A small country with big ideas to get rid of fossil fuels | Monica Araya

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka

How do we build a society

Kako da izgradimo društvo

without fossil fuels?

bez fosilnih goriva?

This is a very complex challenge,

Ovo je veoma složen izazov

and I believe developing countries could take the lead in this transition.

i verujem da bi zemlje u razvoju mogle da imaju prednost u ovom prelazu.

And I'm aware that this is a contentious statement,

Svesna sam da je ovo sporna izjava,

but the reality is that so much is at stake in our countries

ali u stvarnosti je mnogo toga pod rizikom u našim zemljama,

if we let fossil fuels stay at the center of our development.

ukoliko dozvolimo da fosilna goriva ostanu u središtu našeg razvoja.

We can do it differently.

Možemo drugačije.

And it's time, it really is time,

I vreme je, zaista je vreme

to debunk the myth

da razbijemo mit

that a country has to choose between development on the one hand

da zemlja mora da bira između razvoja sa jedne strane

and environmental protection, renewables, quality of life, on the other.

i zaštite okoline, obnovljivih izvora, kvaliteta života, sa druge strane.

I come from Costa Rica, a developing country.

Ja sam iz Kostarike, zemlje u razvoju.

We are nearly five million people,

Ima nas skoro pet miliona

and we live right in the middle of the Americas,

i živimo između dve Amerike,

so it's very easy to remember where we live.

tako da je veoma lako zapamtiti gde živimo.

Nearly 100 percent of our electricity

Skoro 100% naše električne energije

comes from renewable sources,

dolazi iz obnovljivih izvora,

five of them.

i to njih pet.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Hydropower, geothermal,

Snaga vode, geotermalna energija,

wind, solar, biomass.

vetar, solarna energija i biomasa.

Did you know that last year,

Da li ste znali da prošle godine,

for 299 days,

299 dana

we did not use any fossil fuels

nismo koristili bilo kakva fosilna goriva

in order to generate all our electricity?

kako bismo dobili svu našu električnu energiju?

It's a fantastic achievement,

To je fantastično dostignuće,

and yet, it hides a paradox,

a ipak, krije paradoks,

which is that nearly 70 percent

a to je da je skoro 70%

of all our energy consumption is oil.

našeg konzumiranja energije nafta.

Why?

Zašto?

Because of our transportation system,

Zbog našeg sistema transporta,

which is totally dependent on fossil fuels,

koji potpuno zavisi od fosilnih goriva,

like it is in most countries.

kao u većini zemalja.

So if we think of the energy transition as a marathon,

Ako o prelazu energije razmišljamo kao o maratonu,

the question is, how do we get to the finish line,

pitanje je kako doći do cilja,

how do we decarbonize the rest of the economy?

kako ukloniti ugljenik iz ostatka ekonomije?

And it's fair to say that if we don't succeed,

Pošteno je reći da ako ne uspemo,

it's difficult to see who will.

teško je zamisliti ko će uspeti.

So that is why I want to talk to you about Costa Rica,

Upravo zato želim da vam pričam o Kostariki,

because I believe we are a great candidate

jer verujem da smo sjajan kandidat

in pioneering a vision for development without fossil fuels.

u započinjanju vizije za razvoj bez fosilnih goriva.

If you know one thing about our country,

Ukoliko znate jednu stvar o našoj zemlji,

it's that we don't have an army.

to je da nemamo vojsku.

So I'm going to take you back to 1948.

Vratićemo se u 1948.

That year, the country was coming out of civil war.

Te godine zemlja je izlazila iz građanskog rata.

Thousands of Costa Ricans had died,

Hiljade Kostarikanaca je poginulo

and families were bitterly split.

a porodice su bile razorene.

And yet, a surprising idea won the hearts and minds:

Ipak, iznenađujuća ideja zaokupirala je srca i umove:

we would reboot the country,

ponovo ćemo pokrenuti zemlju

and that Second Republic would have no army.

i Druga Republika neće imati vojsku.

So we abolished it.

Tako smo je ukinuli.

And the president at the time,

Tadašnji predsednik,

José Figueres,

Hose Figeres,

found a powerful way by smashing the walls of an army base.

pronašao je moćan način, tako što je razbio zidove vojne baze.

