Noah Wilson-Rich: Every city needs healthy honey bees

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

翻译人员: Yuguo Zhang 校对人员: Candice Wang

This man is wearing what we call

这个人的胡子被我们叫作

a bee beard. (Laughter)

蜜蜂胡子（笑声）

A beard full of bees.

一脸满是蜜蜂的胡子

Now, this is what many of you might picture

现在,

when you think about honeybees, maybe insects,

当你想到蜜蜂的时候，也许想到的是昆虫

or maybe anything that has more legs than two.

也许是其他什么有不只两条腿的东西。

And let me start by telling you, I gotcha.

让我开始告诉你一些东西，我明白你。

I understand that. But, there are many things to know,

我理解这个。但是有许多是要知道，

and I want you to open your minds here,

我希望你这这里打开你的思维，

keep them open, and change your perspective about honeybees.

一直打开你的思维，改变你对蜜蜂的观点。

Notice that this man is not getting stung.

我们发现这个男子并没有蜇伤

He probably has a queen bee tied to his chin,

他也许将一个蜂后系在他的下巴上，

and the other bees are attracted to it.

其他的蜜蜂被蜂后吸引过来。

So this really demonstrates our relationship with honeybees,

这个的确能证实我们和蜜蜂之间的关系，

and that goes deep back for thousands of years.

这个可以追溯几千年以前。

We're very co-evolved, because we depend on bees

我们密切相关，因为我们依赖蜜蜂的授粉

for pollination and, even more recently,

就算最近，

as an economic commodity.

就像是一种经济货物。

Many of you may have heard that honeybees are disappearing,

你们中的许多人也许听说了蜜蜂正在消失，

not just dying, but they're gone.

不是仅仅的死亡，但是他们不见了。

We don't even find dead bodies.

我们甚至没找到尸体。

This is called colony collapse disorder,

这个被称作蜂群崩坏症候群，

and it's bizarre. Researchers around the globe

这个是奇怪的。世界范围内的研究

still do not know what's causing it,

仍然没有找到原因，

but what we do know is that, with the declining numbers

但是我们知道的是，随着蜂群的

of bees, the costs of over 130 fruit and vegetable crops

减少，我们赖以为食的超过130种水果和蔬菜作物

that we rely on for food is going up in price.

的费用正在上升。

So honeybees are important for their role in the economy

所以蜜蜂在经济领域

as well as in agriculture.

发挥着和农业一样重要的角色。

Here you can see some pictures of what are called

你在这里看到一些图片，我们称作绿色屋顶

green roofs, or urban agriculture.

或者是都市农业。

We're familiar with the image on the left that shows

我们熟悉左边展示的

a local neighborhood garden in the South End.

波士顿当地花园的

That's where I call home. I have a beehive in the backyard.

这个就是我称为家的地方。在我的后院里有一个蜂窝。

And perhaps a green roof in the future,

也许将来会是个绿色的屋顶，

when we're further utilizing urban areas,

当我们将来利用起屋顶空地，

where there are stacks of garden spaces.

在那里堆积起绿色的空间。

Check out this image above the orange line in Boston.

看看这个波士顿橘线上面照的相片。

Try to spot the beehive. It's there.

把蜂窝的地方标记起来，在这里。

It's on the rooftop, right on the corner there,

就在屋顶上，在角落的右边，

and it's been there for a couple of years now.

它现在已经在那好几年了。

The way that urban beekeeping currently operates

目前经营都市养蜂业的途径

is that the beehives are quite hidden,

是把蜂巢实实在在的隐藏起来，

and it's not because they need to be.

不是因为蜜蜂需要这样。

It's just because people are uncomfortable with the idea,

而这仅仅是因为人们对这个想法觉得不舒服，

and that's why I want you today to try to think about this,

这就是为什么我想要你今天想想这个，

think about the benefits of bees in cities

想想蜜蜂在城市的好处

and why they really are a terrific thing.

那为什么它们会是恐怖的事情。

Let me give you a brief rundown on how pollination works.

让我给你一个简单的授粉是如何运作的框架。

So we know flowers, we know fruits and vegetables,

我们了解花朵，我们知道水果和蔬菜

even some alfalfa in hay that the livestock

甚至一些我们所食用的家畜吃的干草中的金花菜

for the meats that we eat, rely on pollinators,

依赖于授粉者，

but you've got male and female parts to a plant here,

但是这儿雄蕊和雌蕊都有

and basically pollinators are attracted to plants

最基本的，传粉者被

for their nectar, and in the process,

植物的花蜜所吸引，在这个过程中

a bee will visit some flowers and pick up some pollen,

一只蜜蜂光顾不同的花朵携带一些花粉

or that male kind of sperm counterpart, along the way,

也就是类似花的精子，

and then travel to different flowers, and eventually

途径不同的花朵，最终

an apple, in this case, will be produced.

