A small country with big ideas to get rid of fossil fuels | Monica Araya

譯者: 易帆 余 審譯者: Jin Wu

How do we build a society

我們要如何建立一個

without fossil fuels?

沒有石化燃料的社會？

This is a very complex challenge,

這是個很複雜艱困的挑戰，

and I believe developing countries could take the lead in this transition.

我相信發展中國家 可以為這個改變起帶頭作用。

And I'm aware that this is a contentious statement,

我知道這樣的說法很有爭議性，

but the reality is that so much is at stake in our countries

但現實問題是，如果我們把石化燃料

if we let fossil fuels stay at the center of our development.

列為國家發展的重點， 我們將會付出慘痛的代價。

We can do it differently.

我們必須創新。

And it's time, it really is time,

而且是時候，真的是時候

to debunk the myth

去揭穿

國家只能在經濟發展及 環境保護議題中擇一發展的迷思，

that a country has to choose between development on the one hand

and environmental protection, renewables, quality of life, on the other.

要經濟發展就沒有再生能源、 沒有生活品質，這種錯誤的迷思。

I come from Costa Rica, a developing country.

我來自哥斯大黎加， 一個發展中的國家。

We are nearly five million people,

我們將近有五百萬的人口，

and we live right in the middle of the Americas,

我們位處美洲的中心，

so it's very easy to remember where we live.

所以很容易記得我們居住的地方。

Nearly 100 percent of our electricity

我們的電力，幾乎 100%，

comes from renewable sources,

來自再生能源，

five of them.

有五種。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Hydropower, geothermal,

水力發電、地熱發電、

wind, solar, biomass.

風力發電、太陽能、生物質能。

Did you know that last year,

不知各位是否知道，我們去年，

for 299 days,

連續 299 天，

we did not use any fossil fuels

我們沒有使用任何的石化燃料

in order to generate all our electricity?

來生產我們的電力？

It's a fantastic achievement,

這是一個了不起的成就，

and yet, it hides a paradox,

但，這背後隱藏了一個 似是而非的論點，

which is that nearly 70 percent

我們 70% 的

of all our energy consumption is oil.

能源消耗都是石油。

Why?

為什麼？

Because of our transportation system,

因為我們的運輸系統

which is totally dependent on fossil fuels,

幾乎完全仰賴石化燃料，

like it is in most countries.

就像其他國家一樣。

So if we think of the energy transition as a marathon,

所以如果我們將能源過渡， 視為一場馬拉松，

the question is, how do we get to the finish line,

那麽問題來了，我們如何 才能到抵達終點線？

how do we decarbonize the rest of the economy?

其餘的經濟發展要如何「脫碳」？

And it's fair to say that if we don't succeed,

幾乎可以這麼說， 如果我們無法成功，

it's difficult to see who will.

那其它國家也很難做到。

So that is why I want to talk to you about Costa Rica,

這也是為什麼我要向各位 談談哥斯大黎加，

because I believe we are a great candidate

因為我相信，我們在 不使用石化燃料的發展藍圖中

in pioneering a vision for development without fossil fuels.

是一個不錯的候選人。

If you know one thing about our country,

如果各位認識我們的國家，

it's that we don't have an army.

其中一件事就是， 我們是沒有軍隊的。

So I'm going to take you back to 1948.

所以接下來，我想帶各位 回到 1948 那年。

That year, the country was coming out of civil war.

那一年，哥斯大黎加 剛從一場內戰中解脫。

Thousands of Costa Ricans had died,

好幾千人死亡，

and families were bitterly split.

家庭流離失所。

And yet, a surprising idea won the hearts and minds:

但是，一個令人驚訝的想法 得到了大家的支持：

we would reboot the country,

我們將重新建立我們的國家，

and that Second Republic would have no army.

而且第二個共和國不會再有軍隊。

So we abolished it.