The following year, 1949,

Naredne godine, 1949,

we made that decision permanent in the new constitution,

tu odluku smo učinili trajnom u novom ustavu

and that is why I can tell you that story nearly 70 years later.

i zato mogu da vam ispričam ovo skoro 70 godina kasnije.

And I'm grateful.

I zahvalna sam.

I'm grateful they made that decision before I was born,

Zahvalna sam što su tu odluku doneli pre nego što sam se rodila,

because it allowed me and millions of others

jer je dozvolila meni i milionima drugih

to live in a very stable country.

da živimo u veoma stabilnoj državi.

And you might be thinking that it was good luck,

Možda mislite da je to samo dobra sreća,

but it wasn't.

ali nije.

There was a pattern of deliberate choices.

Postojao je šablon svesnih izbora.

In the '40s, Costa Ricans were given free education and free health care.

U 40-tim godinama, Kostarikancima su dati besplatno obrazovanje i zdravstvo.

We called that social guarantees.

To smo zvali društvenim garancijama.

By abolishing the army,

Raspustivši vojsku,

we were able to turn military spending into social spending,

mogli smo da prebacimo vojne troškove u socijalne troškove

and that was a driver of stability.

i to je bio pokretač stabilnosti.

In the '50s --

50-tih godina -

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

In the '50s, we started investing in hydropower,

50-tih godina, počeli smo da ulažemo u snagu vode

and that kept us away from the trap

i to nas je izbavilo od zamke

of using fossil fuels for electricity generation,

korišćenja fosilnih goriva za stvaranje električne energije,

which is what the world is struggling with today.

a to je ono sa čime se svet bori danas.

In the '70s we invested in national parks,

U 70-tim smo ulagali u nacionalne parkove

and that kept us away

i to nas je odvratilo

from the deeply flawed logic of growth, growth, growth at any cost

od potpuno pogrešne logike rasta, rasta i rasta po svaku cenu,

that you see others embracing, especially in the developing world.

koju vidite da prihvataju drugi, naročito u svetu u razvoju.

In the '90s, we pioneered payments for ecosystem services,

U 90-tim smo započeli isplate za usluge koje se tiču ekosistema

and that helped us reverse deforestation

i to nam je pomoglo da preokrenemo proces krčenja šuma

and boosted ecotourism, which today is a key engine of growth.

i povećalo je ekoturizam, koji je danas ključni deo rasta.

So investing in environmental protection

Ulaganje u zaštitu sredine

did not hurt our economy.

nije škodilo našoj ekonomiji.

Quite the opposite.

Naprotiv.

And it doesn't mean we are perfect,

To ne znači da smo savršeni,

and it doesn't mean we don't have contradictions.

i ne znači da kod nas nema kontradikcija.

That's not the point.

To nije poenta.

The point is that, by making our own choices,

Poenta je da, donoseći sopstvene izbore,

we were able to develop resilience in dealing with development problems.

mogli smo da razvijemo otpor u nošenju sa problemima razvoja.

Also, if you take a country like ours,

Takođe, ako uzmete zemlju nalik našoj,

the GDP per capita is around 11,000 dollars,

BDP po glavi stanovnika je oko 11 000 dolara,

depending on how you measure it.

u zavisnosti od toga kako ga merite.

But according to the Social Progress Index,

Ali po Indeksu društvenog progresa,

we are an absolute outlier

mi skroz odudaramo

when it comes to turning GDP into social progress.

što se tiče pretvaranja BDP-a u društveni progres.

Abolishing the army,

Ukidanje vojske,

investing in nature and people,

ulaganje u prirodu i ljude,

did something very powerful, too.

je urodilo nečim veoma moćnim.

It shaped the narrative,

Oblikovalo je narativ,

the narrative of a small country with big ideas,

narativ male zemlje s velikim idejama

and it was very empowering to grow up with that narrative.

i bilo je veoma motivišuće odrastati uz takav narativ.

So the question is,

Pitanje je,

what is the next big idea for this generation?

koja je naredna velika ideja za ovu generaciju?

And I believe what comes next

Verujem da je sledeće

is for this generation to let go of fossil fuels for good,

za ovu generaciju to da zauvek zaboravimo na fosilna goriva,

just as we did with the army.

kao što smo uradili s vojskom.

