Ron McCallum: How technology allowed me to read

78,844 views ใƒป 2013-09-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shir Ben Asher Kestin ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
When I was about three or four years old,
0
12737
4290
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื• ืืจื‘ืข,
00:17
I remember my mum reading a story to me
1
17027
3882
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืืžื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™
00:20
and my two big brothers,
2
20909
2715
ื•ืœืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
00:23
and I remember putting up my hands
3
23624
2019
ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืจืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
00:25
to feel the page of the book,
4
25643
2003
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ,
00:27
to feel the picture they were discussing.
5
27646
3531
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•.
00:31
And my mum said, "Darling,
6
31177
2449
ื•ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืืžืจื”, "ื™ืงื™ืจื™,
00:33
remember that you can't see
7
33626
2853
ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
00:36
and you can't feel the picture
8
36479
3046
ื•ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
00:39
and you can't feel the print on the page."
9
39525
2937
ื•ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ".
00:42
And I thought to myself,
10
42462
1774
ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
00:44
"But that's what I want to do.
11
44236
1895
"ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
00:46
I love stories. I want to read."
12
46131
4161
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื."
00:50
Little did I know
13
50292
2262
ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื–
00:52
that I would be part of a technological revolution
14
52554
2519
ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
00:55
that would make that dream come true.
15
55073
3701
ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื.
00:58
I was born premature by about 10 weeks,
16
58774
3417
ืื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:02
which resulted in my blindness, some 64 years ago.
17
62191
4645
ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืœืคื ื™ 64 ืฉื ื”.
01:06
The condition is known as retrolental fibroplasia,
18
66836
2870
ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื•ืช,
01:09
and it's now very rare in the developed world.
19
69706
3885
ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—.
01:13
Little did I know, lying curled up
20
73591
2909
ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื–, ื›ืฉืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ืžื›ื•ืจื‘ืœ
01:16
in my prim baby humidicrib in 1948
21
76500
4793
ื‘ืขืจื™ืกื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘-1948
01:21
that I'd been born at the right place
22
81293
2828
ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
01:24
and the right time,
23
84121
2565
ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:26
that I was in a country where I could participate
24
86686
3884
ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ
01:30
in the technological revolution.
25
90570
2933
ื‘ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:33
There are 37 million totally blind people on our planet,
26
93503
5441
ื™ืฉื ื 37 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:38
but those of us who've shared in the technological changes
27
98944
3224
ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉืœืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
01:42
mainly come from North America, Europe,
28
102168
3004
ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
01:45
Japan and other developed parts of the world.
29
105172
4425
ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:49
Computers have changed the lives of us all in this room
30
109597
3173
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:52
and around the world,
31
112770
903
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:53
but I think they've changed the lives
32
113673
1667
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
01:55
of we blind people more than any other group.
33
115340
3543
ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:58
And so I want to tell you about the interaction
34
118883
3278
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”
02:02
between computer-based adaptive technology
35
122161
3052
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืื“ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
02:05
and the many volunteers who helped me over the years
36
125213
4662
ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
02:09
to become the person I am today.
37
129875
3401
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื“ื ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:13
It's an interaction between volunteers,
38
133276
2634
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื,
02:15
passionate inventors and technology,
39
135910
2921
ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:18
and it's a story that many other blind people could tell.
40
138831
2935
ื•ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ.
02:21
But let me tell you a bit about it today.
41
141766
4415
ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:26
When I was five, I went to school and I learned braille.
42
146181
3826
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ, ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืœ.
02:30
It's an ingenious system of six dots
43
150007
2524
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช
02:32
that are punched into paper,
44
152531
1734
ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ,
02:34
and I can feel them with my fingers.
45
154265
3387
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
02:37
In fact, I think they're putting up my grade six report.
46
157652
3176
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืชื” ื•'.
02:40
I don't know where Julian Morrow got that from.
47
160828
2725
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืื™ืคื” ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืžื•ืจื• ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:43
(Laughter)
48
163553
1556
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:45
I was pretty good in reading,
49
165109
1821
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”,
02:46
but religion and musical appreciation needed more work.
50
166930
4960
ืื‘ืœ ื“ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:51
(Laughter)
51
171890
1476
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:53
When you leave the opera house,
52
173366
2087
ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื”,
02:55
you'll find there's braille signage in the lifts.
