A small country with big ideas to get rid of fossil fuels | Monica Araya

翻译人员: Lydia Yu 校对人员: 易帆 余

How do we build a society

如果不用石油，

我们如何让一个社会运转起来？

without fossil fuels?

This is a very complex challenge,

这是个十分严峻的挑战，

and I believe developing countries could take the lead in this transition.

我相信发展中国家 可以为这个改变起带头作用。

And I'm aware that this is a contentious statement,

我很清楚这是一个 很有争议性的说法，

but the reality is that so much is at stake in our countries

但事实是，如果我们 国家的发展始终围绕着石油，

if we let fossil fuels stay at the center of our development.

国家就会承担巨大的风险。

We can do it differently.

我们能换一种发展方案。

And it's time, it really is time,

而且是时候，真的是时候了，

to debunk the myth

去揭穿这个

that a country has to choose between development on the one hand

所谓一个国家必须在一边是经济发展，

and environmental protection, renewables, quality of life, on the other.

另一边是环境保护，可再生资源 以及生活质量中二选一的谬误。

I come from Costa Rica, a developing country.

我来自哥斯达黎加，一个发展中国家。

We are nearly five million people,

我们有将近五百万的人口，

and we live right in the middle of the Americas,

身处在美洲的中心，

so it's very easy to remember where we live.

所以记住哥斯达黎加的位置， 十分的简单。

Nearly 100 percent of our electricity

我们所用的电力资源几乎

百分之百来自于可再生资源，

comes from renewable sources,

five of them.

一共有五种。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Hydropower, geothermal,

水力，地热，

wind, solar, biomass.

风力，太阳能以及生物质。

Did you know that last year,

你们知道去年，

for 299 days,

总共有299天，

we did not use any fossil fuels

我们生产的所有电力

in order to generate all our electricity?

压根没有使用任何化石燃料吗？

It's a fantastic achievement,

这是一个了不起的成就，

and yet, it hides a paradox,

但同时，这也隐藏了一种矛盾，

which is that nearly 70 percent

那就是我们百分之七十的

of all our energy consumption is oil.

能源消费都是石油。

Why?

为什么？

Because of our transportation system,

因为我们的交通系统，

which is totally dependent on fossil fuels,

就像很多其他国家一样，

like it is in most countries.

完全依赖于化石燃料，

So if we think of the energy transition as a marathon,

所以如果我们把能源过渡 看成是一段马拉松，

the question is, how do we get to the finish line,

那么问题来了，我们如何 才能到达终点线？

how do we decarbonize the rest of the economy?

我们如何才能让我们国家 其余的经济体系脱碳？

And it's fair to say that if we don't succeed,

负责任地说，如果我们无法成功，

it's difficult to see who will.

那别人也很难做到。

So that is why I want to talk to you about Costa Rica,

所以这就是为什么我想 跟你们谈谈哥斯达黎加，

because I believe we are a great candidate

因为我相信，我们在 不使用化石燃料的发展蓝图中

in pioneering a vision for development without fossil fuels.

是一个不错的候选人。

If you know one thing about our country,

如果你们对我们的国家有一点点了解的话，

it's that we don't have an army.

就一定知道，我们没有军队。

So I'm going to take you back to 1948.

所以接下来，我想带领你们 回到1948那年。

That year, the country was coming out of civil war.

那年，哥斯达黎加刚从 一场内战中解脱。

Thousands of Costa Ricans had died,

成千上万的哥斯达黎加人死于战乱，

and families were bitterly split.

一个个家庭支离破碎，人们流离失所。

And yet, a surprising idea won the hearts and minds:

然而，一个令人惊讶的想法 得到了大家的支持：

we would reboot the country,

我们要让国家重新繁荣起来，

and that Second Republic would have no army.

而且第二共和国将不会有军队。

So we abolished it.

所以我们废除了军队。

And the president at the time,

当时的总统，

José Figueres,

何塞·菲格雷斯，

found a powerful way by smashing the walls of an army base.

还通过敲碎军队基地的墙壁， 来表达坚毅与决心。

The following year, 1949,

接下来的一年，1949年，

we made that decision permanent in the new constitution,

我们把这个决定写进了我们的宪法里， 将它永久地保留下来，

and that is why I can tell you that story nearly 70 years later.

