Michael Green: Why we should build wooden skyscrapers

譯者: Marssi Draw 審譯者: Shengwei Cai

This is my grandfather.

這是我的祖父，

And this is my son.

這是我的兒子。

My grandfather taught me to work with wood

當我還是個小男孩時，

when I was a little boy,

我的祖父教我用木頭，

and he also taught me the idea that

他也教我一個觀念，

if you cut down a tree to turn it into something,

那就是如果你要砍下一棵樹， 把它轉變成某種東西，

honor that tree's life and make it as beautiful

那麼你要榮耀這棵樹的一生，

as you possibly can.

盡你所能地彰顯它的美。

My little boy reminded me

我的兒子讓我知道，

that for all the technology and all the toys in the world,

世界上所有的科技和玩具，

sometimes just a small block of wood,

有時候只是一小堆木頭，

if you stack it up tall,

如果你把它們疊高，

actually is an incredibly inspiring thing.

就會變成一件非常鼓舞人心的作品。

These are my buildings.

這些是我設計的建築。

I build all around the world

我的建築遍佈全世界，

out of our office in Vancouver and New York.

在我位於溫哥華與紐約 辦公室之外的地方。

And we build buildings of different sizes and styles

我的建築有不同的大小、樣式

and different materials, depending on where we are.

和材料，取決於我們所在的地方。

But wood is the material that I love the most,

但是木頭是我最喜愛的材料，

and I'm going to tell you the story about wood.

讓我告訴你關於木頭的故事。

And part of the reason I love it is that every time

我喜愛木頭的其中一個原因是

people go into my buildings that are wood,

每當有人走進我建造的木造建築時，

I notice they react completely differently.

我發現他們的反應完全不同。

I've never seen anybody walk into one of my buildings

我沒看過有人走進我的任何一棟建築裡，

and hug a steel or a concrete column,

擁抱鋼或是混凝土製的柱子，

but I've actually seen that happen in a wood building.

但是這樣的事卻會發生在木造建築中。

I've actually seen how people touch the wood,

我親眼見到人們是如何碰觸木頭，

and I think there's a reason for it.

我想他們這麼做是有原因的。

Just like snowflakes, no two pieces of wood

就像雪花一樣，世界上任何地方

can ever be the same anywhere on Earth.

都不可能有兩塊完全相同的木頭。

That's a wonderful thing.

那是多麼美妙的事啊。

I like to think that wood

我喜歡這樣想，木頭在我們的建築裡

gives Mother Nature fingerprints in our buildings.

留下大自然指紋。

It's Mother Nature's fingerprints that make

它是大自然的指紋，

our buildings connect us to nature in the built environment.

讓我們身在建築環境裡時， 能夠透過建築與自然連結。

Now, I live in Vancouver, near a forest

現在，我住在溫哥華，靠近一座森林，

that grows to 33 stories tall.

裡頭的樹長了三十三層樓高。

Down the coast here in California, the redwood forest

在加州下方一點的海岸線，紅木森林

grows to 40 stories tall.

有四十層樓高。

But the buildings that we think about in wood

但是我們想得到目前在世界上 大部分地區的木頭建築

are only four stories tall in most places on Earth.

通常都只有四層樓高。

Even building codes actually limit the ability for us to build

即使在許多地方的建築法規

much taller than four stories in many places,

對建物的高度限制遠高於四層樓，

and that's true here in the United States.

在美國也是如此。

Now there are exceptions,

現在有許多例外，

but there needs to be some exceptions,

但是我們需要有更多的例外，

and things are going to change, I'm hoping.

我希望未來能改變。

And the reason I think that way is that

我會這樣想是因為

today half of us live in cities,

現在我們有一半以上的人口住在城市裡，

and that number is going to grow to 75 percent.

而且之後比例將會成長至百分之七十五。

Cities and density mean that our buildings

城市和密度意謂著我們的建築

are going to continue to be big,

會持續的擴大，

and I think there's a role for wood to play in cities.

我想城市裡有個角色適合木頭來扮演。

And I feel that way because three billion people

我會有這樣的想法是因為

in the world today, over the next 20 years,

現在世界上有三十億人再過二十年

will need a new home.