53
175453
3409
ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช.
02:58
Look for it. Have you noticed it?
54
178862
3717
ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื ื‘ื–ื”?
03:02
I do. I look for it all the time.
55
182579
2730
ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืื ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:05
(Laughter)
56
185309
2086
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:07
When I was at school,
57
187395
2339
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
03:09
the books were transcribed by transcribers,
58
189734
3292
ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื,
03:13
voluntary people who punched one dot at a time
59
193026
2833
ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื”
03:15
so I'd have volumes to read,
60
195859
1668
ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื
03:17
and that had been going on, mainly by women,
61
197527
2459
ื•ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื,
03:19
since the late 19th century in this country,
62
199986
2673
ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช,
03:22
but it was the only way I could read.
63
202659
2484
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื.
03:25
When I was in high school,
64
205143
2394
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:27
I got my first Philips reel-to-reel tape recorder,
65
207537
3806
ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ืจืฉืžืงื•ืœ ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืคื™ืœื™ืคืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
03:31
and tape recorders became my sort of pre-computer
66
211343
3389
ื•ืจืฉืžืงื•ืœื™ื ื ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™
03:34
medium of learning.
67
214732
2180
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
03:36
I could have family and friends read me material,
68
216912
3139
ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื™ืงืจื™ืื• ืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
03:40
and I could then read it back
69
220051
2393
ื•ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘
03:42
as many times as I needed.
70
222444
2556
ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš.
03:45
And it brought me into contact
71
225000
1520
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข
03:46
with volunteers and helpers.
72
226520
2010
ืขื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื.
03:48
For example, when I studied at graduate school
73
228530
4492
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™
03:53
at Queen's University in Canada,
74
233022
2237
ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืก ื‘ืงื ื“ื”,
03:55
the prisoners at the Collins Bay jail agreed to help me.
75
235259
4083
ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก ื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™.
03:59
I gave them a tape recorder, and they read into it.
76
239342
2805
ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ืจืฉืžืงื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื ื”ืงืจื™ืื•.
04:02
As one of them said to me,
77
242147
1286
ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืืžืจ ืœื™,
04:03
"Ron, we ain't going anywhere at the moment."
78
243433
2759
"ืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘".
04:06
(Laughter)
79
246192
2461
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:08
But think of it. These men,
80
248653
2305
ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:10
who hadn't had the educational opportunities I'd had,
81
250958
3947
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™,
04:14
helped me gain post-graduate qualifications in law
82
254905
4276
ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
04:19
by their dedicated help.
83
259181
3419
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื–ืจืชื ื”ืžืกื•ืจื”.
04:22
Well, I went back and became an academic
84
262600
2361
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืงืื“ืžืื™
04:24
at Melbourne's Monash University,
85
264961
2642
ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื•ื ืืฉ ื‘ืžืœื‘ื•ืจืŸ,
04:27
and for those 25 years,
86
267603
3510
ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš 25 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
04:31
tape recorders were everything to me.
87
271113
2813
ืจืฉืžืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
04:33
In fact, in my office in 1990,
88
273926
2451
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘-1990,
04:36
I had 18 miles of tape.
89
276377
4527
ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜.
04:40
Students, family and friends all read me material.
90
280904
6905
ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืงืจื™ืื• ืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
04:47
Mrs. Lois Doery,
91
287809
1537
ื’ื‘ืจืช ืœื•ืื™ืก ื“ื•ืืจื™,
04:49
whom I later came to call my surrogate mum,
92
289346
2978
ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื™ ืืžื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืช,
04:52
read me many thousands of hours onto tape.
93
292324
3652
ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืจืฉืžืงื•ืœ.
04:55
One of the reasons I agreed to give this talk today
94
295976
2464
ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื›ืžืชื™ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื
04:58
was that I was hoping that Lois would be here
95
298440
2489
ื”ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื•ืื™ืก ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื”
05:00
so I could introduce you to her and publicly thank her.
96
300929
4037
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™.
05:04
But sadly, her health hasn't permitted her to come today.
97
304966
3749
ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:08
But I thank you here, Lois, from this platform.