所以我們廢除了軍隊。

And the president at the time,

而當時的總統

José Figueres,

何塞·菲格雷斯，

found a powerful way by smashing the walls of an army base.

藉由敲毀軍事基地的圍牆， 向世人宣示全國人民的決心，

The following year, 1949,

接下來的 1949 年，

we made that decision permanent in the new constitution,

我們將這項決定永久地 列入國家的憲法裡，

and that is why I can tell you that story nearly 70 years later.

這也是為什麼，將近 70 年後， 我可以向各位訴說這段故事。

And I'm grateful.

我很感激，

I'm grateful they made that decision before I was born,

我很感激他們在我出生之前 做了這個決定，

because it allowed me and millions of others

因為這個決定， 讓我和好幾百萬個國人

to live in a very stable country.

可以生活在一個非常穩定的國家裡。

And you might be thinking that it was good luck,

各位可能會認為， 那只是我們運氣好，

but it wasn't.

但這並不是，

There was a pattern of deliberate choices.

這一切是深思熟慮後，所下的決定。

In the '40s, Costa Ricans were given free education and free health care.

在 40 年代，哥斯大黎加人民 擁有免費教育及醫療照顧的福利。

We called that social guarantees.

我們把這些叫做社會保障。

By abolishing the army,

廢除軍隊後，

we were able to turn military spending into social spending,

我們可以將軍事上的開銷 移轉到社會福利上，

and that was a driver of stability.

而這也是我們國家 能穩定成長的原因。

In the '50s --

在 50 年代──

(Applause)

（掌聲）

In the '50s, we started investing in hydropower,

在 50 年代， 我們開始投資水力發電，

and that kept us away from the trap

這也使我們避免落入

of using fossil fuels for electricity generation,

用石化燃料發電的陷阱裡，

which is what the world is struggling with today.

而現在全世界都在這個陷阱中掙扎。

In the '70s we invested in national parks,

在 70 年代，我們投資了國家公園，

and that kept us away

而這也使我們遠離了

from the deeply flawed logic of growth, growth, growth at any cost

「不惜一切代價發展、發展、發展」 大錯特錯的邏輯，

that you see others embracing, especially in the developing world.

但這個畸形的理念 卻被許多發展中國家所推崇。

In the '90s, we pioneered payments for ecosystem services,

在 90 年代，我們首先提出了 生態系服務給付的政策，

and that helped us reverse deforestation

而這幫助我們逆轉了 森林砍伐的後果，

and boosted ecotourism, which today is a key engine of growth.

同時促進了生態的旅遊， 這也是我們國家成長的重要引擎。

So investing in environmental protection

所以，投資在環境保護上，

did not hurt our economy.

並不會傷害我們的經濟，

Quite the opposite.

反而成為了我們國家發展的大功臣。

And it doesn't mean we are perfect,

但這並不代表我們是完美的，

and it doesn't mean we don't have contradictions.

也不代表我們沒有矛盾過。

That's not the point.

這不是重點，

The point is that, by making our own choices,

重點是，因為我們自己的選擇，

we were able to develop resilience in dealing with development problems.

我們得以發展出堅韌的意志力 來處理發展的問題。

Also, if you take a country like ours,

而且，以我們國家為例，

the GDP per capita is around 11,000 dollars,

我們的人均 GDP 大約 1 萬 1 美金，

depending on how you measure it.

這要看你怎麼計算。

But according to the Social Progress Index,

但根據社會進步指數的數據，

we are an absolute outlier

將 GDP 轉到社會發展上面的比例，

when it comes to turning GDP into social progress.

我們絕對是數一數二的。

Abolishing the army,

廢除軍隊、

investing in nature and people,

投資大自然與人民，

did something very powerful, too.

這幾點，都對我們的發展 做出了不可磨滅的貢獻。

It shaped the narrative,

這一切造就了我們的故事，

the narrative of a small country with big ideas,

小國家也能做大事的故事，

and it was very empowering to grow up with that narrative.

