Noah Wilson-Rich: Every city needs healthy honey bees

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: SIBELA KESAC Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

This man is wearing what we call

Ovaj čovjek nosi nešto što mi nazivamo

a bee beard. (Laughter)

pčela-bradom. (Smijeh)

A beard full of bees.

Bradu punu pčela.

Now, this is what many of you might picture

Ovako nešto vjerojatno mnogima od vas padne na pamet

when you think about honeybees, maybe insects,

kada razmišljate o pčelama, možda o kukcima,

or maybe anything that has more legs than two.

ili o bilo čemu što ima više od dvije noge.

And let me start by telling you, I gotcha.

I odmah ću vam reći, kužim vas.

I understand that. But, there are many things to know,

Razumijem to. Ali, postoje neke stvari koje bi trebali znati.

and I want you to open your minds here,

Želim da otvorite svoj um,

keep them open, and change your perspective about honeybees.

i da promijenite svoj pogled na pčele medarice.

Notice that this man is not getting stung.

Primijetiti ćete da ovog čovjeka pčele ne bodu.

He probably has a queen bee tied to his chin,

Vjerojatno na bradi ima pčelu maticu,

and the other bees are attracted to it.

koja onda privlači ostale pčele.

So this really demonstrates our relationship with honeybees,

Dakle ovo je demonstracija našeg odnosa sa pčelama,

and that goes deep back for thousands of years.

koji traje već tisućama godina.

We're very co-evolved, because we depend on bees

Koevoluirali smo, zato što mi ovisimo o pčelama,

for pollination and, even more recently,

za oprašivanje, a u novije doba,

as an economic commodity.

one su i trgovačka roba.

Many of you may have heard that honeybees are disappearing,

Mnogi od vas možda su čuli da pčele nestaju,

not just dying, but they're gone.

ne samo da umiru, već nestaju, nema ih.

We don't even find dead bodies.

Ne nalazimo čak ni mrtve pčele.

This is called colony collapse disorder,

To se naziva poremećaj kolapsa kolonija

and it's bizarre. Researchers around the globe

i bizaran je. Istraživači diljem svijeta

still do not know what's causing it,

još uvijek ne znaju šta ga uzrokuje

but what we do know is that, with the declining numbers

ali ono što znamo je da, sa opadanjem broja pčela,

of bees, the costs of over 130 fruit and vegetable crops

cijene preko 130 vrsta voća i povrća koji su naša hrana

that we rely on for food is going up in price.

rastu.

So honeybees are important for their role in the economy

Znači, pčele imaju važnu ulogu u ekonomiji,

as well as in agriculture.

jednako kao i u poljoprivredi.

Here you can see some pictures of what are called

Ovdje možete vidjeti neke fotografije tzv.

green roofs, or urban agriculture.

zelenih krovova, ili urbane poljoprivrede.

We're familiar with the image on the left that shows

Poznata vam je slika na lijevoj strani koja prikazuje

a local neighborhood garden in the South End.

vrt u susjedstvu u South Endu.

That's where I call home. I have a beehive in the backyard.

To ja zovem svojim domom. Imam košnicu u zadnjem dvorištu.

And perhaps a green roof in the future,

I možda ćemo u budućnosti na zelenim krovovima,

when we're further utilizing urban areas,

kada ćemo još više koristiti urbana područja,

where there are stacks of garden spaces.

imati i više prostora za vrtove.

Check out this image above the orange line in Boston.

Pogledajte ovu sliku iznad narančaste linije u Bostonu.

Try to spot the beehive. It's there.

Pokušajte uočiti košnicu. Tamo je.

It's on the rooftop, right on the corner there,

Na krovu, točno u kutu,

and it's been there for a couple of years now.

i tamo stoji već nekoliko godina.

The way that urban beekeeping currently operates

Način na koji urbani pčelari trenutno rade

is that the beehives are quite hidden,

je taj da pokušavaju što bolje sakriti košnice,

and it's not because they need to be.

ali ne zbog toga što moraju.