比如一个苹果，就会生产出来。

You can see the orientation. The stem is down.

注意到方向。它是向下连到枝条的。

The blossom end has fallen off by the time we eat it,

等到我们吃它的时候，花瓣都已掉落。

but that's a basic overview of how pollination works.

这就是基本点回顾了一下授粉是如何进行的。

And let's think about urban living, not today,

让我们想想城市生活，不是现今，

and not in the past, but what about in a hundred years?

也不是过去，而是在将来一百年？

What's it gonna look like? We have huge grand challenges

将要成什么样？随着这一段时间的栖息地的流失

these days of habitat loss. We have more and more people,

我们有巨大的土地挑战。我们有越来越多的人口，

billions of people, in 100 years, God knows how many people,

100亿人，在这100年间，老天知道这是多少的人啊，

and how little space there will be to fit all of them,

如何用狭小的空间养活所有的人口啊，

so we need to change the way that we see cities, and

所以我们要改变我们看待城市的方式，

looking at this picture on the left of New York City today,

看一下左边这张纽约现在的图片，

you can see how gray and brown it is.

你看到他完全是棕色和灰色。

We have tar paper on the rooftops that bounces heat back

我们在屋顶上铺盖柏油纸，它将热能

into the atmosphere,

反射回到大气，

contributing to global climate change, no doubt.

并加速全球暖化。

What about in 100 years, if we have green rooftops

在这100年中，如果我们到处都有绿色屋顶，

everywhere, and gardening, and we create our own crops

还有花园，我们在我们自己的城市里种植庄稼？

right in the cities? We save on the costs of transportation,

我们节省了运输

we save on a healthier diet, and we also educate

和节省了更健康的饮食所需的的花费，我们还能在当地

and create new jobs locally.

培养和创造新的职业。

We need bees for the future of our cities and urban living.

我们需要蜜蜂为我们未来的城市和都市生活。

Here's some data that we collected through our company

这里是一些通过我们公司（Best Bees）收集的数据

with Best Bees, where we deliver, install and manage

我们为吻合想要他们的人

honeybee hives for anybody who wants them,

发送，安装并管理蜂房，

in the city, in the countryside, and we introduce honeybees,

在城市中，在郊区，我们介绍蜜蜂，

and the idea of beekeeping in your own backyard or rooftop

把蜂箱放置在你的后院或是屋顶在或是消防通道，

or fire escape, for even that matter,

不论是哪个

and seeing how simple it is and how possible it is.

可以看到这是多么的简单并且可行的。

There's a counterintuitive trend that we noticed

这里有一个我们察觉到的违反直觉的趋势

in these numbers. So let's look at the first metric here,

让我们先看看第一个数字

overwintering survival.

过冬的存活率

Now this has been a huge problem for many years,

这是养蜂人多年以来面临的困扰

basically since the late 1980s, when the varroa mite came

1980年代末期，蜜蜂蟹蟎入侵

and brought many different viruses, bacteria

并随之携带许多不同的细菌、病毒

and fungal diseases with it.

以及真菌传染疾病。

Overwintering success is hard,

成功的度过冬天很困难

and that's when most of the colonies are lost,

大多数的蜂群都是这时候流失

and we found that in the cities, bees are surviving

我们在城市发现了它们，蜜蜂（在城市）可以比在乡村

better than they are in the country.

更好的存活下来。

A bit counterintuitive, right?

听起来有点违背常理，对吧?

We think, oh, bees, countryside, agriculture,

我们在想，哦，蜜蜂，乡村，农田

but that's not what the bees are showing.

但这不是蜜蜂想要的

The bees like it in the city. (Laughter)

蜜蜂更想要呆在城市里。（笑）

Furthermore, they also produce more honey.

不仅如此，他们也会生产更多的蜂蜜。

The urban honey is delicious.

都市蜂蜜真是美味极了。

The bees in Boston on the rooftop of the Seaport Hotel,

在波士顿Seaport 酒店屋顶上的蜂群

where we have hundreds of thousands of bees

他们现在正成千上万

flying overheard right now

于我们头顶飞过

that I'm sure none of you noticed when we walked by,

我确定当你们路过的时候是没有察觉到的，

are going to all of the local community gardens

正在逐渐走进当地的社区花园

and making delicious, healthy honey

并生产出美味健康的蜂蜜

that just tastes like the flowers in our city.

