Noah Wilson-Rich: Every city needs healthy honey bees

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Predrag Djordjevic Lektor: Ivana Korom

This man is wearing what we call

Ovaj čovek nosi ono što mi zovemo

a bee beard. (Laughter)

bradom od pčela. (Smeh)

A beard full of bees.

Bradu punu pčela.

Now, this is what many of you might picture

Ovo je ono što bi mnogi od vas mogli da zamisle

when you think about honeybees, maybe insects,

kada mislite o pčelama, možda insektima,

or maybe anything that has more legs than two.

ili možda o bilo čemu što ima više od dve noge.

And let me start by telling you, I gotcha.

Dozvolite mi da počnem govoreći vam: "razumem vas".

I understand that. But, there are many things to know,

Razumem to. Ali postoje mnoge stvari koje treba znati

and I want you to open your minds here,

i želim da vam ovde otvorim umove,

keep them open, and change your perspective about honeybees.

držim ih otvorenim i promenim vaš pogled na pčele.

Notice that this man is not getting stung.

Primetite kako ovaj čovek ne biva uboden.

He probably has a queen bee tied to his chin,

Verovatno mu je matica vezana za bradu

and the other bees are attracted to it.

i druge pčele su privučene njome.

So this really demonstrates our relationship with honeybees,

Ovo zaista demonstrira našu vezu sa pčelama

and that goes deep back for thousands of years.

koja se proteže na hiljade godina u prošlost.

We're very co-evolved, because we depend on bees

Mi smo zajedno evoluirali, zato što zavisimo od pčela

for pollination and, even more recently,

zbog polinacije i od skora,

as an economic commodity.

zbog ekonomskih pogodnosti.

Many of you may have heard that honeybees are disappearing,

Mnogi od vas su možda čuli da pčele nestaju,

not just dying, but they're gone.

ne samo da umiru, već su nestale.

We don't even find dead bodies.

Čak ne nalazimo ni mrtva tela.

This is called colony collapse disorder,

Ovo se zove poremećaj kolapsa kolonije i bizaran je.

and it's bizarre. Researchers around the globe

Istraživači širom planete

still do not know what's causing it,

i dalje ne znaju šta ga uzrokuje,

but what we do know is that, with the declining numbers

ali ono što znamo jeste da, sa opadajućim brojem pčela,

of bees, the costs of over 130 fruit and vegetable crops

cena preko 130 vrsta voća i povrća,

that we rely on for food is going up in price.

na koje se oslanjamo za našu ishranu, raste.

So honeybees are important for their role in the economy

Dakle, pčele su bitne zbog njihove uloge u ekonomiji

as well as in agriculture.

podjednako kao i u poljoprivredi.

Here you can see some pictures of what are called

Ovde možete videti neke slike onoga što zovemo

green roofs, or urban agriculture.

zeleni krovovi ili urbana poljoprivreda.

We're familiar with the image on the left that shows

Poznata nam je leva slika, koja prikazuje

a local neighborhood garden in the South End.

baštu u lokalnom susedstvu, u Saut Endu.

That's where I call home. I have a beehive in the backyard.

Tu je i moj dom. Imam jednu košnicu u zadnjem dvorištu.

And perhaps a green roof in the future,

Možda i zeleni krov u budućnosti,

when we're further utilizing urban areas,

kada budemo više iskorišćavali urbane delove,

where there are stacks of garden spaces.

gde imamo gomilu baštenskog prostora.

Check out this image above the orange line in Boston.

Pogledajte ovu sliku iznad linije metroa u Bostonu.

Try to spot the beehive. It's there.

Pokušajte da uočite košnicu. Tu je.

It's on the rooftop, right on the corner there,

Na krovu je, tačno u uglu,

and it's been there for a couple of years now.

a tu je već nekoliko godina.

The way that urban beekeeping currently operates

Način na koji urbano pčelarstvo danas funkcioniše

is that the beehives are quite hidden,

je da su košnice sasvim sakrivene,

and it's not because they need to be.

ali ne zato što tako treba da bude.