It's just because people are uncomfortable with the idea,

To rade zato što one ljudima izazivaju nelagodu

and that's why I want you today to try to think about this,

i zato želim da danas razmislite o ovome,

think about the benefits of bees in cities

razmislite o koristima od pčela u gradovima

and why they really are a terrific thing.

i zašto su one zapravo fantastične.

Let me give you a brief rundown on how pollination works.

Objasnit ću vam kako funkcionira oprašivanje.

So we know flowers, we know fruits and vegetables,

Dakle, znamo da se cvijeće, voće i povrće

even some alfalfa in hay that the livestock

pa čak i neke vrste djeteline potrebne za prehranu stoke

for the meats that we eat, rely on pollinators,

čije meso mi jedemo, oslanjaju na oprašivače,

but you've got male and female parts to a plant here,

no, imate muške i ženske dijelove biljke,

and basically pollinators are attracted to plants

i u suštini, oprašivače privlači nektar biljke

for their nectar, and in the process,

i u procesu oprašivanja,

a bee will visit some flowers and pick up some pollen,

pčela sleti na cvijet, prikuplja pelud,

or that male kind of sperm counterpart, along the way,

usput prikuplja i tu nekakvu inačicu sperme

and then travel to different flowers, and eventually

i onda putuje do drugačijih cvjetova, da bi u konačnici

an apple, in this case, will be produced.

dobili, u ovom slučaju, plod jabuke.

You can see the orientation. The stem is down.

Možete vidjeti položaj. Stabljika je dolje.

The blossom end has fallen off by the time we eat it,

Cvijet će otpasti,

but that's a basic overview of how pollination works.

i to je otprilike način na koji funkcionira oprašivanje.

And let's think about urban living, not today,

Sad razmislimo o životu u gradovima, ne danas,

and not in the past, but what about in a hundred years?

ne u prošlosti, već pogledajmo nekoliko stotina godina u budućnost,

What's it gonna look like? We have huge grand challenges

Kako će izgledati? Suočeni smo sa velikim izazovima

these days of habitat loss. We have more and more people,

kako gubimo staništa. Ima nas sve više,

billions of people, in 100 years, God knows how many people,

milijarde ljudi, za 100 godina sam Bog zna koliko ljudi,

and how little space there will be to fit all of them,

i koliko malo prostora da ih se smjesti.,

so we need to change the way that we see cities, and

i zato moramo promijeniti način na koji promatramo gradove,

looking at this picture on the left of New York City today,

i, ako pogledate sliku New Yorka danas,

you can see how gray and brown it is.

vidjet ćete da je siv i smeđ.

We have tar paper on the rooftops that bounces heat back

Na krovove stavljamo ter papir, koji odbija toplinu

into the atmosphere,

natrag u atmosferu,

contributing to global climate change, no doubt.

i bez sumnje pridonosi globalnim klimatskim promjenama.

What about in 100 years, if we have green rooftops

Kako bi bilo kada bi za stotinu godina imali zelene krovove

everywhere, and gardening, and we create our own crops

posvuda, i vrtlarstvo, i imali vlastite usjeve

right in the cities? We save on the costs of transportation,

upravo u gradovima? Uštedjeli bi na troškovima transporta,

we save on a healthier diet, and we also educate

uštedjeli bi zbog zdravije prehrane, educirali bi ljude

and create new jobs locally.

i stvarali lokalno nova radna mjesta.

We need bees for the future of our cities and urban living.

Pčele su nam potrebne zbog budućnosti naših gradova i života u njima.

Here's some data that we collected through our company

Evo nekih podataka koje je naša tvrtka Best Bees prikupila.

with Best Bees, where we deliver, install and manage

Mi dostavljamo, postavljamo i rukujemo

honeybee hives for anybody who wants them,

pčelinjim košnicama za svakoga tko to želi,

in the city, in the countryside, and we introduce honeybees,

u gradu, na selu, uvodimo pčele medarice,

and the idea of beekeeping in your own backyard or rooftop

i ideju o držanju pčela u vlastitom dvorištu ili na krovu

or fire escape, for even that matter,

pa čak i na požarnim stepenicama,

and seeing how simple it is and how possible it is.

i pokazujemo kako je to zapravo jednostavno i izvedivo.