98
308715
4588
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืคื” ืœื•ืื™ืก, ืžื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:13
(Applause)
99
313303
6988
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:25
I saw my first Apple computer in 1984,
100
325776
6859
ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืืคืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘-1984,
05:32
and I thought to myself,
101
332635
1525
ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
05:34
"This thing's got a glass screen, not much use to me."
102
334160
4968
"ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืžืกืš ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœื™".
05:39
How very wrong I was.
103
339128
4054
ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื™ืชื™.
05:43
In 1987, in the month our eldest son Gerard was born,
104
343182
4533
ื‘-1987, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื’'ืจืืœื“ ื ื•ืœื“,
05:47
I got my first blind computer,
105
347715
2454
ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
05:50
and it's actually here.
106
350169
3214
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืคื”.
05:53
See it up there?
107
353383
1935
ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืคื” ืœืžืขืœื”?
05:55
And you see it has no, what do you call it, no screen.
108
355318
4283
ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•, ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืกืš.
05:59
(Laughter)
109
359601
4318
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:03
It's a blind computer.
110
363919
1994
ื–ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ.
06:05
(Laughter)
111
365913
1900
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:07
It's a Keynote Gold 84k,
112
367813
2605
ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื‘ ืงื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ 84 ืง
06:10
and the 84k stands for it had 84 kilobytes of memory.
113
370418
4176
ื•ื”-84 ืง ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• 84 ืงื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
06:14
(Laughter)
114
374594
2901
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:17
Don't laugh, it cost me 4,000 dollars at the time. (Laughter)
115
377495
4938
ืืœ ืชืฆื—ืงื•, ื–ื” ืขืœื” ืœื™ 4,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:22
I think there's more memory in my watch.
116
382433
4694
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
06:27
It was invented by Russell Smith, a passionate inventor
117
387127
3020
ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืกืœ ืกืžื™ืช', ืžืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืงื”
06:30
in New Zealand who was trying to help blind people.
118
390147
2798
ืžื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื.
06:32
Sadly, he died in a light plane crash in 2005,
119
392945
3802
ืœืฆืขืจื™, ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ืžื˜ื•ืก ื‘-2005,
06:36
but his memory lives on in my heart.
120
396747
2858
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื™.
06:39
It meant, for the first time,
121
399605
2252
ื–ื” ืืžืจ, ืฉืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
06:41
I could read back what I had typed into it.
122
401857
3331
ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ืงืœื“ืชื™ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘.
06:45
It had a speech synthesizer.
123
405188
1957
ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืกื™ื ืชื™ืกื™ื™ื–ืจ ืงื•ืœื™.
06:47
I'd written my first coauthored labor law book
124
407145
2260
ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
06:49
on a typewriter in 1979 purely from memory.
125
409405
4826
ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘-1979 ืจืง ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
06:54
This now allowed me to read back what I'd written
126
414231
4311
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™
06:58
and to enter the computer world,
127
418542
1678
ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
07:00
even with its 84k of memory.
128
420220
3400
ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื 84 ืงื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
07:03
In 1974, the great Ray Kurzweil, the American inventor,
129
423620
5388
ื‘-1974, ืจื™ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
07:09
worked on building a machine that would scan books
130
429008
2750
ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืจื•ืง ืกืคืจื™ื
07:11
and read them out in synthetic speech.
131
431758
2531
ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™.
07:14
Optical character recognition units then
132
434289
2547
ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื–
07:16
only operated usually on one font,
133
436836
2740
ืชื™ืคืงื“ื• ืจืง ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื“.
07:19
but by using charge-coupled device flatbed scanners
134
439576
4344
ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืกื•ืจืง ืฉื˜ื•ื—
07:23
and speech synthesizers,
135
443920
1506
ื•ืกื™ื ืชื™ืกื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
07:25
he developed a machine that could read any font.
136
445426
4406
ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคืŸ.
07:29
And his machine, which was as big as a washing machine,
137
449832
3131
ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”,
07:32
was launched on the 13th of January, 1976.
138
452963
3974
ื”ื•ืฉืงื” ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, 1976.
07:36
I saw my first commercially available Kurzweil
139
456937
3083
ืื ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:40
in March 1989, and it blew me away,
140
460020
3307
ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1989, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
07:43
and in September 1989,
141
463327
2790
ื•ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1989,
07:46
the month that my associate professorship
142
466117
3193
ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™
07:49
at Monash University was announced,
143
469310
1972
ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื•ื ืืฉ ื”ื•ื›ืจื–,
07:51
the law school got one, and I could use it.