Fossil fuels create climate change.

Fosilna goriva izazivaju klimatske promene.

We know that,

To znamo,

and we know how vulnerable we are to the impacts of climate change.

i znamo koliko smo podložni uticajima klimatskih promena.

So as a developing country, it is in our best interest

Kao zemlja u razvoju, u našem je najboljem interesu

to build development without fossil fuels

da se razvijamo bez fosilnih goriva

that harm people in the first place.

koja uostalom škode ljudima.

Because

Zato što,

why would we continue importing oil

zašto bismo nastavili da uvozimo naftu

for transportation

za transport,

if we can use electricity instead?

kada možemo koristiti električnu energiju?

Remember,

Setite se,

this is the country

ovo je zemlja

where electricity comes from water in our rivers,

gde električna energija dolazi iz voda u našim rekama,

heat from volcanoes,

toplote iz vulkana,

wind turbines, solar panels,

vetrenih turbina, solarnih ploča,

biowaste.

biootpada.

Abolishing fossil fuels means disrupting our transportation system

Napuštanje fosilnih goriva znači remećenje našeg sistema transporta,

so that we can power our cars, buses and trains with electricity

tako da možemo napajati naše automobile, autobuse i vozove električnom energijom

instead of dirty energy.

umesto prljavom energijom.

And transportation, let me tell you,

Da vam kažem, transport je postao

has become an existential issue for us Costa Ricans,

pitanje opstanka za nas u Kostariki,

because the model we have is not working for us.

pošto model koji imamo ne funkcioniše za nas.

It's hurting people,

On škodi ljudima,

it's hurting companies,

škodi kompanijama

and it's hurting our health.

i škodi našem zdravlju.

Because when policies and infrastructure fail,

Kada pokleknu politika i infrastrukture,

this is what happens on a daily basis.

ovo se dešava svakodnevno.

Two hours in the morning,

Dva sata ujutru,

two hours in the evening.

dva sata uveče.

I don't understand why we have to accept this as normal.

Ne razumem zašto moramo da prihvatimo ovo kao normalno.

It's offensive

Uvredljivo je

to have to waste our time like this every single day.

da moramo da ovako traćimo vreme svakoga dana.

And this highway is actually quite good

A ovaj autoput je zapravo prilično dobar

compared to what you see in other countries

u poređenju sa onim što postoji u drugim zemljama

where traffic is exploding.

gde saobraćaj eksplodira.

You know, Costa Ricans call this "presa."

U Kostariki ovo zovu "presa".

Presa means "imprisoned."

Presa znači "zarobljen".

And people are turning violent

Ljudi postaju nasilni,

in a country that is otherwise happy in pura vida.

u zemlji koja je inače srećna u osnovi.

It's happening.

To se dešava.

So a lot is at stake.

Dosta toga je pod znakom pitanja.

The good news

Dobre vesti su

is that when we talk about clean transportation

da kada pričamo o čistom transportu

and different mobility,

i različitoj pokretljivosti,

we're not talking about some distant utopia out there.

ne pričamo o dalekoj utopiji.

We're talking about electric mobility that is happening today.

Pričamo o električnoj pokretljivosti koja se dešava danas.

By 2022, electric cars and conventional cars

Do 2022, električni automobili i tradicionalni automobili

are expected to cost the same,

trebalo bi da koštaju isto,

and cities are already trying electric buses.

a gradovi već isprobavaju električne autobuse.

And these really cool creatures

A ova super stvorenja

are saving money,

štede novac

and they reduce pollution.

i smanjuju zagađenje.

So if we want to get rid of oil-based transportation, we can,

Ako želimo da se otarasimo transporta zasnovanog na nafti, možemo,

because we have options now that we didn't have before.

pošto sada imamo izbore koje pre nismo imali.

It's really exciting.

Zaista je uzbudljivo.

But of course,

Ali naravno,

some get very uncomfortable with this idea,

nekima ova ideja nije prijatna

and they will come and they will tell you

i prići će vam i reći

that the world is stuck with oil, and so is Costa Rica, so get real.

da se svet zaglibio u nafti, kao i Kostarika, pa se uozbiljite.

That's what they tell you.

To će vam reći.

And you know what the answer to that argument is?

Znate šta je odgovor na tu tvrdnju?