There's a counterintuitive trend that we noticed

Primjetili smo jedan trend u brojevima, koji je suprotan intuiciji.

in these numbers. So let's look at the first metric here,

Pa, pogledajmo ove brojeve koji se odnose

overwintering survival.

na preživljavanje zime.

Now this has been a huge problem for many years,

Ovo je mnogo godina bio ogroman problem,

basically since the late 1980s, when the varroa mite came

zapravo od kasnih 80-tih, do pojave parazita varroa

and brought many different viruses, bacteria

koja je sa sobom donijela razne viruse, bakterije,

and fungal diseases with it.

i gljivična oboljenja.

Overwintering success is hard,

Uspješno prezimljavanje je teško,

and that's when most of the colonies are lost,

i zbog toga gubimo mnoge kolonije,

and we found that in the cities, bees are surviving

a mi smo otkrili da u gradovima, pčele preživljavaju

better than they are in the country.

bolje nego na selu.

A bit counterintuitive, right?

Niste to očekivali, jelda?

We think, oh, bees, countryside, agriculture,

Mi razmišljamo, oh, pčele, selo, poljoprivreda,

but that's not what the bees are showing.

ali to nije ono što nam pčele pokazuju.

The bees like it in the city. (Laughter)

Pčelama je lijepo u gradu. (Smijeh)

Furthermore, they also produce more honey.

Nadalje, također proizvode više meda.

The urban honey is delicious.

Gradski med je izuzetno ukusan.

The bees in Boston on the rooftop of the Seaport Hotel,

Pčele u Bostonu, na krovu Seaport Hotela,

where we have hundreds of thousands of bees

gdje imamo na stotine tisuća pčela

flying overheard right now

koje upravo lete iznad naših glava,

that I'm sure none of you noticed when we walked by,

i koje, siguran sam, nitko od vas nije primjetio,

are going to all of the local community gardens

lete do svih lokalnih vrtova,

and making delicious, healthy honey

i rade ukusan, zdrav med

that just tastes like the flowers in our city.

koji ima okus cvijeća u našem gradu.

So the yield for urban hives, in terms of honey production,

Dakle, prinos urbanih košnica, u smislu dobivenog meda,

is higher as well as the overwintering survival,

veći je, a veći je i postotak prezimljavanja

compared to rural areas.

u usporedbi sa ruralnim područjima.

Again, a bit counterintuitive.

Opet, ne bismo to očekivali.

And looking back historically at the timeline

Kada pogledamo zdravlje pčela u prošlosti

of honeybee health, we can go back to the year 950 and see

možemo otići natrag do 950. godine i vidjet ćemo

that there was also a great mortality of bees in Ireland.

da je tada u Irskoj isto postojao problem ugibanja pčela.

So the problems of bees today isn't necessarily

Dakle, problem sa pčelama danas ne mora biti

something new. It has been happening

nešto novo. Isto to se dešavalo i

since over a thousand years ago,

prije više od tisuću godina,

but what we don't really notice are these problems in cities.

ali ono što ne primjećujemo su ti problemi u gradovima.

So one thing I want to encourage you to think about

Želio bih da razmislite o jednoj stvari,

is the idea of what an urban island is.

o ideji urbanog otoka.

You think in the city maybe the temperature's warmer.

Možda mislite da je u gradovima toplije.

Why are bees doing better in the city?

Zašto je pčelama bolje u gradu?

This is a big question now to help us understand

To je vrlo važno pitanje, treba nam pomoći shvatiti

why they should be in the city.

zašto bi pčele trebale biti u gradu.

Perhaps there's more pollen in the city.

Možda je u gradu više peluda.

With the trains coming in to urban hubs, they can

Možda vlakovi koji dolaze u gradska središta

carry pollen with them, very light pollen,

sa sobom donose i pelud

and it's just a big supermarket in the city.

i onda je to pčelama jedan veliki supermarket.

A lot of linden trees live along the railroad tracks.

Uz željezničke pruge raste mnogo drveća lipe.

Perhaps there are fewer pesticides in the cities

Možda u gradu ima manje pesticida

than there are in [rural] areas.

nego u ruralnim područjima.