我們的國家也伴隨著這個故事， 慢慢發展起來。

So the question is,

那麽問題來了，

what is the next big idea for this generation?

我們這一代的 要做的大事又是什麼呢？

And I believe what comes next

而我相信，我們這一代為了將來，

is for this generation to let go of fossil fuels for good,

會廢除石化燃料的使用，

just as we did with the army.

就像我們廢除軍隊一樣。

Fossil fuels create climate change.

石化燃料造成了氣候變化。

We know that,

我們都懂這一點，

and we know how vulnerable we are to the impacts of climate change.

我們也都知道，在面對氣候變遷時， 我們人類是不堪一擊的。

So as a developing country, it is in our best interest

所以身為一個發展中國家，

在開發過程中，摒棄石化燃料的使用 對我們才是最佳的選擇，

to build development without fossil fuels

that harm people in the first place.

因為使用石化燃料， 就是在傷害我們自己。

Because

因為

why would we continue importing oil

我們何必要繼續進口石油，

for transportation

如果交通運輸可以用電力代替？

if we can use electricity instead?

Remember,

記得，

this is the country

我們國家的電力

where electricity comes from water in our rivers,

是來自河流中的水力、

heat from volcanoes,

來自火山的地熱、

wind turbines, solar panels,

來自渦輪機的風力、太陽能板、

biowaste.

生物廢料。

Abolishing fossil fuels means disrupting our transportation system

廢除石化燃料的使用，意味著 交通系統也會跟著變革，

so that we can power our cars, buses and trains with electricity

所以我們就可以用電能來發動 汽車、公共汽車和火車，

instead of dirty energy.

而不再是用會汙染環境的石油。

And transportation, let me tell you,

讓我告訴各位，哥斯大黎加的 交通運輸問題

has become an existential issue for us Costa Ricans,

一直困擾著人民，

because the model we have is not working for us.

因為現存的交通網路 根本不適合我們，

It's hurting people,

它影響了人民的權益，

it's hurting companies,

也傷害公司的利益、

and it's hurting our health.

同時也在影響著我們的健康。

Because when policies and infrastructure fail,

當政策與基礎建設都失敗的時候，

this is what happens on a daily basis.

就會造成這樣的情形。

Two hours in the morning,

早上塞了兩個小時，

two hours in the evening.

晚上還要塞兩個小時

I don't understand why we have to accept this as normal.

我不明白為什麼我們 必須接受這樣的常態，

It's offensive

每天要浪費這麼多的時間在路上， 是很令人不快的。

to have to waste our time like this every single day.

And this highway is actually quite good

而這條高速公路

compared to what you see in other countries

比起其它國家的塞車情況

where traffic is exploding.

還算是不嚴重的。

You know, Costa Ricans call this "presa."

哥斯大黎加人民把這個叫做 ”Presa“ （西班牙語）。

Presa means "imprisoned."

“ Presa” 是被囚禁的意思。

And people are turning violent

而本該是在一個國家裡 過著純凈生活的人們

in a country that is otherwise happy in pura vida.

開始變得浮躁，暴力。

It's happening.

這正在發生中。

So a lot is at stake.

所以很多美好的事都受到了威脅。

The good news

好消息是，

is that when we talk about clean transportation

當我們提到純凈無汙染的交通系統

and different mobility,

和不一樣的運輸系統時，

we're not talking about some distant utopia out there.

我們不是在討論 遙不可及的純凈樂土。

We're talking about electric mobility that is happening today.

我們談的電能運輸 是目前已經正在發生的事。

By 2022, electric cars and conventional cars

到 2020 年前，電動汽車與 傳統汽車的成本

are expected to cost the same,

預測會來到一致的水平，

and cities are already trying electric buses.

而且有的城市已經開始 嘗試使用電動公共汽車了。

And these really cool creatures

而這些酷炫的高科技產品

are saving money,

能替我們省很多錢，

and they reduce pollution.