It's just because people are uncomfortable with the idea,

Tako je zato što je ljudima ta ideja neprijatna,

and that's why I want you today to try to think about this,

a zato želim da danas pokušate da razmislite o tome,

think about the benefits of bees in cities

razmislite o prednostima pčela u gradovima

and why they really are a terrific thing.

i zašto su zaista izvanredna stvar.

Let me give you a brief rundown on how pollination works.

Dozvolite mi da vam dam mali uvid u to kako polinacija funkcioniše.

So we know flowers, we know fruits and vegetables,

Znamo da se cveće, voće i povrće,

even some alfalfa in hay that the livestock

pa čak i neka alfalfa u senu stoke

for the meats that we eat, rely on pollinators,

koju koristimo u ishrani, oslanjaju na oprašivače,

but you've got male and female parts to a plant here,

ali imate muške i ženske delove biljaka ovde

and basically pollinators are attracted to plants

i u osnovi, oprašivače privlače biljke

for their nectar, and in the process,

zbog njihovog nektara i u tom procesu,

a bee will visit some flowers and pick up some pollen,

pčela će posetiti neke cvetove i usput sakupiti nešto polena,

or that male kind of sperm counterpart, along the way,

ili tu mušku vrstu odgovarajuće zamene za spermu,

and then travel to different flowers, and eventually

a onda će odleteti do drugih cvetova i konačno,

an apple, in this case, will be produced.

u ovom slučaju, nastaće jabuka.

You can see the orientation. The stem is down.

Vidite položaj. Peteljka je dole.

The blossom end has fallen off by the time we eat it,

Do vremena kada je pojedemo, cvetni deo je već otpao,

but that's a basic overview of how pollination works.

ali to je osnovni prikaz načina na koji oprašivanje radi.

And let's think about urban living, not today,

Hajde da razmislimo o urbanom životu, ne sada,

and not in the past, but what about in a hundred years?

ne u prošlosti, nego za sto godina.

What's it gonna look like? We have huge grand challenges

Kako će da izgleda? Danas imamo ogromne izazove

these days of habitat loss. We have more and more people,

u gubicima prirodnog staništa.

Imamo sve više i više ljudi,

billions of people, in 100 years, God knows how many people,

milijarde ljudi, a za 100 godina bog zna koliko ljudi,

and how little space there will be to fit all of them,

a biće jako malo prostora da ih sve smestimo,

so we need to change the way that we see cities, and

tako da treba da promenimo način na koji vidimo gradove

looking at this picture on the left of New York City today,

i gledajući na ovu sliku današnjeg Njujorka,

you can see how gray and brown it is.

možete da vidite kako je sav siv i braon.

We have tar paper on the rooftops that bounces heat back

Imamo katran na krovovima koji odbija toplotu

into the atmosphere,

nazad u atmosferu,

contributing to global climate change, no doubt.

doprinoseći globalnim klimatskim promenama.

What about in 100 years, if we have green rooftops

Šta će biti za 100 godina, ako svuda budemo imali zelene krovove

everywhere, and gardening, and we create our own crops

i baštovanstvo i ako stvaramo naše sopstvene useve upravo u gradovima?

right in the cities? We save on the costs of transportation,

Uštedeli bismo na troškovima transporta,

we save on a healthier diet, and we also educate

uštedeli bismo na zdravijoj ishrani, a takođe bismo i edukovali

and create new jobs locally.

i otvarali nova radna mesta, lokalno.

We need bees for the future of our cities and urban living.

Trebaju nam pčele za budućnost naših gradova i urbano življenje.

Here's some data that we collected through our company

Evo nekih podataka koje smo sakupili kroz našu kompaniju

with Best Bees, where we deliver, install and manage

sa Best Biz gde mi dostavljamo, postavljamo i upravljamo

honeybee hives for anybody who wants them,

košnicama za svakoga ko ih želi,

in the city, in the countryside, and we introduce honeybees,

u gradu, na selu i predstavljamo pčele

and the idea of beekeeping in your own backyard or rooftop

i ideju o pčelarstvu u vašem dvorištu ili krovu

or fire escape, for even that matter,

ili protivpožarnom stepeništu,

and seeing how simple it is and how possible it is.

i vidimo kako je to jednostavno i kako je to moguće.

