Ron McCallum: How technology allowed me to read

Prevodilac: Biljana Jovanov Lektor: Mile Živković

When I was about three or four years old,

Kada sam imao oko tri, četiri godine,

I remember my mum reading a story to me

sećam se da je mama čitala jednu priču meni

and my two big brothers,

i dvojici moje starije braće,

and I remember putting up my hands

i sećam se kako sam podizao ruke

to feel the page of the book,

da osetim stranicu knjige,

to feel the picture they were discussing.

da osetim sliku koju su opisivali.

And my mum said, "Darling,

I mama mi je rekla: "Dušo,

remember that you can't see

znaš da ne možeš da vidiš

and you can't feel the picture

i ne možeš da osetiš sliku

and you can't feel the print on the page."

i ne možeš da osetiš odštampanu stranicu."

And I thought to myself,

I pomislio sam:

"But that's what I want to do.

"Ali, to je ono što želim.

I love stories. I want to read."

Volim priče. Želim da čitam."

Little did I know

Nisam ni slutio

that I would be part of a technological revolution

da ću postati deo tehnološke revolucije

that would make that dream come true.

koja će omogućiti da se taj san ostvari.

I was born premature by about 10 weeks,

Rođen sam oko 10 nedelja pre vremena,

which resulted in my blindness, some 64 years ago.

što je rezultiralo slepilom, pre neke 64 godine.

The condition is known as retrolental fibroplasia,

Ta bolest je poznata kao retrolentalna fibroplazija

and it's now very rare in the developed world.

i sada je veoma retka u razvijenom svetu.

Little did I know, lying curled up

Nisam ni slutio, ležeći sklupčan

in my prim baby humidicrib in 1948

u inkubatoru 1948.

that I'd been born at the right place

da sam rođen na pravom mestu

and the right time,

i u pravo vreme,

that I was in a country where I could participate

da sam rođen u zemlji gde mogu učestvovati

in the technological revolution.

u tehnološkoj revoluciji.

There are 37 million totally blind people on our planet,

Na svetu ima 37 miliona potpuno slepih osoba,

but those of us who've shared in the technological changes

ali mi, koji sudelujemo u tehnološkim promenama,

mainly come from North America, Europe,

dolazimo uglavnom iz Severne Amerike, Evrope,

Japan and other developed parts of the world.

Japana i drugih razvijenih delova sveta.

Computers have changed the lives of us all in this room

Računari su promenili živote svih nas u ovoj prostoriji

and around the world,

i živote ljudi širom sveta,

but I think they've changed the lives

ali ja mislim da su promenili živote

of we blind people more than any other group.

nas slepih, više nego bilo koje druge grupe.

And so I want to tell you about the interaction

I zato želim da vam pričam o interakciji

between computer-based adaptive technology

između adaptivne računarske tehnologije

and the many volunteers who helped me over the years

i puno volontera koji su mi godinama pomagali

to become the person I am today.

da postanem osoba kakva jesam danas.

It's an interaction between volunteers,

To je interakcija između volontera,

passionate inventors and technology,

strastvenih inovatora i tehnologije,

and it's a story that many other blind people could tell.

i to je priča koju bi mnogi drugi slepi ljudi mogli da ispričaju.

But let me tell you a bit about it today.

Ali, hajde da vam ja danas ispričam malo.

When I was five, I went to school and I learned braille.

Kad sam imao pet godina, išao sam u školu i učio Brajevu azbuku.

It's an ingenious system of six dots

To je genijalan sistem od šest tačaka

that are punched into paper,

koje se utiskuju u papir

and I can feel them with my fingers.

i mogu da ih osetim prstima.

In fact, I think they're putting up my grade six report.

Ustvari, mislim da prikazuju moje ocene iz šestog razreda.

I don't know where Julian Morrow got that from.

Ne znam gde je Džulijan Morou nabavio to.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I was pretty good in reading,

Bio sam prilično dobar u čitanju,

but religion and musical appreciation needed more work.

ali trebalo je poraditi na veronauci i muzičkom.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

When you leave the opera house,

Kad budete izlazili iz operske dvorane

you'll find there's braille signage in the lifts.

videćete Brajeve oznake u liftovima.

Look for it. Have you noticed it?

Obratite pažnju. Jeste li primetili?

I do. I look for it all the time.