尝起来就像我们城市中的花朵一样。

So the yield for urban hives, in terms of honey production,

因此都市蜂箱的产量，也就是蜂蜜的产量

is higher as well as the overwintering survival,

以及过冬的存活率

compared to rural areas.

都较郊区的蜂群高。

Again, a bit counterintuitive.

真的不太合常理

And looking back historically at the timeline

然后看一下关于蜂蜜健康的历史记录

of honeybee health, we can go back to the year 950 and see

我们回到950年然后看到

that there was also a great mortality of bees in Ireland.

於爱尔兰的蜂群死亡率也是非常高的。

So the problems of bees today isn't necessarily

所以现在蜜蜂所出现的问题也不是什么

something new. It has been happening

新鲜问题，以前年前

since over a thousand years ago,

就已经发生这样的问题了，

but what we don't really notice are these problems in cities.

但是我们在城市里并没有发现这样的问题。

So one thing I want to encourage you to think about

因此有一件事我想鼓励你去思考的是

is the idea of what an urban island is.

"都市岛屿"这个概念

You think in the city maybe the temperature's warmer.

也许你会想到在城市里气温会更高。

Why are bees doing better in the city?

那为什么蜜蜂在城市里可以活得更好？

This is a big question now to help us understand

现在这就是一个巨大的问题去帮助我们理解

why they should be in the city.

为什么它们应该出现在城市里。

Perhaps there's more pollen in the city.

有可能城市里有较多的花粉

With the trains coming in to urban hubs, they can

许许多多进入市中心的火车

carry pollen with them, very light pollen,

有可能携带许多重量很轻的花粉

and it's just a big supermarket in the city.

使市中心成为一个花粉超市

A lot of linden trees live along the railroad tracks.

许多椴树沿着火车铁轨生长

Perhaps there are fewer pesticides in the cities

城市中也许较郊区少喷洒农药

than there are in [rural] areas.

城市中也许较郊区少喷洒农药

Perhaps there are other things that we're just not thinking about yet,

也许是一些我们还没有思考过的问题，

but that's one idea to think about, urban islands.

但是有一个想法要去思索，就是都市岛屿

And colony collapse disorder is not the only thing

再者，蜂群崩坏症候群病不是唯一影响蜜蜂的东西

affecting honeybees. Honeybees are dying,

蜜蜂正在消失当中

and it's a huge, huge grand challenge of our time.

而这是我们这个世纪所面临的极大考验

What you can see up here is a map of the world,

这是我们追踪历年蜜蜂蟹螨分布的地图

and we're tracking the spread of this varroa mite.

这是我们追踪历年蜜蜂蟹螨分布的地图

Now, the varroa mite is what changed the game

你可以看见，蜜蜂蟹螨的来临完全改变了蜂群现况

in beekeeping, and you can see, at the top right,

在右上角的数字显示年代

the years are changing, we're coming up to modern times,

慢慢移动，进入到现代

and you can see the spread of the varroa mite

你可以清楚看见蜜蜂蟹螨

from the early 1900s through now.

从1900年代至今的入侵速度

It's 1968, and we're pretty much covering Asia.

到了1968年，亚洲已被完全覆盖

1971, we saw it spread to Europe and South America,

到了1971，他传到欧洲和南美洲

and then, when we get to the 1980s,

然后，再到1980年代

and specifically to 1987, the varroa mite finally came

准确来说是1987，蜜蜂蟹螨

to North America and to the United States,

终于抵达北美洲和美国

and that is when the game changed

而也就是那时

for honeybees in the United States.

美国蜜蜂的状态彻底改变

Many of us will remember our childhood growing up,

各位应该都记得小时候，

maybe you got stung by a bee, you saw bees on flowers.

有可能你曾不小心被蜜蜂叮了，或是看过蜜蜂采蜜

Think of the kids today. Their childhood's a bit different.

想想现在的孩子，他们的童年不太一样

They don't experience this.

他们没有经历过这些

The bees just aren't around anymore.

因为他们周围已经没有蜜蜂了

So we need bees and they're disappearing and it's a big problem.

我们需要蜜蜂，但牠们一直消失，而这是个大问题

What can we do here?

我们能够做些什么?

So, what I do is honeybee research.

我本身是研究蜜蜂的

I got my Ph.D. studying honeybee health.