Perhaps there are other things that we're just not thinking about yet,

Možda su u pitanju neke stvari o kojima još ni ne razmišljamo,

but that's one idea to think about, urban islands.

ali urbani otoci su ideja o kojoj valja razmisliti.

And colony collapse disorder is not the only thing

Poremećaj kolapsa kolonija nije jedina stvar

affecting honeybees. Honeybees are dying,

koja pogađa pčele. Pčele umiru,

and it's a huge, huge grand challenge of our time.

i danas nam to predstavlja ogroman, ogroman izazov.

What you can see up here is a map of the world,

Ovdje možete vidjeti kartu svijeta,

and we're tracking the spread of this varroa mite.

mi pratimo širenje varroa grinje.

Now, the varroa mite is what changed the game

Varroa je promijenila pravila igre u pčelarstvu,

in beekeeping, and you can see, at the top right,

i možete vidjeti, u desnom gornjem kutu,

the years are changing, we're coming up to modern times,

godine se izmjenjuju, dolazimo do modernog doba,

and you can see the spread of the varroa mite

i vidite širenje varroa grinje

from the early 1900s through now.

od ranih 1900-tih naovamo.

It's 1968, and we're pretty much covering Asia.

Sada je 1968. i Azija je manje-više pokrivena.

1971, we saw it spread to Europe and South America,

1971. vidjeli smo kako se proširila na Europu i Južnu Ameriku,

and then, when we get to the 1980s,

i tada, kada dođemo do 1980-tih,

and specifically to 1987, the varroa mite finally came

posebno 1987.godine, varroa grinja je konačno stigla

to North America and to the United States,

i u Sjevernu Ameriku i u SAD,

and that is when the game changed

i tada su se pravila igre promijenila

for honeybees in the United States.

i za pčele u SAD-u.

Many of us will remember our childhood growing up,

Mnogi od nas se sjećaju odrastanja, djetinjstva,

maybe you got stung by a bee, you saw bees on flowers.

možda vas je ubola pčela, vidjeli biste pčelu na cvijetu.

Think of the kids today. Their childhood's a bit different.

Razmislite o današnjoj djeci. Njihovo je djetinjstvo malo drugačije.

They don't experience this.

Oni nemaju takvih iskustava.

The bees just aren't around anymore.

Jednostavno, pčela nema.

So we need bees and they're disappearing and it's a big problem.

Dakle, pčele nam trebaju, a nestaju, i to je veliki problem.

What can we do here?

Što možemo učiniti?

So, what I do is honeybee research.

Dakle, ja proučavam pčele.

I got my Ph.D. studying honeybee health.

Obranio sam doktorat na temu zdravlja pčela.

I started in 2005 studying honeybees.

Počeo sam ih proučavati 2005.godine.

In 2006, honeybees started disappearing,

u 2006., pčele su počele nestajati.

so suddenly, like, this little nerd kid

I iznenada je taj jedan čudan klinac,

going to school working with bugs — (Laughter) —

koji svaki dan odlazi u školu da bi radio s kukcima -- (Smijeh) --

became very relevant in the world.

postao jako važan u svijetu.

And it worked out that way.

Tako je to ispalo.

So my research focuses on ways to make bees healthier.

U svojim sam istraživanjima fokusiran na to kako pčele napraviti zdravijima.

I don't research what's killing the bees, per se.

Zapravo, ne istražujem direktno što je to što ubija pčele.

I'm not one of the many researchers around the world

Nisam jedan od mnogobrojnih stručnjaka na svijetu

who's looking at the effects of pesticides or diseases

koji promatraju utjecaje pesticida ili bolesti

or habitat loss and poor nutrition on bees.

ili gubitka staništa ili slabe prehrane na pčele.

We're looking at ways to make bees healthier

Mi tražimo načine da ih napravimo zdravijima,

through vaccines, through yogurt, like probiotics,

uz pomoć cjepiva, probiotičkih jogurta,

and other types of therapies in ways that can be fed orally to bees,

i ostalih vrsta terapija koje se mogu pčelama davati oralno,

and this process is so easy, even a 7-year-old can do it.

a postupak je tako jednostavan, da ga mogu raditi i djeca.