Ja jesam. Stalno ih tražim.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

When I was at school,

Kad sam išao u školu

the books were transcribed by transcribers,

knjige su transkribovali prepisivači,

voluntary people who punched one dot at a time

volonteri, koji su utiskivali jednu po jednu tačku,

so I'd have volumes to read,

tako da sam imao puno da čitam,

and that had been going on, mainly by women,

i to se tako radilo, pre svega žene,

since the late 19th century in this country,

od kraja devetnaestog veka u ovoj zemlji,

but it was the only way I could read.

ali to je bio jedini način da čitam.

When I was in high school,

Kad sam bio u srednjoj školi

I got my first Philips reel-to-reel tape recorder,

dobio sam prvi Filips magnetofon,

and tape recorders became my sort of pre-computer

i magnetofoni su postali moja vrsta pre-računara,

medium of learning.

sredstvo za učenje.

I could have family and friends read me material,

Porodica i prijatelji su mogli da mi čitaju materijal

and I could then read it back

i ja sam onda mogao da čitam iznova

as many times as I needed.

koliko god puta je bilo potrebno.

And it brought me into contact

I to me je povezalo

with volunteers and helpers.

sa volonterima i pomagačima.

For example, when I studied at graduate school

Na primer, kad sam studirao na fakultetu

at Queen's University in Canada,

na Kraljičinom univerzitetu u Kanadi,

the prisoners at the Collins Bay jail agreed to help me.

zatvorenici u Kolins Bej zatvoru su pristali da mi pomognu.

I gave them a tape recorder, and they read into it.

Dao sam im magnetofon i oni su čitali i snimali na njega.

As one of them said to me,

Kako mi je jedan od njih rekao,

"Ron, we ain't going anywhere at the moment."

"Ron, trenutno ne idemo nigde."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But think of it. These men,

Ali, razmislite o tome.

who hadn't had the educational opportunities I'd had,

Ti ljudi koji nisu imali mogućnosti za obrazovanje koje sam ja imao,

helped me gain post-graduate qualifications in law

pomogli su mi da završim postdiplomske studije na pravima,

by their dedicated help.

svojim nesebičnim pomaganjem.

Well, I went back and became an academic

Vratio sam se i postao akademik

at Melbourne's Monash University,

na Univerzitetu Monaš u Melburnu,

and for those 25 years,

i za tih 25 godina,

tape recorders were everything to me.

magnetofoni su mi bili sve.

In fact, in my office in 1990,

Ustvari, 1990. sam u kancelariji

I had 18 miles of tape.

imao skoro 27km trake.

Students, family and friends all read me material.

Studenti, porodica i prijatelji, svi su mi čitali materijale.

Mrs. Lois Doery,

Gospođa Lois Doeri,

whom I later came to call my surrogate mum,

koju ću kasnije zvati mojom surogat majkom,

read me many thousands of hours onto tape.

iščitala je hiljade sati na traci.

One of the reasons I agreed to give this talk today

Jedan od razloga zašto sam se složio da održim ovaj govor danas

was that I was hoping that Lois would be here

jeste što sam se nadao da će Lois biti ovde

so I could introduce you to her and publicly thank her.

kako bih je predstavio i javno joj se zahvalio.

But sadly, her health hasn't permitted her to come today.

Ali, nažalost, zdravstveno stanje ju je sprečilo da dođe danas.

But I thank you here, Lois, from this platform.

Ali, zahvaljujem ti se ovde, Lois, sa ove bine.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

I saw my first Apple computer in 1984,

Prvi Epl računar sam video 1984.

and I thought to myself,

i pomislio sam:

"This thing's got a glass screen, not much use to me."

"Ova stvar ima stakleni ekran, i nije mi baš od pomoći."

How very wrong I was.

Koliko sam samo pogrešio.

In 1987, in the month our eldest son Gerard was born,

1987., u mesecu kada je rođen naš najstariji sin, Džerard,

I got my first blind computer,

dobio sam prvi računar za slepe,

and it's actually here.

i on je zapravo ovde.

See it up there?

Da li ga vidite?

And you see it has no, what do you call it, no screen.

I vidite da nema, kako vi to zovete, nema monitor.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It's a blind computer.

To je slepi računar.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It's a Keynote Gold 84k,

To je Kinout Gold 84k,

and the 84k stands for it had 84 kilobytes of memory.

i 84k označava 84 kilobajta memorije.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Don't laugh, it cost me 4,000 dollars at the time. (Laughter)

Nemojte da se smejete, koštao me je 4 000 dolara u to vreme. (Smeh)

I think there's more memory in my watch.

Mislim da moj sat ima više memorije.