There's a counterintuitive trend that we noticed

Postoji kontraintuitivan trend koji smo primetili u ovim brojkama.

in these numbers. So let's look at the first metric here,

Pogledajmo prvu brojku ovde,

overwintering survival.

stopu prezimljavanja.

Now this has been a huge problem for many years,

Ovo je veliki problem tokom mnogo godina,

basically since the late 1980s, when the varroa mite came

u osnovi, od kasnih 1980-ih kada je došla Varoa Destruktor

and brought many different viruses, bacteria

i donela mnoštvo različitih virusa, bakterija

and fungal diseases with it.

i gljivičnih oboljenja sa sobom.

Overwintering success is hard,

Uspešno prezimljavanje je teško

and that's when most of the colonies are lost,

i to je vreme kada se većina kolonija izgubi,

and we found that in the cities, bees are surviving

a otkrili smo da u gradovima pčele preživljavaju

better than they are in the country.

bolje nego u seoskim područjima.

A bit counterintuitive, right?

Pomalo kontraintuitivno, zar ne?

We think, oh, bees, countryside, agriculture,

Mislimo, oh, pčele, selo, poljoprivreda,

but that's not what the bees are showing.

ali to nije ono što nam pčele pokazuju.

The bees like it in the city. (Laughter)

Pčelama se dopada u gradu. (Smeh)

Furthermore, they also produce more honey.

Dalje, one takođe proizvode više meda.

The urban honey is delicious.

Urbani med je izvrstan.

The bees in Boston on the rooftop of the Seaport Hotel,

Pčele u Bostonu, na vrhu Siport hotela,

where we have hundreds of thousands of bees

gde imamo stotine hiljada pčela

flying overheard right now

koje sada nečujno lete

that I'm sure none of you noticed when we walked by,

i koje, siguran sam, niko od vas nije primetio dok ste prolazili,

are going to all of the local community gardens

idu u lokalne zajedničke bašte

and making delicious, healthy honey

i prave izvrstan, zdrav med

that just tastes like the flowers in our city.

koji je ukusa cveća iz našeg grada.

So the yield for urban hives, in terms of honey production,

Dakle, prinos urbanih košnica je, u smislu proizvodnje meda,

is higher as well as the overwintering survival,

viši, kao i prezimljavanje,

compared to rural areas.

u poređenju sa ruralnim područjima.

Again, a bit counterintuitive.

Ponovo, malo kontraintuitivno.

And looking back historically at the timeline

Kada, unazad kroz vreme, gledamo

of honeybee health, we can go back to the year 950 and see

na zdravlje pčela, možemo se vratiti unazad do 950. godine i videti

that there was also a great mortality of bees in Ireland.

da je tada takođe bilo velike smrtnosti pčela u Irskoj.

So the problems of bees today isn't necessarily

Problemi pčela današnjice nisu nešto novo.

something new. It has been happening

To se događa

since over a thousand years ago,

još od pre hiljadu godina,

but what we don't really notice are these problems in cities.

ali ono što baš i ne primećujemo su ovi problemi u gradovima.

So one thing I want to encourage you to think about

Jedna stvar o kojoj bih vas ohrabrio da razmislite

is the idea of what an urban island is.

je ideja o tome šta je urbano ostrvo.

You think in the city maybe the temperature's warmer.

Mislite da je u gradovima temperatura možda viša.

Why are bees doing better in the city?

Zašto pčele bolje uspevaju u gradovima?

This is a big question now to help us understand

Ovo je veliko pitanje, pomoći će nam da razumemo

why they should be in the city.

zašto bi one trebale biti u gradovima.

Perhaps there's more pollen in the city.

Možda u gradu ima više polena.

With the trains coming in to urban hubs, they can

Vozovi koji dolaze u urbana čvorišta mogu doneti

carry pollen with them, very light pollen,

polen sa sobom, veoma lagan polen,

and it's just a big supermarket in the city.

a to je samo jedan veliki supermarket u gradu.

A lot of linden trees live along the railroad tracks.

Mnogo je stabala lipe duž pruga.

Perhaps there are fewer pesticides in the cities

Možda u gradovima ima manje pesticida

than there are in [rural] areas.

nego u ruralnim krajevima.