这也是为什么我能在将近70年后， 跟你们讲这段故事。

And I'm grateful.

我很感激，

I'm grateful they made that decision before I was born,

我很感激他们在我出生之前 做了这个决定，

because it allowed me and millions of others

因为这个决定让我和 百万名哥斯达黎加的百姓

to live in a very stable country.

生活在一个非常安定的国家里。

And you might be thinking that it was good luck,

你有可能觉得这只是好运气，

but it wasn't.

但这并不是。

There was a pattern of deliberate choices.

这一切都是因为一系列 经过深思熟虑的决定。

In the '40s, Costa Ricans were given free education and free health care.

在上世纪40年代，哥斯达黎加人 可以免费上学，享受免费医疗。

We called that social guarantees.

我们把这些叫做社会保障。

By abolishing the army,

废除了军队，

we were able to turn military spending into social spending,

让我们能够把庞大的军事消费 用在社会保障上，

and that was a driver of stability.

而这就是我们国家稳定的基石。

In the '50s --

在50年代时——

(Applause)

（掌声）

In the '50s, we started investing in hydropower,

在五十年代时，我们开始投资水电工程，

这也使我们避免陷入

and that kept us away from the trap

of using fossil fuels for electricity generation,

使用石油来发电的困局，

which is what the world is struggling with today.

而现在全世界 都在这个泥潭中挣扎。

In the '70s we invested in national parks,

在70年代的时候， 我们投资建立了国家公园，

and that kept us away

而这也使我们避开了

from the deeply flawed logic of growth, growth, growth at any cost

“不惜一切代价发展”这种 大错特错的逻辑，

that you see others embracing, especially in the developing world.

但这个畸形的理念却被 很多其它发展中国家所尊崇。

In the '90s, we pioneered payments for ecosystem services,

在90年代时，我们率先提出了 为生态系统保护工作者支付报酬的政策，

and that helped us reverse deforestation

而这帮助我们逆转了森林砍伐的后果，

and boosted ecotourism, which today is a key engine of growth.

同时促进了生态旅游， 而这也是我们今天经济发展的主要引擎。

So investing in environmental protection

所以在环境保护方面的投资，

did not hurt our economy.

并没有妨碍我们的经济发展。

Quite the opposite.

反而起到了促进作用。

And it doesn't mean we are perfect,

但这不代表我们是完美的，

and it doesn't mean we don't have contradictions.

也不代表我们没有其他顾虑。

That's not the point.

这不是重点。

The point is that, by making our own choices,

重点是，因为做出了我们自己的决定，

we were able to develop resilience in dealing with development problems.

我们得以坚韧又不失灵活地 处理发展过程中的各种问题。

Also, if you take a country like ours,

而且，用哥斯达黎加举例，

the GDP per capita is around 11,000 dollars,

哥斯达黎加人均GDP 差不多是11000美元，

depending on how you measure it.

当然这在于你是怎么计算的。

But according to the Social Progress Index,

但根据社会进步指数的数据，

we are an absolute outlier

将GDP转化为社会进步这一点上，

when it comes to turning GDP into social progress.

我们绝对是超群的。

Abolishing the army,

废除军队，

investing in nature and people,

在保护自然环境和百姓康乐上投资，

did something very powerful, too.

这几点，都对哥斯达黎加的发展 做出了不可磨灭的贡献。

It shaped the narrative,

这一切造就了我们的故事，

the narrative of a small country with big ideas,

那就是，一个小国家也能有大想法，

and it was very empowering to grow up with that narrative.

而这个小国家也在跟随 这段故事的脚步慢慢成长。

So the question is,

那么问题来了，

what is the next big idea for this generation?

我们这一代的 下一个大想法又是什么呢？

And I believe what comes next

我相信我们这一代，

is for this generation to let go of fossil fuels for good,

将会为了更好的环境放弃使用化石燃料，

just as we did with the army.

就像我们当初废除了军队一样。

Fossil fuels create climate change.

化石燃料造成了全球气候变化。

We know that,

我们都知道这一点，

and we know how vulnerable we are to the impacts of climate change.