It was invented by Russell Smith, a passionate inventor

Napravio ga je Rasel Smit, strastveni izumitelj

in New Zealand who was trying to help blind people.

sa Novog Zelanda, koji je pokušavao da pomogne slepima.

Sadly, he died in a light plane crash in 2005,

Nažalost, poginuo je u avionskoj nesreći 2005.,

but his memory lives on in my heart.

ali sećanje na njega živi u mom srcu.

It meant, for the first time,

To je značilo, po prvi put,

I could read back what I had typed into it.

da mogu ponovo da čitam ono što sam otkucao.

It had a speech synthesizer.

Imao je sintetizator govora.

I'd written my first coauthored labor law book

Moju prvu koautorsku knjigu iz radnog prava

on a typewriter in 1979 purely from memory.

sam 1979. iskucao, prosto po sećanju.

This now allowed me to read back what I'd written

Ovo mi je sad omogućilo da ponovo čitam to što sam napisao

and to enter the computer world,

i da uđem u svet računara,

even with its 84k of memory.

iako ima samo 84KB memorije.

In 1974, the great Ray Kurzweil, the American inventor,

1974, veliki Rej Kurcvil, američki izumitelj,

worked on building a machine that would scan books

radio je na pravljenju mašine koja bi skenirala knjige

and read them out in synthetic speech.

i prevodila ih u sintetički govor.

Optical character recognition units then

Optički programi za prepoznavanje znakova su tada

only operated usually on one font,

uglavnom obrađivali jedan font,

but by using charge-coupled device flatbed scanners

ali uz upotrebu CCD skenera

and speech synthesizers,

i sintetizator govora,

he developed a machine that could read any font.

razvio je mašinu koja može da pročita bilo koji font.

And his machine, which was as big as a washing machine,

I njegova mašina, koja je bila velika kao mašina za veš,

was launched on the 13th of January, 1976.

pojavila se 13. januara 1976. godine.

I saw my first commercially available Kurzweil

Svoj prvi komercijalno dostupan Kurcvil video sam

in March 1989, and it blew me away,

u martu 1989. i oduševio me je,

and in September 1989,

i u septembru 1989,

the month that my associate professorship

mesecu kada je najavljena moja docentura

at Monash University was announced,

na Univerzitetu Monaš,

the law school got one, and I could use it.

pravni fakultet je dobio jednu i mogao sam da je koristim.

For the first time, I could read what I wanted to read

Po prvi put sam mogao da čitam ono što želim

by putting a book on the scanner.

stavljajući knjigu na skener.

I didn't have to be nice to people!

Nisam morao da budem fin prema ljudima!

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I no longer would be censored.

Nisam više bio cenzurisan.

For example, I was too shy then,

Na primer, tada sam bio previše stidljiv,

and I'm actually too shy now, to ask anybody

zapravo sam i sada previše stidljiv da pitam bilo koga

to read me out loud sexually explicit material.

da mi naglas pročita seksualno eksplicitan sadržaj.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But, you know, I could pop a book on in the middle of the night, and --

Ali, znate, mogu da prebacim knjigu na njega u sred noći i -

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smeh) (Aplauz)

Now, the Kurzweil reader is simply

Danas, Kurcvil čitač je prosto

a program on my laptop.

program na mom laptopu.

That's what it's shrunk to.

Eto toliko se smanjio.

And now I can scan the latest novel

I sada mogu da skeniram najnoviji roman

and not wait to get it into talking book libraries.

i ne moram da čekam da se pojavi u bibliotekama audio knjiga

I can keep up with my friends.

Mogu da održim korak sa prijateljima.

There are many people who have helped me in my life,

Postoji mnogo ljudi koji su mi pomogli u životu

and many that I haven't met.

i mnogo njih koje nisam ni upoznao.

One is another American inventor Ted Henter.

Među njima je još jedan američki pronalazač, Ted Henter.

Ted was a motorcycle racer,

Ted je bio moto-trkač,

but in 1978 he had a car accident and lost his sight,

ali je 1978. doživeo saobraćajnu nesreću i izgubio vid,

which is devastating if you're trying to ride motorbikes.

što je poražavajuće ako pokušavate da vozite motor.

He then turned to being a waterskier

Onda je postao skijaš na vodi

and was a champion disabled waterskier.

i bio je najbolji skijaš sa invaliditetom.

But in 1989, he teamed up with Bill Joyce

Ali 1989. se udružio sa Bilom Džojsom

to develop a program that would read out

kako bi razvili program koji bi iščitavao

what was on the computer screen

ono što je na kompjuterskom monitoru

from the Net or from what was on the computer.

sa interneta ili iz računara.