That in 1948, we didn't say the world is stuck with armies,

Da 1948. nismo rekli da se svet zaglibio u vojsci,

so let's keep our army, too.

pa hajde da zadržimo vojsku.

No, we made a very brave choice,

Ne, učinili smo hrabar izbor,

and that choice made the whole difference.

a taj izbor je sve učinio drugačijim.

So it's time for this generation to be brave again

Vreme je da ova generacija bude opet hrabra

and abolish fossil fuels for good.

i zauvek napusti fosilna goriva.

And I'll give you three reasons why we have to do this.

Daću vam tri razloga zašto da uradimo ovo.

First,

Prvo,

our model of transportation and urbanization is broken,

naš model transporta i urbanizacije ne funkcioniše, pa je ovo

so this is the best moment to redefine our urban and mobility future.

najbolji trenutak za redefinisanje naše budućnosti urbanizma i kretanja.

We don't want cities that are built for cars.

Ne želimo gradove koji su smišljeni za automobile.

We want cities for people

Želimo gradove za ljude,

where we can walk and we can use bikes.

gde možemo da hodamo i koristimo bicikle.

And we want public transportation,

Želimo javni transport,

lots of it,

dosta javnog transporta,

public transportation that is clean and dignifying.

javni transport koji je čist i dostojanstven.

Because if we continue adding fleets of conventional cars,

Jer ako nastavimo da dodajemo hrpe tradicionalnih automobila,

our cities will become unbearable.

naši gradovi postaće nepodnošljivi.

Second, we have to change,

Drugo, moramo da se promenimo,

but incremental change is not going to be sufficient.

ali male promene neće biti dovoljne.

We need transformational change.

Potrebne su nam korenite promene.

And there are some incremental projects in my country,

U mojoj zemlji ima malih projekata

and I am the first one to celebrate them.

i prva ću ih slaviti.

But let's not kid ourselves.

Ali nemojmo se zavaravati.

We're not talking about ending up with really beautiful electric cars here

Ne pričamo o tome da imamo nekoliko lepih električnih automobila tu

and a few electric buses there

i par električnih autobusa tamo

while we keep investing in the same kind of infrastructure,

i da nastavimo da ulažemo u istu infrastrukturu,

more cars, more roads, more oil.

još automobila, još puteva, još nafte.

We're talking about breaking free from oil,

Pričamo o oslobađanju od nafte,

and you cannot get there through incrementalism.

a dotle se ne stiže kroz sitničarenje.

Third, and you know this one,

Treće, a ovo znate,

the world is hungry for inspiration.

svet je gladan inspiracije.

It craves stories of success

Žudi za pričama o uspehu

in dealing with complex issues,

u borbi sa složenim problemima,

especially in developing countries.

naročito u zemljama u razvoju.

So I believe Costa Rica can be an inspiration to others,

Verujem da Kostarika može biti inspiracija za druge,

as we did last year when we disclosed

kao prošle godine kada smo objavili

that for so many days we were not using any fossil fuels

da toliko dana nismo koristili nikakva fosilna goriva

in order to generate all our electricity.

da bismo dobili električnu energiju.

The news went viral around the world.

Vest je planula širom sveta.

Also, and this makes me extremely proud,

Takođe, a zbog ovog sam veoma ponosna,

a Costa Rican woman, Christiana Figueres,

Kostarikanka, Kristijana Figueres,

played a decisive role in the negotiations of the Paris climate agreement.

igrala je ključnu odluku u razgovorima u Pariskom klimatskom dogovoru.

So we have to protect that legacy and be an example.

Moramo da zaštitimo to nasleđe i budemo primer drugima.

So what comes next?

Šta je sledeće?

The people.

Ljudi.

How do we get people to own this?

Kako da nateramo ljude da slede ovo?

How do we get people

Kako da nateramo ljude

to believe that it's possible

da veruju da je moguće

to build a society without fossil fuels?

sagraditi društvo bez fosilnih goriva?

A lot of work from the ground up is needed.

Potrebno je dosta rada iz temelja.

That is why, in 2014, we created Costa Rica Limpia.

Zato smo 2014. osnovali Kostarika Limpiju.

"Limpia" means "clean,"

"Limpia" znači "čisto"

because we want to empower and we want to inspire citizens.

jer želimo da osnažimo i nadahnemo građane.