也明白我们在面对气候变化 所带来的影响时多么不堪一击。

So as a developing country, it is in our best interest

所以身在一个发展中国家， 在建设过程中

to build development without fossil fuels

摒弃化石燃料才是我们最好的选择，

that harm people in the first place.

因为这本身就是在伤害我们自己。

Because

因为

why would we continue importing oil

当我们可以用电力来代替石油的时候，

for transportation

我们为什么要继续

if we can use electricity instead?

为了交通运输而进口石油？

Remember,

请记住，

this is the country

这是一个

where electricity comes from water in our rivers,

从江河的水流，

heat from volcanoes,

火山的炙热，

wind turbines, solar panels,

风力发电机，和太阳能板

biowaste.

和生物废料中获取电能的国家。

Abolishing fossil fuels means disrupting our transportation system

放弃化石燃料，意味着 交通系统也必须跟着变革，

so that we can power our cars, buses and trains with electricity

所以我们就可以用电能来发动 私家车，公共汽车，和火车，

instead of dirty energy.

而不再是用会污染环境的石油。

And transportation, let me tell you,

而且让我告诉你们，

has become an existential issue for us Costa Ricans,

交通已经成为哥斯达黎加人 生活中的一个麻烦了，

because the model we have is not working for us.

因为现在我们的交通模式 并不适合我们。

It's hurting people,

这影响了百姓的利益，

it's hurting companies,

也伤害了公司的利益，

and it's hurting our health.

同时也在影响我们的身体健康。

Because when policies and infrastructure fail,

因为当政府政策和基础设施的建设 都无法发挥作用的时候，

这就是每天都要发生的情况。

this is what happens on a daily basis.

Two hours in the morning,

早上塞两个小时，

two hours in the evening.

晚上再塞两个小时。

I don't understand why we have to accept this as normal.

我不明白这一切的不便利 为什么会变成我们必须接受的常态，

It's offensive

每天必须浪费这么多时间在路上，

to have to waste our time like this every single day.

是很令人不快的。

And this highway is actually quite good

而这条高速公路，

compared to what you see in other countries

相比起你们在别的国家 所看到的塞车高峰，

where traffic is exploding.

已经是相当不错的了。

You know, Costa Ricans call this "presa."

哥斯达黎加人 把这个叫做 ”Presa“ (西班牙语)。

Presa means "imprisoned."

“ Presa” 是被囚禁的意思。

And people are turning violent

而本该是在一个国家里 过着纯净生活的人们

in a country that is otherwise happy in pura vida.

开始变得浮躁，暴力。

It's happening.

这已经开始发生了。

So a lot is at stake.

所以很多美好的事都将受到威胁。

The good news

好消息是

is that when we talk about clean transportation

当我们说到纯净无污染的交通系统

and different mobility,

和与众不同的运输方式，

we're not talking about some distant utopia out there.

我们不是在天方夜谭地 讨论不可能的纯净乐土。

We're talking about electric mobility that is happening today.

我们是在讲已经在发生的 电力交通运输。

By 2022, electric cars and conventional cars

到2022年，电动汽车和传统汽车

are expected to cost the same,

预测会有不相上下的价格，

and cities are already trying electric buses.

而且有的城市已经开始 尝试使用电动公共汽车了。

And these really cool creatures

而这些酷炫的家伙

are saving money,

会替我们省钱，

and they reduce pollution.

节能减污。

So if we want to get rid of oil-based transportation, we can,

所以如果我们想放弃以石油为主的 交通系统，我们完全可以，

because we have options now that we didn't have before.

因为现在我们拥有以前所没有的选择。

It's really exciting.

这真的是非常激动人心。

But of course,

不过当然，

some get very uncomfortable with this idea,

有些人会对这个想法感到不快，

and they will come and they will tell you

然后他们会来跟你说

that the world is stuck with oil, and so is Costa Rica, so get real.

整个世界只能被石油左右， 哥斯达黎加也在所难免，所以现实一点吧。

That's what they tell you.

这是他们的说法。

And you know what the answer to that argument is?