It's called JAWS, Job Access With Speech,

Zove se JAWS, "Job Access With Speech",

and it sounds like this.

i ovako zvuči.

(JAWS speaking)

(JAWS govori)

Ron McCallum: Isn't that slow?

Ron Mek Kelum: Zar to nije sporo?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

You see, if I read like that, I'd fall asleep.

Vidite, da ja tako čitam, zaspao bih.

I slowed it down for you.

Usporio sam ga zbog vas.

I'm going to ask that we play it at the speed I read it.

Zamoliću da pustimo brzinom kojom ja čitam.

Can we play that one?

Da li možemo da čujemo to?

(JAWS speaking)

(JAWS govori)

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

RM: You know, when you're marking student essays,

Znate, kad ocenjujete radove studenata,

you want to get through them fairly quickly.

želite da prilično brzo pređete sve.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smeh) (Aplauz)

This technology that fascinated me in 1987

Ova tehnologija, koja me je fascinirala 1987.,

is now on my iPhone and on yours as well.

sada je na mom Ajfonu, kao i na vašim.

But, you know, I find reading with machines

Ali, znate, mislim da je čitanje pomoću mašina

a very lonely process.

veoma samotan proces.

I grew up with family, friends, reading to me,

Rastao sam tako što su mi čitali porodica, prijatelji,

and I loved the warmth and the breath

i voleo sam toplinu i dah

and the closeness of people reading.

i bliskost ljudi dok čitaju.

Do you love being read to?

Da li i vi volite da vam čitaju?

And one of my most enduring memories

Jedno od mojih najsnažnijih sećanja

is in 1999, Mary reading to me and the children

je iz 1999., Meri čita meni i deci,

down near Manly Beach

dole blizu plaže Menli,

"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone."

"Hari Poter i kamen mudrosti".

Isn't that a great book?

Zar to nije sjajna knjiga?

I still love being close to someone reading to me.

I dalje volim da budem blizak onome ko mi čita.

But I wouldn't give up the technology,

Ali, ne bih se odrekao tehnologije,

because it's allowed me to lead a great life.

jer mi omogućava da vodim sjajan život.

Of course, talking books for the blind

Naravno, audio knjige za slepe

predated all this technology.

su postojale pre sve ove tehnologije.

After all, the long-playing record was developed

Na kraju, ploče su se pojavile

in the early 1930s,

ranih tridesetih,

and now we put talking books on CDs

a sada sve audio knjige stavljamo na CD-ove

using the digital access system known as DAISY.

koristeći elektronski format poznat kao DAISY.

But when I'm reading with synthetic voices,

Ali, kada čitam sintetičke glasove,

I love to come home and read a racy novel

volim da dođem kući i čitam žestok roman

with a real voice.

pravim glasom.

Now there are still barriers

I sada ima prepreka

in front of we people with disabilities.

pred nama, ljudima sa invaliditetom.

Many websites we can't read using JAWS

Mnoge sajtove ne možemo da čitamo koristeći JAWS

and the other technologies.

i druge tehnologije.

Websites are often very visual,

Veb-sajtovi su često veoma vizuelni,

and there are all these sorts of graphs

imaju sve te razne grafike

that aren't labeled and buttons that aren't labeled,

i dugmiće koji nisu obeleženi,

and that's why the World Wide Web Consortium 3,

i zbog toga je WWW Konzorcijum 3,

known as W3C, has developed worldwide standards

poznat kao W3C, razvio svetske standarde

for the Internet.

za internet.

And we want all Internet users or Internet site owners

I mi želimo da svi internet korisnici ili vlasnici sajtova

to make their sites compatible so that

prilagode svoje sajtove, tako da

we persons without vision can have a level playing field.

mi, osobe bez vida, imamo svoje šanse.

There are other barriers brought about by our laws.

Postoje i druge prepreke definisane našim zakonima.

For example, Australia,

Na primer, Australija,

like about one third of the world's countries,

kao i otprilike trećina zemalja u svetu,

has copyright exceptions which allow books to be brailled

ima izuzetke autorkih prava, koji dozvoljavaju Brajev prevod knjiga

or read for we blind persons.

ili čitanje za nas slepe.

But those books can't travel across borders.

Ali, te knjige ne mogu da putuju preko granica.

For example, in Spain, there are a 100,000

Na primer, u Španiji ima oko 100 000

accessible books in Spanish.

dostupnih knjiga na španskom.