You just mix up some pollen, sugar and water,

Samo izmiješate malo peludi, šećera i vode,

and whatever active ingredient you want to put in,

i aktivni sastojak kojeg želite dodati,

and you just give it right to the bees. No chemicals involved,

i jednostavno ga date pčelama. Proces je bez kemikalija,

just immune boosters.

i sadrži samo podizače imuniteta.

Humans think about our own health in a prospective way.

Ljudi o svom zdravlju razmišljaju na prospektivan način.

We exercise, we eat healthy, we take vitamins.

Vježbamo, zdravo se hranimo, uzimamo vitamine.

Why don't we think about honeybees in that same type of way?

Zašto na jednak način ne razmišljamo o pčelama?

Bring them to areas where they're thriving

Uvedimo ih u područja u kojima će napredovati

and try to make them healthier before they get sick.

i probajmo ih napraviti zdravijima prije nego što se razbole.

I spent many years in grad school trying to poke bees and do vaccines

Proveo sam mnogo godina na postdiplomskom studiju, pokušavajući bockati pčele iglom,

with needles. (Laughter) Like, years,

da bi ih cijepio. (Smijeh) Godine i godine

years at the bench, "Oh my gosh, it's 3 a.m.

za klupom, 'Oh, bože, 3 su sata ujutro,

and I'm still pricking bees." (Laughter)

a ja još uvijek bockam pčele.' (Smijeh)

And then one day I said, "Why don't we just do an oral vaccine?"

A onda sam jedan dan rekao: 'Zašto ne dajemo cjepivo oralnim putem?'

It's like, "Ugh," so that's what we do. (Laughter)

Bio je to trenutak olakšanja, i sada to radimo. (Smijeh)

I'd love to share with you some images of urban beehives,

Volio bih sa vama podijeliti nekoliko slika urbanih košnica,

because they can be anything.

zbog toga što one mogu biti bilo što.

I mean, really open your mind with this.

Mislim, zaista, otvorite umove.

You can paint a hive to match your home.

Košnicu možete obojiti u boju koja paše s bojom vaše kuće.

You can hide a hive inside your home.

Možete ju sakriti unutar svog doma.

These are three hives on the rooftop

Ovo ovdje su tri košnice sakrivene na krovu

of the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel,

Fairmont Copley Plaza hotela,

and they're beautiful here. I mean, we matched

i prekrasne su. Uparili smo

the new color of the inside of their rooms to do

i boje unutar njihovih sobica

some type of a stained wood with blue for their sheets,

neka vrsta umrljanog drveta i plavo za plahte,

and these bees are terrific, and they also will use

i ovim pčelama je super,

herbs that are growing in the garden.

također, koristiti će bilje koje raste u vrtu.

That's what the chefs go to to use for their cooking,

I tu šefovi kuhinja odlaze po svoje namirnice,

and the honey -- they do live events --

a med --imaju čak i evente 'u živo'--

they'll use that honey at their bars.

med će koristiti u svojim barovima.

Honey is a great nutritional substitute for regular sugar

Med je izvrsna zamjena običnom šećeru,

because there are different types of sugars in there.

zato što sadrži više različitih vrsta šećera.

We also have a classroom hives project,

Također imamo i projekt košnica u učionicama,

where -- this is a nonprofit venture --

u kojima -- radi se o neprofitnim akcijama --

we're spreading the word around the world for how

širimo znanje po cijelom svijetu o tome da

honeybee hives can be taken into the classroom

se košnice pčela mogu unijeti u učionice

or into the museum setting, behind glass,

ili u postave muzeja, iza stakla,

and used as an educational tool.

i koristiti kao alat za podučavanje.

This hive that you see here has been

Ova košnica koju ovdje vidite već mnogo godina stoji

in Fenway High School for many years now.

u srednjoj školi Fenway High School.

The bees fly right into the outfield of Fenway Park.

Pčele lete po školskom parku.