If citizens don't get engaged,

Ukoliko se ne uključe građani,

clean transportation decisions will be bogged down by endless,

odluke o čistom transportu zaglaviće se u beskrajnim

and I mean endless, technical discussions,

i zaista mislim beskrajnim tehničkim raspravama

and by avalanches of lobbying by various established interests.

i u lavinama lobista za razne interese.

Wanting to be a green country powered by renewables

Želja da budemo zelena zemlja koja se napaja obnovljivim izvorima

is already part of our story.

već je deo naše priče.

We should not let anybody take that away from us.

Ne smemo da dozvolimo ikome da to oduzme od nas.

Last year, we brought people from our seven provinces

Prošle godine, doveli smo ljude iz sedam provincija

to talk about climate change in terms that matter to them,

da pričaju o klimatskim promenama u njima bitnim sferama,

and we also brought this year

a ove godine smo doveli

another group of Costa Ricans

još jednu grupu Kostarikanaca

to talk about renewable energy.

da pričaju o obnovljivoj energiji.

And you know what?

I znate šta?

These people disagree on almost everything

Ovi ljudi se ne slažu skoro ni u čemu,

except on renewable energy

osim u pitanjima obnovljive energije

and clean transportation and clean air.

i čistog transporta i vazduha.

It brings people together.

Ovo spaja ljude.

And the key to real participation

Ključ stvarnog učestvovanja

je da se pomogne ljudima da se ne osećaju malima.

is to help people not to feel small.

People feel powerless,

Ljudi imaju osećaj da su bespomoćni

and they are tired of not being heard.

i umore se od toga da ih niko ne čuje.

So what we do is concrete things,

Treba da radimo konkretne stvari

and we translate technical issues into citizen language

i prevodimo tehničke probleme u jezik građana,

to show that citizens have a role to play and can play it together.

da pokažemo da građani imaju ulogu i da mogu da je vrše zajedno.

For the first time, we're tracking the promises that were made

Po prvi put, pratimo obećanja doneta

on clean transportation,

što se tiče čistog transporta

and politicos know that they have to deliver it,

i političari znaju da moraju da ih ispune,

but the tipping point will come when we form coalitions --

ali prelomna tačka će doći kada formiramo koalicije,

citizens, companies,

građani, kompanije,

champions of public transportation --

vođe u javnom transportu,

that will make electric mobility the new normal,

da ćemo učiniti električnu pokretljivost novim standardom,

especially in a developing country.

naročito u zemlji u razvoju.

By the time the next election comes,

Do sledećih izbora,

I believe every candidate will have to disclose where they stand

verujem da će svaki kandidat morati da otkrije svoj stav

on the abolition of fossil fuels.

o napuštanju fosilnih goriva.

Because this question has to enter our mainstream politics.

Ovo pitanje mora da uđe u srž naše politike.

And I'm telling you, this is not a question of climate policy

Kažem vam, ovo nije pitanje politike o klimatskoj promeni

or environmental agenda.

ili priča o zaštiti sredine.

It's about the country that we want

Tiče se zemlje koju želimo

and the cities that we have

i gradova koje imamo

and the cities that we want

i gradova koje želimo

and who makes that choice.

i ko donosi taj izbor.

Because at the end of the day, what we have to show

Jer, kad se sve svede, moramo da pokažemo

is that development with renewable energy

da je razvoj sa obnovljivom energijom

is good for the people,

dobar za ljude,

for Costa Ricans that are alive today

za Kostarikance koji žive danas

and especially for those who haven't been born.

i naročito za one koji se još nisu rodili.

This is our National Museum today.

Ovo je naš Nacionalni muzej danas.

It's bright and peaceful,

Svetao je i miran

and when you stand up in front of it,

i kada stanete pred njega,

it's really hard to believe these were military barracks

teško je poverovati da su to bile vojne barake

at the end of the '40s.

krajem 40-tih godina.

We started a new life without an army in this place,

Počeli smo novi život bez vojske na ovom mestu

and here is where our abolition

i ovde će biti objavljeno

of fossil fuels will be announced one day.

naše odbacivanje fosilnih goriva, jednog dana.

And we will make history again.

I ponovo ćemo ući u istoriju.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)