,

第一个摩天楼就是这座在芝加哥的楼

人们当时被吓得不敢在这楼下走

and people were terrified to walk underneath this building.

But only four years after it was built,

但是仅在建好的四年后

Gustave Eiffel was building the Eiffel Tower,

埃菲尔（Gustave Eiffel）正建埃菲尔铁塔

and as he built the Eiffel Tower,

当埃菲尔建好埃菲尔铁塔

he changed the skylines of the cities of the world,

他改变了世界的城市建筑群景观

changed and created a competition

改变也创造了城市间的竞争

between places like New York City and Chicago,

比如纽约和芝加哥

where developers started building bigger and bigger buildings

开发商开始建越来越大的楼

把限度提的越来越高

and pushing the envelope up higher and higher

with better and better engineering.

还有越来越好的工程设计

We built this model in New York, actually,

实际上，我们在纽约建造了这个模型

as a theoretical model on the campus

作为一个将建的科技大学

of a technical university soon to come,

的校园理论模型

and the reason we picked this site

我们选这个地点

to just show you what these buildings may look like,

只是要展示给你这些建筑大概会是什么样子

because the exterior can change.

因为外观还会改变

It's really just the structure that we're talking about.

这仅是我们正在讨论的结构

The reason we picked it is because this is a technical university,

我选它的原因是这是个科技大学

and I believe that wood is the most

我相信木头是

technologically advanced material I can build with.

我能用的技术上最先进的材料

It just happens to be that Mother Nature holds the patent,

就碰巧大自然母亲拥有这项专利

and we don't really feel comfortable with it.

我们其实有些不满这点

But that's the way it should be,

但这就是它应该是的样子

nature's fingerprints in the built environment.

在建筑环境中拥有自然的特征

I'm looking for this opportunity

我期待这个机会

to create an Eiffel Tower moment, we call it.

我们称为创建埃菲尔铁塔瞬间的机会

Buildings are starting to go up around the world.

木材建筑整正开始在世界各地建起

There's a building in London that's nine stories,

现在在伦敦有一个9层的

a new building that just finished in Australia

在澳大利亚刚建好

that I believe is 10 or 11.

一个约10或11层的木楼

We're starting to push the height up of these wood buildings,

我们正开始提高木材建筑的高度

and we're hoping, and I'm hoping,

我们希望，我也希望

that my hometown of Vancouver actually potentially

我的温哥华故乡可以

announces the world's tallest at around 20 stories

有世界上最高的，约20层高的木楼

in the not-so-distant future.

在不远的将来

That Eiffel Tower moment will break the ceiling,

埃菲尔铁塔时刻将会打破限制

these arbitrary ceilings of height,

高度的强制限制

and allow wood buildings to join the competition.

让木材建筑加入这个竞争

And I believe the race is ultimately on.

我相信这个比赛最终开始了

Thank you.

谢谢大家

(Applause)

（鼓掌）