Nobody notices it. If you're not a flower,

Nitko to ne primjećuje. Osim ako niste cvijet,

these bees do not care about you. (Laughter)

pčele baš i ne briga za vas. (Smijeh)

They don't. They don't. They'll say,

Ne briga ih. Reći će,

"S'cuse me, flying around." (Laughter)

'Oprostite, malo letim naokolo.' (Smijeh)

Some other images here in telling a part of the story

Evo još slika koje nam pričaju priču

that really made urban beekeeping terrific is

koja zaista čine urbano pčelarstvo fenomenalnim

in New York City, beekeeping was illegal until 2010.

zato što je u New Yorku pčelarstvo bilo ilegalno do 2010.g.

That's a big problem, because what's going to pollinate

To je veliki problem, jer, tko će oprašivati

all of the gardens and the produce locally? Hands?

sve vrtove u okolici? Hoćemo li to raditi ručno?

I mean, locally in Boston, there is a terrific company

Evo, u Bostonu, imate odličnu tvrtku,

called Green City Growers, and they are going

zove se Green City Growers, i oni će vam ručno

and pollinating their squash crops by hand with Q-Tips,

oprašivati usjeve tikvica sa svojim štapićima

and if they miss that three day window, there's no fruit.

no, ako im promakne taj period od tri dana, plodova nema.

Their clients aren't happy, and people go hungry.

Klijenti su nezadovoljni, a ljudi gladni.

So this is important.

Zato je to važno.

We have also some images of honey from Brooklyn.

Imam i neke slike meda iz Brooklyna.

Now, this was a mystery in the New York Times

Ovo je bila zagonetka objavljena u New York Timesu.

where the honey was very red, and the

Naime, med je bio jako crven, čak su došli djelatnici

New York State forensics department came in

iz odjela za forenziku države New York

and they actually did some science to match

i onda su pokušali znanstveno usporediti

the red dye with that found

boju meda sa crvenom bojom nađenom u tvornici,

in a maraschino cherry factory down the street. (Laughter)

malo dalje, koja prerađuje maraschino trešnje. (Smijeh)

So you can tailor your honey to taste however you want

Dakle, možete dobiti različite okuse meda

by planting bee-friendly flowers.

ovisno o tome koje vrste cvijeća sadite.

Paris has been a terrific model for urban beekeeping.

Pariz je fantastičan primjer držanja pčela u gradovima.

They've had hives on the rooftop of their opera house

Već niz godina maju košnice na krovu operne kuće

for many years now, and that's what really got people started, thinking,

i to je potaklo ljude na razmišljanje,

"Wow, we can do this, and we should do this."

'Vau, mi to možemo, i trebali bi to raditi.'

Also in London, and in Europe across the board,

U Londonu, a također i u Europi,

they're very advanced in their use of green rooftops

su zaista napredni u korištenju zelenih krovova

and integrating beehives,

i u integraciji košnica.

and I'll show you an ending note here.

I na kraju,

I would like to encourage you to open your mind.

želim vas potaknuti da otvorite svoje umove.

What can you do to save the bees or to help them

Što vi možete učiniti da bi spasili pčele, ili da im pomognete?

or to think of sustainable cities in the future?

Kako da stvorimo održive gradove u budućnosti?

Well, really, just change your perspective.

Pa, zapravo treba samo promijeniti perspektivu.

Try to understand that bees are very important.

Trebamo shvatiti da su pčele izuzetno važne.

A bee isn't going to sting you if you see it.

Pčela vas neće ubosti ako je vidite.

The bee dies. Honeybees die when they sting,

Pčela umire. Pčele medarice umiru kada ubodu,

so they don't want to do it either. (Laughter)

tako da im baš i nije do toga. (Smijeh)

It's nothing to panic about. They're all over the city.

To nije nikakav razlog za paniku. Ima ih po cijelom gradu.

You could even get your own hive if you want.

Mogli bi i vi dobiti svoju košnicu, ukoliko to želite.

There are great resources available,

Postoje odlična raspoloživa sredstva,

and there are even companies that will help get you set up and mentor you

pa čak i tvrtke koje će vam pomoći da počnete i koje će vas voditi , podučiti

and it's important for our educational system in the world

i važno je da obrazovni sustavi u cijelom svijetu

for students to learn about agriculture worldwide

podučavaju studente o agrikulturi,

such as this little girl, who, again, is not even getting stung.

kao ova mala curica, koju, ponavljam, pčele uopće ne bodu.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Pljesak)