In Argentina, there are 50,000.

U Argentini oko 50 000.

In no other Latin American country

Ni u jednoj drugoj zemlji Latinske Amerike

are there more than a couple of thousand.

nema više od nekoliko hiljada.

But it's not legal to transport the books

Ali, nije legalno prenositi knjige

from Spain to Latin America.

iz Španije u Latinsku Ameriku.

There are hundreds of thousands of accessible books

Postoje stotine hiljada dostupnih knjiga

in the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, etc.,

u Sjedinjenim Državama, Britaniji, Kanadi, Australiji itd.

but they can't be transported to the 60 countries

ali se ne mogu prenositi u 60 zemalja sveta,

in our world where English is the first and the second language.

gde je engleski prvi i drugi jezik.

And remember I was telling you about Harry Potter.

Sećate se da sam pričao o Hariju Poteru.

Well, because we can't transport books across borders,

Pa, pošto ne možemo da prenosimo knjige preko granica,

there had to be separate versions read

moraju da postoje snimljene posebne verzije

in all the different English-speaking countries:

u svakoj od zemalja u kojima se govori engleski:

Britain, United States, Canada, Australia,

Britanija, Sjedinjene Države, Kanada, Australija

and New Zealand all had to have

i Novi Zeland, sve moraju da imaju

separate readings of Harry Potter.

zasebno čitanje Harija Potera.

And that's why, next month in Morocco,

I upravo zbog toga, sledećeg meseca u Maroku

a meeting is taking place between all the countries.

se održava sastanak svih zemalja.

It's something that a group of countries

To je nešto što grupa zemalja

and the World Blind Union are advocating,

i Svetska Unija Slepih zagovaraju,

a cross-border treaty

prekogranični sporazum,

so that if books are available under a copyright exception

tako da, ako su knjige dostupne, pod izuzetkom autorskih prava,

and the other country has a copyright exception,

i ako druga zemlja ima izuzetak autorskih prava,

we can transport those books across borders

možemo da prenosimo knjige preko granica

and give life to people, particularly in developing countries,

i dajemo život ljudima, posebno u zemljama u razvoju,

blind people who don't have the books to read.

slepim ljudima koji nemaju knjige za čitanje.

I want that to happen.

Ja želim da se to ostvari.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

My life has been extraordinarily blessed

Moj život je izvanredno blagosloven

with marriage and children

brakom i decom

and certainly interesting work to do,

i sigurno zanimljivim poslom,

whether it be at the University of Sydney Law School,

bilo na pravnom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sidneju,

where I served a term as dean,

gde sam radio kao dekan,

or now as I sit on the United Nations Committee

ili sada, kad sam u Komitetu Ujedinjenih nacija

on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, in Geneva.

na Pravima ljudi sa posebnim potrebama, u Ženevi.

I've indeed been a very fortunate human being.

Ja sam zaista veoma srećno ljudsko biće.

I wonder what the future will hold.

Pitam se šta će budućnost doneti.

The technology will advance even further,

Tehnologija će još više napredovati,

but I can still remember my mum saying, 60 years ago,

ali, još uvek se sećam šta je moja mama rekla pre 60 godina:

"Remember, darling,

"Zapamti, dragi,

you'll never be able to read the print with your fingers."

ti nikad nećes moći da čitaš štampu svojim prstima."

I'm so glad that the interaction between braille transcribers,

Tako mi je drago što je interakcija između Brajevih transkribera,

volunteer readers and passionate inventors,

čitača volontera i strastvenih izumitelja,

has allowed this dream of reading to come true for me

omogućila da se ovaj san o čitanju ostvari meni

and for blind people throughout the world.

i slepim ljudima širom sveta.

I'd like to thank my researcher Hannah Martin,

Voleo bih da se zahvalim mom istraživaču, Hani Martin,

who is my slide clicker, who clicks the slides,

koja mi pomaže sa slajdovima, koja menja slajdove,

and my wife, Professor Mary Crock, who's the light of my life,

i moja žena, profesor Meri Krok, koja je svetlost mog života,

is coming on to collect me.

dolazi da me odvede.

I want to thank her too.

I njoj takođe želim da zahvalim.

I think I have to say goodbye now.

Mislim da sad moram da se oprostim.

Bless you. Thank you very much.

Budite blagosloveni. Hvala vam puno.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Yay! (Applause)

Jej! (Aplauz)

Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. (Applause)

Okej. Okej. Okej. (Aplauz)