就會需要一個新的家。

That's 40 percent of the world that are going to need

世界上有百分之四十的人在二十年後

會需要一個新的建築。

a new building built for them in the next 20 years.

Now, one in three people living in cities today

現在，有三分之一的人住在城市

actually live in a slum.

其實是住在貧民窟裡。

That's one billion people in the world live in slums.

那可是有十億的人口住在貧民窟裡。

A hundred million people in the world are homeless.

世界上有一億人無家可歸。

The scale of the challenge for architects

對建築師和社會來說，

and for society to deal with in building

要處理在建築上面臨的困難，

is to find a solution to house these people.

就是去找出一個好方法， 讓這些人有房子住。

But the challenge is, as we move to cities,

但是這個挑戰是，當我們搬到城市裡時，

cities are built in these two materials,

城市是用這兩種材質建築而成，

steel and concrete, and they're great materials.

鋼筋和水泥，那是很好的材料。

They're the materials of the last century.

但那是上個世紀的材料。

But they're also materials with very high energy

而且在它們的製作過程中，

and very high greenhouse gas emissions in their process.

也需要消耗很大量的能源， 排放大量的溫室氣體。

Steel represents about three percent

鋼鐵大約佔了人類

of man's greenhouse gas emissions,

百分之三的溫室氣體排放量，

and concrete is over five percent.

水泥則超過百分之五。

So if you think about that, eight percent

你仔細想想，

of our contribution to greenhouse gases today

現在有百分之八的碳排放量，

comes from those two materials alone.

是由這兩種物質所產生的。

We don't think about it a lot, and unfortunately,

不幸的是，我們沒有深思熟慮。

we actually don't even think about buildings, I think,

我們真的沒有花太多心思在建築上，

as much as we should.

我認為我們應該更重視它才對。

This is a U.S. statistic about the impact of greenhouse gases.

這是一份美國針對溫室氣體的統計數據，

Almost half of our greenhouse gases are related to the building industry,

將近半數的溫室氣體和建築業有關，

and if we look at energy, it's the same story.

能源消耗方面也同樣如此。

You'll notice that transportation's sort of second down that list,

你會發現，交通運輸排在 這份名單的倒數第二位，

but that's the conversation we mostly hear about.

但那卻是我們最常聽到的問題根源。

And although a lot of that is about energy,

雖然大部份與能源有關，

it's also so much about carbon.

同樣地也和碳也很大的關係。

The problem I see is that, ultimately,

最終我們都將面臨一個問題，

the clash of how we solve that problem

那就是我們要如何解決

of serving those three billion people that need a home,

三十億人的居住問題，

and climate change, are a head-on collision

和氣候變遷之間的衝突，

about to happen, or already happening.

這個問題近在咫尺，也許早已出現了。

That challenge means that we have to start thinking in new ways,

挑戰，意謂著我們必須 開始用新的方式思考，

and I think wood is going to be part of that solution,

而我認為木頭能成為一種解決方式。

and I'm going to tell you the story of why.

讓我來告訴你為什麼。

As an architect, wood is the only material,

身為一個建築師，木頭是唯一一種能讓我使用

big material, that I can build with

身為一個建築師，木頭是唯一一種能讓我使用

that's already grown by the power of the sun.

並藉助太陽的力量成長的材料。

When a tree grows in the forest and gives off oxygen

當森林裡的樹木釋放氧氣，

and soaks up carbon dioxide,

並且吸收二氧化碳時，

and it dies and it falls to the forest floor,

當它的生命到了盡頭，會落在森林地上，

it gives that carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere or into the ground.

讓二氧化碳回到大氣中， 或是進入到土地裡。

If it burns in a forest fire, it's going to give that carbon

如果有了森林大火，

back to the atmosphere as well.

它也會讓碳回到大氣。

But if you take that wood and you put it into a building

但是如果你把木頭放在一棟建築、

or into a piece of furniture or into that wooden toy,

一件傢俱或一個木製玩具中，

it actually has an amazing capacity

它就會具有神奇的能力

to store the carbon and provide us with a sequestration.

來儲存碳，讓我們與碳隔離。

One cubic meter of wood will store

一立方公尺的木頭能夠儲存

one tonne of carbon dioxide.