Perhaps there are other things that we're just not thinking about yet,

Možda ima i drugih stvari o kojima sada ni ne razmišljamo,

but that's one idea to think about, urban islands.

ali to je jedna ideja o kojoj treba da razmišljamo, urbana ostrva.

And colony collapse disorder is not the only thing

Poremećaj kolapsa kolonije nije jedina stvar

affecting honeybees. Honeybees are dying,

koja utiče na pčele.

Pčele umiru, a to je ogroman, ogroman izazov našeg vremena.

and it's a huge, huge grand challenge of our time.

What you can see up here is a map of the world,

Ono što možete videti ovde je mapa sveta,

and we're tracking the spread of this varroa mite.

a pratimo razvoj ove Varoe Destruktorke.

Now, the varroa mite is what changed the game

Sada, Varoa Destruktor je ono što je promenilo pčelarstvo,

in beekeeping, and you can see, at the top right,

i možete da vidite, gore desno,

the years are changing, we're coming up to modern times,

kako godine prolaze, dolazimo do savremenog doba

and you can see the spread of the varroa mite

i možete videti širenje Varoe Destruktorke

from the early 1900s through now.

od ranih 1900-ih do danas.

It's 1968, and we're pretty much covering Asia.

Godina je 1968. i poprilično smo pokrili Aziju.

1971, we saw it spread to Europe and South America,

1971, vidimo da se raširila Evropom i Južnom Amerikom,

and then, when we get to the 1980s,

a onda, kada dođemo u 1980,

and specifically to 1987, the varroa mite finally came

a posebno u 1987, Varoa Destruktor je konačno došla

to North America and to the United States,

do Severne Amerike i Sjedinjenih Država

and that is when the game changed

i tada se igra promenila

for honeybees in the United States.

za pčele u Sjedinjenim Državama.

Many of us will remember our childhood growing up,

Mnogi od nas će se sećati svog detinjstva, odrastanja,

maybe you got stung by a bee, you saw bees on flowers.

možda vas je nekada ubola pčela, videli ste pčele na cveću.

Think of the kids today. Their childhood's a bit different.

Pomislite na današnju decu. Njihovo detinjstvo je malo drugačije.

They don't experience this.

Oni ovo ne doživljavaju.

The bees just aren't around anymore.

Pčela jednostavno više nema.

So we need bees and they're disappearing and it's a big problem.

Dakle, pčele su nam neophodne, one nestaju i to je veliki problem.

What can we do here?

Šta možemo da uradimo povodom toga?

So, what I do is honeybee research.

Ja se bavim istraživanjem pčela.

I got my Ph.D. studying honeybee health.

Dobio sam svoj doktorat proučavajući zdravlje pčela.

I started in 2005 studying honeybees.

Započeo sam da ih proučavam 2005.

In 2006, honeybees started disappearing,

Tokom 2006. pčele su počele da nestaju,

so suddenly, like, this little nerd kid

iznenada je, kao, ovaj mali štreber

going to school working with bugs — (Laughter) —

ide u školu, radi na bubama - (Smeh) -

became very relevant in the world.

postao veoma bitan u svetu.

And it worked out that way.

Tako se ispostavilo.

So my research focuses on ways to make bees healthier.

Moje istraživanje se fokusira na načine na koje možemo da učinimo pčele zdravijim.

I don't research what's killing the bees, per se.

Ja ne istražujem šta ubija pčele.

I'm not one of the many researchers around the world

Ja nisam jedan od mnogih istraživača širom sveta

who's looking at the effects of pesticides or diseases

koji gledaju na efekte pesticida ili bolesti

or habitat loss and poor nutrition on bees.

ili gubitka prirodnog staništa ili loše ishrane na pčele.

We're looking at ways to make bees healthier

Mi tražimo načine da pčele učinimo zdravijim

through vaccines, through yogurt, like probiotics,

kroz vakcine, kroz jogurte, kao probiotike,

and other types of therapies in ways that can be fed orally to bees,

i druge vrste terapija koje se pčelama mogu dati oralno,

and this process is so easy, even a 7-year-old can do it.

a ovaj proces je tako jednostavan

da bi čak i sedmogodišnjak znao kako da ga uradi.