144
471282
3858
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืงื ื” ืื—ื“, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
07:55
For the first time, I could read what I wanted to read
145
475140
4033
ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื
07:59
by putting a book on the scanner.
146
479173
1408
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืจืง.
08:00
I didn't have to be nice to people!
147
480581
2716
ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื!
08:03
(Laughter)
148
483297
2643
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:05
I no longer would be censored.
149
485940
2149
ืื ื™ ืœื ืื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:08
For example, I was too shy then,
150
488089
3041
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืื–,
08:11
and I'm actually too shy now, to ask anybody
151
491130
2472
ื•ื”ืืžืช ืฉืื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื•
08:13
to read me out loud sexually explicit material.
152
493602
2813
ืœื”ืงืจื™ื ืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ.
08:16
(Laughter)
153
496415
3972
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:20
But, you know, I could pop a book on in the middle of the night, and --
154
500387
3488
ืื‘ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•--
08:23
(Laughter) (Applause)
155
503875
5723
(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:33
Now, the Kurzweil reader is simply
156
513528
3184
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืงื•ืจื ื”ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜
08:36
a program on my laptop.
157
516712
2284
ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™.
08:38
That's what it's shrunk to.
158
518996
1344
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
08:40
And now I can scan the latest novel
159
520340
2090
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื  ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
08:42
and not wait to get it into talking book libraries.
160
522430
2205
ื•ืœื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:44
I can keep up with my friends.
161
524635
3261
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™.
08:47
There are many people who have helped me in my life,
162
527896
3240
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
08:51
and many that I haven't met.
163
531136
2631
ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™.
08:53
One is another American inventor Ted Henter.
164
533767
3649
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื˜ื“ ื”ื˜ื ืจ.
08:57
Ted was a motorcycle racer,
165
537416
2372
ื˜ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื’ ืžื™ืจื•ืฆื™ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื,
08:59
but in 1978 he had a car accident and lost his sight,
166
539788
4232
ืื‘ืœ ื‘-1978 ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื”,
09:04
which is devastating if you're trying to ride motorbikes.
167
544020
3559
ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื.
09:07
He then turned to being a waterskier
168
547579
2796
ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœืฉืŸ ืกืงื™ ืžื™ื
09:10
and was a champion disabled waterskier.
169
550375
3512
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื™ื ืœื ื›ื™ื.
09:13
But in 1989, he teamed up with Bill Joyce
170
553887
3247
ืื‘ืœ ื‘1989, ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื‘ื™ืœ ื’'ื•ื™ืก
09:17
to develop a program that would read out
171
557134
4135
ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืชืงืจื™ื
09:21
what was on the computer screen
172
561269
1751
ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ืžืกืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
09:23
from the Net or from what was on the computer.
173
563020
2004
ืžื”ืจืฉืช ืื• ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
09:25
It's called JAWS, Job Access With Speech,
174
565024
3507
ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” JAWS, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
09:28
and it sounds like this.
175
568531
2004
ื•ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ื›ื”.
09:30
(JAWS speaking)
176
570535
3885
(ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ JAWS)
09:41
Ron McCallum: Isn't that slow?
177
581985
1763
ืจื•ืŸ ืžืงืงืืœื•ื: ื–ื” ืœื ืื™ื˜ื™?
09:43
(Laughter)
178
583748
970
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:44
You see, if I read like that, I'd fall asleep.
179
584718
2268
ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงื•ืจื ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืจื“ื.
09:46
I slowed it down for you.
180
586986
1209
ื”ืื˜ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
09:48
I'm going to ask that we play it at the speed I read it.
181
588195
3272
ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื–ื”.
09:51
Can we play that one?
182
591467
2515
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื–ื”?
09:53
(JAWS speaking)
183
593982
4755
(ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ JAWS)
10:07
(Laughter)
184
607809
2023
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:09
RM: You know, when you're marking student essays,
185
609832
1821
ืจ"ืž: ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
10:11
you want to get through them fairly quickly.
186
611653
1917
ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ.
10:13
(Laughter) (Applause)
187
613570
7078
(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:23
This technology that fascinated me in 1987
188
623139
3583
ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืจื™ืชืงื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘-1987
10:26
is now on my iPhone and on yours as well.