一噸的二氧化碳。

Now our two solutions to climate are obviously

現在我們在氣候上的兩個解決方法，

to reduce our emissions and find storage.

顯然是降低排放量並找到儲存處。

Wood is the only major material building material

木頭是唯一一種我所運用的建材中，

能夠同時做到這兩件事的建材。

I can build with that actually does both those two things.

So I believe that we have

因此我認為我們的慣例是

an ethic that the Earth grows our food,

地球提供我們食物，

and we need to move to an ethic in this century

我們必須在這個世紀讓這個慣例改變為

that the Earth should grow our homes.

讓地球建造我們家園。

Now, how are we going to do that

如果我們認為木造建築只能蓋四層樓，

when we're urbanizing at this rate

在這樣高度都市化的現代，

and we think about wood buildings only at four stories?

我們該怎麼辦？

We need to reduce the concrete and steel and we need

我們需要減少使用混凝土和鋼筋， 而且我們應該要

to grow bigger, and what we've been working on

種植更高大的樹木，

目前我們已經設計了三十層樓高的木造建築。

is 30-story tall buildings made of wood.

We've been engineering them with an engineer

我和一位名叫艾瑞克·卡許 (Eric Karsh) 的工程師合作，

named Eric Karsh who works with me on it,

他幫助我們做建築的工程，

and we've been doing this new work because

我們進行這項工作已經有一陣子了，

there are new wood products out there for us to use,

因為有一種新的木頭產品供我們使用，

and we call them mass timber panels.

我們稱它為巨型木材合板。

These are panels made with young trees,

這些合板是由較年輕、

small growth trees, small pieces of wood

成長期較短的樹木做成， 小片木頭黏在一起，

glued together to make panels that are enormous:

組成很大的合板：

eight feet wide, 64 feet long, and of various thicknesses.

八呎寬、六十四呎長，有各種不同的厚度。

The way I describe this best, I've found, is to say

我發現我形容這個東西最好的方式就是

that we're all used to two-by-four construction

當我們想到木頭的時候，

我們都會用二乘四的建築法。

when we think about wood.

這是人們言之過早的結論。

That's what people jump to as a conclusion.

Two-by-four construction is sort of like the little

二乘四構造有點像是

eight-dot bricks of Lego that we all played with as kids,

我們小時候都會玩的那種小小的、 有八個點的樂高積木，

你可以用樂高做成任何大小的酷炫成品，

and you can make all kinds of cool things out of Lego

at that size, and out of two-by-fours.

用二乘四的構造。

But do remember when you were a kid,

但是要記得，當你還小的時候

and you kind of sifted through the pile in your basement,

你可能翻遍了地下室，

然後發現有更大的二十四個點的樂高玩具，

and you found that big 24-dot brick of Lego,

and you were kind of like,

你覺得還不賴，

"Cool, this is awesome. I can build something really big,

「酷耶，這超讚。 我可以做一個更大的東西，

and this is going to be great."

一定超厲害的。」

That's the change.

這成了改變的契機。

Mass timber panels are those 24-dot bricks.

巨型木材合板就是那個有二十四個點的積木。

They're changing the scale of what we can do,

它改變了我們可以創造的規模，

and what we've developed is something we call FFTT,

我們研發了一種叫 FFTT 的東西，

which is a Creative Commons solution

是一種共享創意的方法，

to building a very flexible system

我們用它來建造彈性很大的建築系統，

of building with these large panels where we tilt up

我們可以隨心所欲，用這個巨型合板

six stories at a time if we want to.

一口氣建造出六層樓高的建築。

This animation shows you how the building goes together

這個動畫顯示出這些建築 如何用很簡單的方式組合。

in a very simple way, but these buildings are available

這些建築方式現在也已開放給

for architects and engineers now to build on

建築師和工程師來建造

for different cultures in the world,

房屋給世界上不同的文化社群，

different architectural styles and characters.

不同的建築風格和樣貌。

In order for us to build safely,

為了安全地建造，

we've engineered these buildings, actually,

我們其實已經在高地震帶的溫哥華

to work in a Vancouver context,

我們其實已經在高地震帶的溫哥華

where we're a high seismic zone,

我們其實已經在高地震帶的溫哥華

even at 30 stories tall.