You just mix up some pollen, sugar and water,

Pomešate nešto polena, šećera i vode,

and whatever active ingredient you want to put in,

i bilo koji aktivni sastojak koji želite da dodate,

and you just give it right to the bees. No chemicals involved,

i to samo date pčelama.

just immune boosters.

Nema hemikalija, samo pojačivača imuniteta.

Humans think about our own health in a prospective way.

Ljudi razmišljaju o svom zdravlju na prospektivan način.

We exercise, we eat healthy, we take vitamins.

Mi vežbamo, hranimo se zdravo, uzimamo vitamine.

Why don't we think about honeybees in that same type of way?

Zašto ne bi o pčelama razmišljali na isti način?

Bring them to areas where they're thriving

Donesite ih u sredine u kojima bujaju

and try to make them healthier before they get sick.

i pokušajte da ih učinite zdravijim pre nego što se razbole.

I spent many years in grad school trying to poke bees and do vaccines

Mnogo sam godina proveo na fakultetu,

pokušavajući da ubodem pčele i dam im vakcine pomoću igli.

with needles. (Laughter) Like, years,

(Smeh)

years at the bench, "Oh my gosh, it's 3 a.m.

Godine i godine na klupi: "O moj bože, već je tri ujutro

and I'm still pricking bees." (Laughter)

a ja i dalje ubadam pčele". (Smeh)

And then one day I said, "Why don't we just do an oral vaccine?"

A onda sam jednog dana rekao: "Zašto im jednostavno ne damo oralne vakcine"?

It's like, "Ugh," so that's what we do. (Laughter)

To je bilo kao: "Naravno", i to je ono što radimo. (Smeh)

I'd love to share with you some images of urban beehives,

Voleo bih da sa vama podelim neke slike urbanih košnica,

because they can be anything.

zato što one mogu biti bilo šta.

I mean, really open your mind with this.

Mislim zaista otvorite vaše umove ovim.

You can paint a hive to match your home.

Košnicu možete ofarbati tako da vam se slaže sa kućom.

You can hide a hive inside your home.

Možete je sakriti u svojoj kući.

These are three hives on the rooftop

Ovo su tri košnice na krovu

of the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel,

Fermont Kapli Plaza hotela i prelepe su.

and they're beautiful here. I mean, we matched

Mislim, uklopili smo

the new color of the inside of their rooms to do

novu boju unutrašnjosti njihovih soba

some type of a stained wood with blue for their sheets,

sa bojom bojenog drveta i plavom bojom njihovih posteljina

and these bees are terrific, and they also will use

i ove pčele su fantastične i takođe će koristiti

herbs that are growing in the garden.

bilje koje raste u bašti.

That's what the chefs go to to use for their cooking,

To je ono čemu odlaze kuvari i što koriste u njihovim jelima

and the honey -- they do live events --

i med - rade događaje uživo -

they'll use that honey at their bars.

taj med će iskoristiti u svojim barovima.

Honey is a great nutritional substitute for regular sugar

Med je odlična nutritivna zamena za obični šećer

because there are different types of sugars in there.

zato što u njemu ima različitih tipova šećera.

We also have a classroom hives project,

Takođe imamo i projekat košnica u učionicama,

where -- this is a nonprofit venture --

gde - ovo je neprofitni poduhvat -

we're spreading the word around the world for how

širimo znanje kroz svet

honeybee hives can be taken into the classroom

kako košnice mogu biti unete u učionice

or into the museum setting, behind glass,

ili u postavke muzuja, iza stakla

and used as an educational tool.

i upotrebljene kao obrazovno sredstvo.

This hive that you see here has been

Košnica koju ovde vidite

in Fenway High School for many years now.

je u Fenvej srednjoj školi već godinama.

The bees fly right into the outfield of Fenway Park.

Pčele lete pravo u polje Fenvej parka.

Nobody notices it. If you're not a flower,

Niko ih ne primećuje.

Ako niste cvet, pčele ne mare za vas. (Smeh)

these bees do not care about you. (Laughter)

They don't. They don't. They'll say,

One ne mare. Ne mare. Reći će:

"S'cuse me, flying around." (Laughter)

"Izvin'te, samo da proletim." (Smeh)

Some other images here in telling a part of the story

Neke od ostalih slika ovde nam kazuju deo priče

that really made urban beekeeping terrific is

koja je urbani uzgoj pčela učinila izuzetnim

in New York City, beekeeping was illegal until 2010.

je da je u Njujorku, uzgoj pčela bio ilegalan do 2010.