那你们知道该怎么回应这番辩词吗？

That in 1948, we didn't say the world is stuck with armies,

在1948年的时候，我们并没有说 因为世界都被军队掌控，

so let's keep our army, too.

那我们也留着我们的军队吧。

不，我们做了一个勇敢的决定，

No, we made a very brave choice,

and that choice made the whole difference.

而且这个决定为哥斯达黎加人民 带来了翻天覆地的改变。

So it's time for this generation to be brave again

所以是时候该让我们这一代人 再次勇敢起来

彻底摒弃化石燃料。

and abolish fossil fuels for good.

And I'll give you three reasons why we have to do this.

而且我也有三个理由来解释 我们为什么一定要这样做。

First,

第一，

our model of transportation and urbanization is broken,

我们的交通和城市化模式 已经千疮百孔，

so this is the best moment to redefine our urban and mobility future.

所以这是重新定义城市 和运输系统的未来的最佳时机。

We don't want cities that are built for cars.

我们不想要为汽车而建的城市。

We want cities for people

我们想要的是 为人民百姓而建的城市，

where we can walk and we can use bikes.

在那里我们可以走路，可以骑自行车。

And we want public transportation,

并且我们需要的是公共交通，

lots of it,

庞大的，

public transportation that is clean and dignifying.

纯净无污染的，更高尚的公共交通系统。

Because if we continue adding fleets of conventional cars,

因为如果我们继续购买更多的传统汽车，

our cities will become unbearable.

我们的城市将不堪重负。

Second, we have to change,

第二，我们必须改变，

but incremental change is not going to be sufficient.

但是逐步的变化是不够的。

We need transformational change.

我们需要的是转型和变革。

And there are some incremental projects in my country,

我们的国家也在实施一些 逐步改善计划，

and I am the first one to celebrate them.

而我也是第一个 为这些计划叫好的人。

But let's not kid ourselves.

但是不要自欺欺人。

We're not talking about ending up with really beautiful electric cars here

我们谈的不是这里以后 会有漂亮的电动汽车，

and a few electric buses there

那里又会有几辆电动公共汽车，

while we keep investing in the same kind of infrastructure,

如果我们持续投资 跟以前一样的城市基础设施，

more cars, more roads, more oil.

这只会造成一样的车多，路多，油多。

We're talking about breaking free from oil,

我们谈的是彻底从石油中解脱，

而我们也不能通过 渐进主义做到这一点。

and you cannot get there through incrementalism.

Third, and you know this one,

第三，你们都有所耳闻，

the world is hungry for inspiration.

今天的世界如饥似渴地 寻找灵感来源。

It craves stories of success

成功处理复杂事件的背后，

隐藏着刻苦铭心的故事，

in dealing with complex issues,

especially in developing countries.

特别是在发展中国家。

So I believe Costa Rica can be an inspiration to others,

所以我觉得哥斯达黎加 可以成为别国的典范，

as we did last year when we disclosed

就像我们去年向世界透露

that for so many days we were not using any fossil fuels

我们已经有很长一段时间

in order to generate all our electricity.

都没有用化石燃料来发电了一样。

The news went viral around the world.

这则消息像病毒一样 疯狂传遍了全世界。

Also, and this makes me extremely proud,

而且，这也让我感到非常的自豪，

a Costa Rican woman, Christiana Figueres,

一个哥斯达黎加的女性， 克里斯汀安娜·菲格雷斯，

played a decisive role in the negotiations of the Paris climate agreement.

在巴黎气候协议中的谈判 起到了关键性的作用。

So we have to protect that legacy and be an example.

所以我们必须捍卫这个成就， 并且以身作则。

So what comes next?

那么接下来呢？

The people.

我们的百姓。

How do we get people to own this?

我们如何才能让人们 去接受这个想法？

How do we get people

我们如何才能

to believe that it's possible

让人们相信

to build a society without fossil fuels?

建造一个没有石油的社会 是有可能的？

A lot of work from the ground up is needed.

从最基本的工作开始是必经过程。

That is why, in 2014, we created Costa Rica Limpia.