設計三十層樓高的建築。

Now obviously, every time I bring this up,

顯然，每次我把這個提出來，

people even, you know, here at the conference, say,

即使是在這個大會裡的人都會說：

"Are you serious? Thirty stories? How's that going to happen?"

「你是認真的嗎？三十層樓？ 這怎麼可能成真？」

And there's a lot of really good questions that are asked

我們被問到許多很好也很重要的問題，

and important questions that we spent quite a long time

因此我們花了很長的時間

working on the answers to as we put together

來處理這些問題，然後放在報告裡，

our report and the peer reviewed report.

然後讓議會審閱報告。

I'm just going to focus on a few of them,

我先談其中的幾個部分，

and let's start with fire, because I think fire

首先是關於火災，

is probably the first one that you're all thinking about right now.

我想每個人最先想到的 都會是火災的問題。

這很正常。

Fair enough.

And the way I describe it is this.

讓我以此來說明。

If I asked you to take a match and light it

如果我請你點燃一根火柴，

and hold up a log and try to get that log to go on fire,

然後請你試著讓木頭著火，

it doesn't happen, right? We all know that.

這很難辦到吧？ 這個道理我們都知道。

But to build a fire, you kind of start with small pieces

要起火你必須要從

of wood and you work your way up,

小片的木頭開始點燃，

and eventually you can add the log to the fire,

最後你就可以把木頭加進火裡，

and when you do add the log to the fire, of course,

加了木頭後，

當然就會開始燒，但是會燒得很慢。

it burns, but it burns slowly.

Well, mass timber panels, these new products

嗯，這些我們用的巨型木材合板

that we're using, are much like the log.

就很像木頭。

It's hard to start them on fire, and when they do,

很難點燃，而且當它著火後，

they actually burn extraordinarily predictably,

其實很容易預料它會怎麼燒。

and we can use fire science in order to predict

我們可以運用消防學來預測，

and make these buildings as safe as concrete

讓這些建築就像混凝土

and as safe as steel.

和鋼筋做的一樣安全。

The next big issue, deforestation.

另一個較大的問題是森林砍伐。

Eighteen percent of our contribution

全世界所排放的溫室氣體中

to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide

有百分之十八

is the result of deforestation.

是由於森林砍伐。

The last thing we want to do is cut down trees.

砍樹是我們最不想做的事，

Or, the last thing we want to do is cut down the wrong trees.

應該說，我們最不想做的是砍錯了樹。

There are models for sustainable forestry

的確有一些可持續砍伐林地，

that allow us to cut trees properly,

讓我們可以適當地砍樹。

and those are the only trees appropriate

而那些是唯一適合

to use for these kinds of systems.

運用在這些系統中的樹材。

Now I actually think that these ideas

其實我認為這些想法

will change the economics of deforestation.

將會改變伐木業的經濟狀況。

In countries with deforestation issues,

針對有砍伐森林問題的國家，

we need to find a way to provide

我們要找到一個方式

better value for the forest

幫助森林創造更大的價值，

and actually encourage people to make money

並且實際鼓勵人們

through very fast growth cycles --

透過快速的生長週期來賺錢——

10-, 12-, 15-year-old trees that make these products

十、十二或十五年生的樹木 能用來製作這些產品，

and allow us to build at this scale.

而且可以讓我們建造 這樣大規模的建築物。

We've calculated a 20-story building:

我們計算過一棟二十層樓高的建物：

We'll grow enough wood in North America every 13 minutes.

只要每十三分鐘在北美 種植的樹木就足夠了，

That's how much it takes.

只要這麼多就夠了。

The carbon story here is a really good one.

在這裡碳足跡是很好的問題。

If we built a 20-story building out of cement and concrete,

如果我們用鋼筋水泥建造 二十層樓高的建築物，

the process would result in the manufacturing

水泥的整個製造過程會產生

of that cement and 1,200 tonnes of carbon dioxide.

一千二百噸的二氧化碳。

If we did it in wood, in this solution,

如果我們用木頭來建造，用同樣的算式，

we'd sequester about 3,100 tonnes,

還能吸收三千一百噸的二氧化碳，

for a net difference of 4,300 tonnes.