That's a big problem, because what's going to pollinate

Ovo je veliki problem, zato što, šta će da nam oprašuje

all of the gardens and the produce locally? Hands?

sve bašte i lokalne proizvode? Ruke?

I mean, locally in Boston, there is a terrific company

Mislim, lokalno u Bostonu, postoji izvanredna kompanija

called Green City Growers, and they are going

nazvana Grin Siti Grouers,

oni oprašuju svoje bundeve ručno, koristeći pamučne štapiće

and pollinating their squash crops by hand with Q-Tips,

and if they miss that three day window, there's no fruit.

i ako propuste taj trodnevni vremenski period, nema ploda.

Their clients aren't happy, and people go hungry.

Njihovi klijenti nisu srećni, a ljudi ostaju gladni.

So this is important.

Dakle, ovo je bitno.

We have also some images of honey from Brooklyn.

Takođe imamo i neke fotografije meda iz Bruklina.

Now, this was a mystery in the New York Times

Ovo je bila misterija opisana u Njujork Tajmsu,

where the honey was very red, and the

gde je med bio jarko crven

New York State forensics department came in

i predstavnici kriminalističkog odeljenja države Njujork su došli

and they actually did some science to match

i primenili nauku da bi našli poklapanje

the red dye with that found

crvene nijanse sa onom koja je nađena

in a maraschino cherry factory down the street. (Laughter)

u jednoj fabrici likera od višnje niže niz ulicu. (Smeh)

So you can tailor your honey to taste however you want

Dakle, možete skrojiti vaš med da bude onog ukusa koji želite

by planting bee-friendly flowers.

sadnjom cveća koje pčele vole.

Paris has been a terrific model for urban beekeeping.

Pariz je izvanredan model urbanog uzgoja pčela.

They've had hives on the rooftop of their opera house

Imaju košnice na krovu zgrade opere

for many years now, and that's what really got people started, thinking,

već mnogo godina i to je nateralo ljude na razmišljanje,

"Wow, we can do this, and we should do this."

"Oho, mi ovo možemo i treba da uradimo."

Also in London, and in Europe across the board,

Takođe, u Londonu i Evropi svuda,

they're very advanced in their use of green rooftops

jako su napredni u iskorišćavanju njihovih zelenih krovova

and integrating beehives,

i integraciji košnica

and I'll show you an ending note here.

i ovde ću vam pokazati jednu oproštajnu poruku.

I would like to encourage you to open your mind.

Voleo bih da vas ohrabrim da otvorite vaše umove.

What can you do to save the bees or to help them

Šta vi možete uraditi da biste sačuvali pčele ili im pomogli

or to think of sustainable cities in the future?

ili da mislite o održivim gradovima u budućnosti?

Well, really, just change your perspective.

Pa, zaista, samo promenite vašu perspektivu.

Try to understand that bees are very important.

Pokušajte da razumete da su pčele veoma bitne.

A bee isn't going to sting you if you see it.

Pčela vas neće ubosti ako je vidite.

The bee dies. Honeybees die when they sting,

Ta pčela umire. Pčele umiru kada ubodu,

so they don't want to do it either. (Laughter)

tako da ni one to ne žele da urade. (Smeh)

It's nothing to panic about. They're all over the city.

To nije nešto oko čega treba paničiti. One su svuda po gradu.

You could even get your own hive if you want.

Ukoliko želite, možete čak nabaviti i sopstvenu košnicu.

There are great resources available,

Dostupni su nam veliki izvori,

and there are even companies that will help get you set up and mentor you

a čak postoje i kompanije koje će vam pomoći da ih postavite i učiće vas,

and it's important for our educational system in the world

a to je bitno za naš obrazovni sistem u svetu,

for students to learn about agriculture worldwide

da bi učenici učili o poljoprivredi širom sveta

such as this little girl, who, again, is not even getting stung.

kao ova mala devojčica, koja, ponovo, ne biva ubodena.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Aplauz)