这就是为什么，在2014年的时候， 我们创建了Costa Rica Limpia (“纯净哥斯达黎加”)。

"Limpia" means "clean,"

"Limpia" (西班牙语）的意思是 ”干净“，

because we want to empower and we want to inspire citizens.

因为我们想启发，鼓励我们的公民。

If citizens don't get engaged,

如果公民们不参与，

clean transportation decisions will be bogged down by endless,

开发无污染的交通系统的决定

and I mean endless, technical discussions,

将会被无限的技术研讨会所淹没

and by avalanches of lobbying by various established interests.

和代表不同利益的组织 所游说阻挠。

Wanting to be a green country powered by renewables

成为一个全由可再生资源 供电的绿色国家的这个想法，

is already part of our story.

早已是我们国家故事中的一个篇章。

We should not let anybody take that away from us.

我们不能让任何人 夺走属于我们的故事。

Last year, we brought people from our seven provinces

去年，我们聚集了从7个省来的群众

to talk about climate change in terms that matter to them,

讨论了气候变化对于他们的影响。

and we also brought this year

而今年我们又聚集了

another group of Costa Ricans

另一群哥斯达黎加人

to talk about renewable energy.

讨论了可再生资源。

And you know what?

你们猜怎么着？

These people disagree on almost everything

这些群众平常几乎是没有众口一致过的，

except on renewable energy

但他们在关于可再生资源，

无污染交通系统，和干净空气的 问题上达成了一致。

and clean transportation and clean air.

It brings people together.

这也让哥斯达黎加人团结了。

And the key to real participation

真正能引导群众积极参与的关键

is to help people not to feel small.

是去让人们意识到自己的 一举一动不再渺小。

People feel powerless,

群众很多时候都会觉得自己有心无力，

and they are tired of not being heard.

他们再也不希望自己的呼声被无视了。

So what we do is concrete things,

所以我们要做的是基础观念的建立，

and we translate technical issues into citizen language

把专业问题转述成 百姓听得懂的语言，

to show that citizens have a role to play and can play it together.

这样才能让他们觉得 有责任团结一致，贡献自己的力量。

For the first time, we're tracking the promises that were made

我们首次紧密地监督，

对无污染交通系统的承诺，

on clean transportation,

and politicos know that they have to deliver it,

政客也知道他们需要去传达这个理念，

but the tipping point will come when we form coalitions --

但是当我们形成了坚固的联盟——

citizens, companies,

民众，公司，

champions of public transportation --

公共交通系统的拥护者——

我们就会势不可挡地 将电力交通转换为新的常态，

that will make electric mobility the new normal,

especially in a developing country.

特别是在发展中国家。

By the time the next election comes,

在下一届选举到来的时候，

I believe every candidate will have to disclose where they stand

我相信每一位候选人都必须在 摒弃化石燃料使用的

on the abolition of fossil fuels.

这一问题上表态。

Because this question has to enter our mainstream politics.

因为这一问题势必会成为政治主流。

And I'm telling you, this is not a question of climate policy

我还要告诉你们， 这并不是一个气候政策的问题，

也不是一个保护环境的议程。

or environmental agenda.

It's about the country that we want

这一切都是为了 我们想要的一个理想国度，

and the cities that we have

我们拥有的城市，

and the cities that we want

我们想要的城市，

and who makes that choice.

以及由谁来做这些决定。

Because at the end of the day, what we have to show

因为到最后，我们要展现的是

is that development with renewable energy

可再生资源的发展

is good for the people,

对人们是有益处的，

for Costa Ricans that are alive today

对今天活着的哥斯达黎加人，

and especially for those who haven't been born.

对还未出生的哥斯达黎加人都有益处。

This is our National Museum today.

这是我们的国家博物馆。

It's bright and peaceful,

明亮而平和，

and when you stand up in front of it,

而当你站在它面前时，

it's really hard to believe these were military barracks

很难相信这里曾经是

at the end of the '40s.

40年代末的军营。

We started a new life without an army in this place,

我们在这个没有军队的地方 展开了一段新的生活篇章，

and here is where our abolition

而这里终有一天也会是

我们向全世界宣布 摒弃化石燃料的地方。

of fossil fuels will be announced one day.

And we will make history again.

我们将又一次创造历史。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）