這可是四千三百噸的差別。

That's the equivalent of about 900 cars

相當將九百輛汽車

removed from the road in one year.

從公路上移開一整年。

Think back to that three billion people

回頭想想那三十億人，

that need a new home,

他們需要一個新的家，

and maybe this is a contributor to reducing.

也許這是減少碳排放量的好方式。

We're at the beginning of a revolution, I hope,

我希望我們建造的方式

in the way we build, because this is the first new way

能夠引領風潮，因為這大概是百年來

第一次用新的方式來建造摩天大樓。

to build a skyscraper in probably 100 years or more.

But the challenge is changing society's perception

然而，要挑戰的是社會對於 可能性的接受度，

of possibility, and it's a huge challenge.

這是很大的挑戰。

The engineering is, truthfully, the easy part of this.

毫無疑問的是，工程是最簡單的一部分。

And the way I describe it is this.

這樣說好了，

The first skyscraper, technically --

第一棟摩天大樓，技術上來說

and the definition of a skyscraper is 10 stories tall, believe it or not —

——摩天大樓的定義應該是 十層樓以上，你相不相信——

but the first skyscraper was this one in Chicago,

這是第一棟摩天大樓，位於芝加哥，

人們當時害怕走在它的下面。

and people were terrified to walk underneath this building.

But only four years after it was built,

但是只在它完工的四年後，

Gustave Eiffel was building the Eiffel Tower,

居斯塔夫·埃菲爾 (Gustave Eiffel) 建了埃菲爾鐵塔，

and as he built the Eiffel Tower,

當他建了埃菲爾鐵塔後，

he changed the skylines of the cities of the world,

他改變了世界城市的天際線，

changed and created a competition

他改變也創造了一個

between places like New York City and Chicago,

像紐約與芝加哥這類城市之間的競賽，

where developers started building bigger and bigger buildings

在城市裡開發商開始建造更大的建築物，

挑戰越來越高的極限，

and pushing the envelope up higher and higher

with better and better engineering.

和更高技術的工程。

We built this model in New York, actually,

我們在紐約建造了這個模型，其實是

as a theoretical model on the campus

要做為一所科技大學

of a technical university soon to come,

即將建造在校園中的模型。

and the reason we picked this site

我們挑選這個位址的原因是

to just show you what these buildings may look like,

讓你看看這些建築可能的樣子，

because the exterior can change.

因為外觀是可以改變的，

It's really just the structure that we're talking about.

我們討論的真的只是結構問題。

The reason we picked it is because this is a technical university,

我們選擇這裡是因為它是科技大學，

and I believe that wood is the most

我相信木頭在科技上是

technologically advanced material I can build with.

最先進的材質，讓我能運用在建築中。

It just happens to be that Mother Nature holds the patent,

這恰好是大自然持有的專利，

and we don't really feel comfortable with it.

我們只是不太能接受而已。

But that's the way it should be,

但我們卻應該

nature's fingerprints in the built environment.

讓大自然的指紋存在於建築中。

I'm looking for this opportunity

我想找個機會

to create an Eiffel Tower moment, we call it.

創造一個艾菲爾鐵塔時刻。

Buildings are starting to go up around the world.

我們開始在世界各地建造房子。

There's a building in London that's nine stories,

有一棟九層樓的建築在倫敦，

a new building that just finished in Australia

還有一棟剛完成的新建築在澳洲，

that I believe is 10 or 11.

有十或十一層樓高。

We're starting to push the height up of these wood buildings,

我們開始拉高這些木造建築，

and we're hoping, and I'm hoping,

我們希望，我希望，

that my hometown of Vancouver actually potentially

我的家鄉溫哥華

announces the world's tallest at around 20 stories

在不久的將來

in the not-so-distant future.

能有一棟世界最高的二十層樓左右的木造建築。

That Eiffel Tower moment will break the ceiling,

那個艾菲爾塔時刻能有所突破，

these arbitrary ceilings of height,

突破高度的限制，

and allow wood buildings to join the competition.

讓木造建築參與競爭。

And I believe the race is ultimately on.

我想，這個比賽已經開始了。

Thank you.

謝謝！

(Applause)

（掌聲）