我的博士论文研究的是蜂群的健康

I started in 2005 studying honeybees.

我从2005年开始研究蜜蜂

In 2006, honeybees started disappearing,

蜜蜂于2006年开始消失

so suddenly, like, this little nerd kid

忽然间，我这个纯粹想上学玩虫的书呆子(笑声)

going to school working with bugs — (Laughter) —

忽然间，我这个纯粹想上学玩虫的书呆子(笑声)

became very relevant in the world.

变成在进行世纪迫切需要的研究。

And it worked out that way.

真的凑巧就这样发生了

So my research focuses on ways to make bees healthier.

我的研究重心在于如何使蜂群更健康

I don't research what's killing the bees, per se.

我本身并不研究是什么因素让蜜蜂死亡

I'm not one of the many researchers around the world

我不是世界上众多研究

who's looking at the effects of pesticides or diseases

疾病和杀虫剂，或是栖地流失和营养匱乏

or habitat loss and poor nutrition on bees.

对蜜蜂的影响的研究者之一

We're looking at ways to make bees healthier

我们寻找使蜂群更健康的方法

through vaccines, through yogurt, like probiotics,

利用疫苗，益生菌，像是优格

and other types of therapies in ways that can be fed orally to bees,

还有其他能够经由蜜蜂食入的治疗方法

and this process is so easy, even a 7-year-old can do it.

这些方法执行起来简单到七岁小孩都能完成

You just mix up some pollen, sugar and water,

你只需要混合花粉、糖、和水

and whatever active ingredient you want to put in,

以及你所需要的任何活性成分

and you just give it right to the bees. No chemicals involved,

然后就直接给蜜蜂，不需要化学药剂

just immune boosters.

只需要增强免疫力的食品

Humans think about our own health in a prospective way.

我们人类通常积极预防病管理自己的健康

We exercise, we eat healthy, we take vitamins.

我们会运动、吃健康的食物、服用维他命

Why don't we think about honeybees in that same type of way?

那我们为什麼不以同样的观点来看待蜜蜂呢?

Bring them to areas where they're thriving

将他们带到能够充分发展的地方

and try to make them healthier before they get sick.

并且在他们生病之前增强牠们的健康状态

I spent many years in grad school trying to poke bees and do vaccines

我研究所时花了很多时间想要替蜜蜂打疫苗

with needles. (Laughter) Like, years,

用针打(笑声) 我花了好几年

years at the bench, "Oh my gosh, it's 3 a.m.

窝在实验室 "喔天哪，已经半夜三点了

and I'm still pricking bees." (Laughter)

我竟然还在用针戳蜜蜂" (笑声)

And then one day I said, "Why don't we just do an oral vaccine?"

然后有一天我想说 "我们为何不发展口服疫苗?"

It's like, "Ugh," so that's what we do. (Laughter)

真的是有够 "啊" 所以，这就是现在我们所做的 (笑声)

I'd love to share with you some images of urban beehives,

让我和你们分享一些都市蜂箱的照片

because they can be anything.

因为它们能够是任何东西

I mean, really open your mind with this.

我是说，真的敞开心胸想想

You can paint a hive to match your home.

你可以把蜂箱漆成和你家相配的颜色

You can hide a hive inside your home.

你可以在家里面藏一个蜂箱

These are three hives on the rooftop

这些蜂箱在Fairmont Copley Plaza 饭店的屋顶

of the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel,

这些蜂箱在 Fairmont Copley Plaza 饭店的屋顶

and they're beautiful here. I mean, we matched

它们美极了。我们还特别配合

the new color of the inside of their rooms to do

他们房间内的木头顏色

some type of a stained wood with blue for their sheets,

还有他们床单的蓝色

and these bees are terrific, and they also will use

而这些蜜蜂棒极了，他们会利用

herbs that are growing in the garden.

在花园里种植的香草

That's what the chefs go to to use for their cooking,

那里的厨师用香草做菜

and the honey -- they do live events --

而生产出的蜂蜜-- 旅馆会现场表演取蜜--

they'll use that honey at their bars.

会拿去吧台调酒用

Honey is a great nutritional substitute for regular sugar

蜂蜜是砂糖的绝佳替代品

because there are different types of sugars in there.

因为里面含有各式不同的糖。

We also have a classroom hives project,

我们同时有一个教室蜂箱计划

where -- this is a nonprofit venture --

这是一个非营利计划

we're spreading the word around the world for how

我们正在全世界推广

honeybee hives can be taken into the classroom

如何把蜜蜂带入教室

or into the museum setting, behind glass,

或是博物馆，在玻璃后面

and used as an educational tool.