189
626722
3721
ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
10:30
But, you know, I find reading with machines
190
630443
3534
ืื‘ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
10:33
a very lonely process.
191
633977
2413
ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
10:36
I grew up with family, friends, reading to me,
192
636390
4939
ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื• ืœื™,
10:41
and I loved the warmth and the breath
193
641329
2919
ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”
10:44
and the closeness of people reading.
194
644248
2354
ื•ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงืจื™ืื™ื.
10:46
Do you love being read to?
195
646602
2273
ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงืจื™ืื™ื ืœื›ื?
10:48
And one of my most enduring memories
196
648875
2800
ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™
10:51
is in 1999, Mary reading to me and the children
197
651675
5449
ื”ื•ื ืž-1999, ืžืจื™ ืžืงืจื™ืื” ืœื™ ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
10:57
down near Manly Beach
198
657124
2396
ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืื ืœื™
10:59
"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone."
199
659520
3405
ืืช "ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื•ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื".
11:02
Isn't that a great book?
200
662925
2303
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืกืคืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ?
11:05
I still love being close to someone reading to me.
201
665228
2832
ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืงืจื™ื ืœื™.
11:08
But I wouldn't give up the technology,
202
668060
1761
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
11:09
because it's allowed me to lead a great life.
203
669821
5290
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
11:15
Of course, talking books for the blind
204
675111
2687
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื
11:17
predated all this technology.
205
677798
1612
ืงื“ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
11:19
After all, the long-playing record was developed
206
679410
3479
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืžืฆื
11:22
in the early 1930s,
207
682889
1389
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช,
11:24
and now we put talking books on CDs
208
684278
2689
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื
11:26
using the digital access system known as DAISY.
209
686967
5563
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื DAISY.
11:32
But when I'm reading with synthetic voices,
210
692530
3182
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืขื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื,
11:35
I love to come home and read a racy novel
211
695712
2950
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืžืจื™ืฅ
11:38
with a real voice.
212
698662
3950
ืขื ืงื•ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™.
11:42
Now there are still barriers
213
702612
2072
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื
11:44
in front of we people with disabilities.
214
704684
1993
ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
11:46
Many websites we can't read using JAWS
215
706677
2918
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช JAWS
11:49
and the other technologies.
216
709595
1287
ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
11:50
Websites are often very visual,
217
710882
2204
ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื,
11:53
and there are all these sorts of graphs
218
713086
1447
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:54
that aren't labeled and buttons that aren't labeled,
219
714533
2951
ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ื™ื™ื’ื™ื,
11:57
and that's why the World Wide Web Consortium 3,
220
717484
3797
ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ื ืกื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื”-World Wide Web 3
12:01
known as W3C, has developed worldwide standards
221
721281
5563
ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›-W3C, ืคื™ืชื— ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื
12:06
for the Internet.
222
726844
1414
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
12:08
And we want all Internet users or Internet site owners
223
728258
5430
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
12:13
to make their sites compatible so that
224
733688
2222
ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื•ืืžื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
12:15
we persons without vision can have a level playing field.
225
735910
4676
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ืจืื™ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
12:20
There are other barriers brought about by our laws.
226
740586
4055
ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:24
For example, Australia,
227
744641
2549
ืœืžืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
12:27
like about one third of the world's countries,
228
747190
2492
ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
12:29
has copyright exceptions which allow books to be brailled
229
749682
4544
ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ืœ
12:34
or read for we blind persons.
230
754226
2172
ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื.
12:36
But those books can't travel across borders.
231
756398
3220
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
12:39
For example, in Spain, there are a 100,000
232
759618
2782
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื™ืฉ 100,000
12:42
accessible books in Spanish.
233
762400
2026
ืกืคืจื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.
12:44
In Argentina, there are 50,000.
234
764426
2378
ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฉ 50,000.
12:46
In no other Latin American country
235
766804
1779
ื‘ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”
12:48
are there more than a couple of thousand.
236
768583
2077
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื.
12:50
But it's not legal to transport the books
237
770660
2105
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื
12:52
from Spain to Latin America.