来作为教育工具

This hive that you see here has been

这个蜂巢已经在Fenway High School许多年了

in Fenway High School for many years now.

这个蜂巢已经在Fenway High School许多年了

The bees fly right into the outfield of Fenway Park.

蜜蜂可以直接飞出到Fenway Park棒球场的外野

Nobody notices it. If you're not a flower,

没人注意到。如果你不是花，

these bees do not care about you. (Laughter)

蜜蜂才不管你呢 (笑声)

They don't. They don't. They'll say,

他们真的不会。他们会说

"S'cuse me, flying around." (Laughter)

"借过，我要飞过去" (笑声)

Some other images here in telling a part of the story

这些其它的图片阐述的故事

that really made urban beekeeping terrific is

可让我们真正体会都市养蜂的好处

in New York City, beekeeping was illegal until 2010.

一直到2010年之前，在纽约市养蜂是违法的

That's a big problem, because what's going to pollinate

这是个大问题，因为当地的花朵和蔬果无法授粉

all of the gardens and the produce locally? Hands?

要用什么传粉?难道用手吗?

I mean, locally in Boston, there is a terrific company

我是说真的，在波士顿，就有个很棒的公司

called Green City Growers, and they are going

叫作Green City Growers，而他们到处

and pollinating their squash crops by hand with Q-Tips,

靠人力用棉花棒替他们的瓜类作物手工传粉

and if they miss that three day window, there's no fruit.

如果他们错过那三天的授粉期，就无法收成

Their clients aren't happy, and people go hungry.

而他们的客户就不满意，人们吃不到东西

So this is important.

所以这是很重要的问题

We have also some images of honey from Brooklyn.

这里还有一些从布鲁克林产的蜂蜜

Now, this was a mystery in the New York Times

这曾是在纽约时报风云一阵子的谜题

where the honey was very red, and the

因为那蜂蜜是个出人意料的鲜红色

New York State forensics department came in

结果纽约州司法实验室派人调查

and they actually did some science to match

然后还真的调查出原来那颜色

the red dye with that found

与同一条街上的红樱桃加工厂

in a maraschino cherry factory down the street. (Laughter)

所用的染剂一模一样 (笑声)

So you can tailor your honey to taste however you want

所以你可以种各种不同适合蜂蜜的植物

by planting bee-friendly flowers.

来创造出你理想的蜂蜜风味

Paris has been a terrific model for urban beekeeping.

巴黎是都市养蜂的典范

They've had hives on the rooftop of their opera house

他们的歌剧院楼顶上的蜂箱

for many years now, and that's what really got people started, thinking,

已经运作多年了，这让许多人意识到

"Wow, we can do this, and we should do this."

"哇，我们真的做得到，而且这是我们应该做的"

Also in London, and in Europe across the board,

而且在伦敦，以及其他欧洲城市

they're very advanced in their use of green rooftops

非常广泛使用绿屋顶

and integrating beehives,

并融合养蜂

and I'll show you an ending note here.

所以让我在这里做个小结论

I would like to encourage you to open your mind.

我想鼓励你们敞开心胸

What can you do to save the bees or to help them

想想你能够做什么来拯救并帮助蜜蜂

or to think of sustainable cities in the future?

或想想如何创造可持续发展的城市?

Well, really, just change your perspective.

说真的，你只要转换你的心态

Try to understand that bees are very important.

了解蜜蜂其实是非常重要的

A bee isn't going to sting you if you see it.

当你看见蜜蜂他并不会螫你

The bee dies. Honeybees die when they sting,

其实，蜜蜂螫你他会死

so they don't want to do it either. (Laughter)

所以他们也不愿意啊 (笑声)

It's nothing to panic about. They're all over the city.

没有什么值得惊慌的，他们已散布城市各处

You could even get your own hive if you want.

你想要的话，你也能拥有一个蜂巢

There are great resources available,

有许多很棒的资源来帮助你

and there are even companies that will help get you set up and mentor you

甚至还有专业公司帮你起步并提供教学服务

and it's important for our educational system in the world

对教育而言，蜜蜂也十分重要

for students to learn about agriculture worldwide

他们帮助全世界的学生学习农业知识

such as this little girl, who, again, is not even getting stung.

就像是这位小女孩，看，她根本没被螫到

Thank you. (Applause)

谢谢 (掌声)