238
772765
2825
ืžืกืคืจื“ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
12:55
There are hundreds of thousands of accessible books
239
775590
2757
ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื
12:58
in the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, etc.,
240
778347
2876
ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืงื ื“ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'..,
13:01
but they can't be transported to the 60 countries
241
781223
2689
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœ-60 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
13:03
in our world where English is the first and the second language.
242
783912
2974
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
13:06
And remember I was telling you about Harry Potter.
243
786886
3411
ื•ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ.
13:10
Well, because we can't transport books across borders,
244
790297
3114
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
13:13
there had to be separate versions read
245
793411
1924
ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืจืื•
13:15
in all the different English-speaking countries:
246
795335
2929
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:
13:18
Britain, United States, Canada, Australia,
247
798264
3051
ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืงื ื“ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
13:21
and New Zealand all had to have
248
801315
2081
ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:23
separate readings of Harry Potter.
249
803396
2743
ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ.
13:26
And that's why, next month in Morocco,
250
806139
3114
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•,
13:29
a meeting is taking place between all the countries.
251
809253
2499
ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
13:31
It's something that a group of countries
252
811752
1403
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
13:33
and the World Blind Union are advocating,
253
813155
2128
ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื•.
13:35
a cross-border treaty
254
815283
2318
ืืžื ื” ื—ื•ืฆืช-ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
13:37
so that if books are available under a copyright exception
255
817601
3138
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืชื—ืช ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
13:40
and the other country has a copyright exception,
256
820739
1969
ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
13:42
we can transport those books across borders
257
822708
2398
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
13:45
and give life to people, particularly in developing countries,
258
825106
3216
ื•ืœืชืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
13:48
blind people who don't have the books to read.
259
828322
3925
ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื.
13:52
I want that to happen.
260
832247
2112
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
13:54
(Applause)
261
834359
8239
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:02
My life has been extraordinarily blessed
262
842598
3265
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ
14:05
with marriage and children
263
845863
2634
ืขื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื
14:08
and certainly interesting work to do,
264
848497
3079
ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
14:11
whether it be at the University of Sydney Law School,
265
851576
2654
ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื™ื“ื ื™,
14:14
where I served a term as dean,
266
854230
1272
ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจืชืชื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ,
14:15
or now as I sit on the United Nations Committee
267
855502
3521
ืื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช
14:19
on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, in Geneva.
268
859023
3140
ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื’'ื ื‘ื”.
14:22
I've indeed been a very fortunate human being.
269
862163
4995
ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ.
14:27
I wonder what the future will hold.
270
867158
3008
ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•.
14:30
The technology will advance even further,
271
870166
3691
ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืชืงื“ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:33
but I can still remember my mum saying, 60 years ago,
272
873857
3668
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืื™ืžื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, ืœืคื ื™ 60 ืฉื ื”,
14:37
"Remember, darling,
273
877525
1934
"ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืงื™ืจื™,
14:39
you'll never be able to read the print with your fingers."
274
879459
4145
ืืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืš".
14:43
I'm so glad that the interaction between braille transcribers,
275
883604
5177
ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื— ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืœ,
14:48
volunteer readers and passionate inventors,
276
888781
2897
ืžืงืจื™ืื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื”,
14:51
has allowed this dream of reading to come true for me
277
891678
3190
ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจื™
14:54
and for blind people throughout the world.
278
894868
3004
ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:57
I'd like to thank my researcher Hannah Martin,
279
897872
3646
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ืื ื” ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ,
15:01
who is my slide clicker, who clicks the slides,
280
901518
2970
ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืชืงืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืฉืžืชืงืชืงืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
15:04
and my wife, Professor Mary Crock, who's the light of my life,
281
904488
4391
ื•ืืฉืชื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืจื™ ืงืจื•ืง, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™,
15:08
is coming on to collect me.
282
908879
1358
ื‘ืื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื™.
15:10
I want to thank her too.
283
910237
1195
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื”.
15:11
I think I have to say goodbye now.
284
911432
2000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:13
Bless you. Thank you very much.
285
913432
1571
ืชื‘ื•ืจื›ื•. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:15
(Applause)
286
915003
1724
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:16
Yay! (Applause)
287
916727
9238
ื™ืื™! (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:32
Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. (Applause)
288
932602
5969
ืื•ืงื™ื™.ืื•ืงื™ื™.ืื•ืงื™ื™.ืื•ืงื™ื™.ืื•ืงื™ื™. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7