還能降低汙染。

So if we want to get rid of oil-based transportation, we can,

所以如果我們真的想擺脫 以石油為基礎的運輸，可以！

because we have options now that we didn't have before.

因為我們有著前所未有的機會。

It's really exciting.

這真的是非常激動人心。

But of course,

但當然，

some get very uncomfortable with this idea,

有些人會對這想法感到不快，

and they will come and they will tell you

然後他們會跳出來跟你說，

that the world is stuck with oil, and so is Costa Rica, so get real.

整個世界只能被石油左右，

哥斯大黎加也在所難免， 所以面對現實吧。

That's what they tell you.

這是他們會給你灌輸的想法。

And you know what the answer to that argument is?

那你知道如何回應他們嗎？

That in 1948, we didn't say the world is stuck with armies,

1948 年，我們並沒有說 因為世界都仍在戰亂，

so let's keep our army, too.

所以我們繼續保留軍隊吧。

No, we made a very brave choice,

不，我們做了一個勇敢的決定，

and that choice made the whole difference.

而且這個決定帶來了 翻天覆地的改變。

So it's time for this generation to be brave again

所以是時候該我們這一代人 再次地勇敢站出來說，

and abolish fossil fuels for good.

為了大家好， 把石化燃料徹底廢除吧！

And I'll give you three reasons why we have to do this.

而且我也有三個理由來解釋 我們為什麽一定要這樣做。

First,

第一，

our model of transportation and urbanization is broken,

我們的運輸及城市化模式已經崩潰，

so this is the best moment to redefine our urban and mobility future.

所以現在是重新定義城市 和運輸系統未來的最佳時機。

We don't want cities that are built for cars.

我們不想要為「汽車」建立城市。

We want cities for people

我們想要為「人民」建立城市，

where we can walk and we can use bikes.

在那裡我們可以走路， 可以騎自行車。

And we want public transportation,

並且我們想要大眾交通工具，

lots of it,

而且我們需要很多，

public transportation that is clean and dignifying.

純凈無汙染且高尚的大眾運輸系統。

Because if we continue adding fleets of conventional cars,

因為如果我們繼續增加 更多的傳統汽車，

our cities will become unbearable.

我們的城市將不堪重負。

Second, we have to change,

第二，我們必須改變，

but incremental change is not going to be sufficient.

但是漸進式的改變是不夠的。

We need transformational change.

我們需要的是徹底轉型式的改變。

And there are some incremental projects in my country,

我們的國家也在實施一些 漸進式的改善計劃，

and I am the first one to celebrate them.

而我也是第一個 為這些計劃叫好的人。

But let's not kid ourselves.

但是別自欺欺人了，

We're not talking about ending up with really beautiful electric cars here

我們談的不是這裡以後 會有漂亮的電動汽車，

and a few electric buses there

那裡又會有幾輛電動公共汽車，

while we keep investing in the same kind of infrastructure,

如果我們持續投資 跟以前一樣的城市基礎設施，

more cars, more roads, more oil.

這只會造成一樣的車多， 路多，油多。

We're talking about breaking free from oil,

我們談的是，徹底從石油中解脫，

and you cannot get there through incrementalism.

僅透過漸進式的改變根本辦不到。

Third, and you know this one,

第三，各位應該也清楚，

the world is hungry for inspiration.

世界渴望鼓舞人心的典範。

It craves stories of success

成功處理複雜事件的背後，

in dealing with complex issues,

隱藏著刻苦銘心的故事，

especially in developing countries.

特別是在發展中國家。

So I believe Costa Rica can be an inspiration to others,

所以我覺得哥斯大黎加 可以成為別國的典範，

as we did last year when we disclosed

就像去年，我們向世界宣告

that for so many days we were not using any fossil fuels

我們已經有很長一段時間

in order to generate all our electricity.

都沒有用石油來發電一樣。

The news went viral around the world.

這則消息像病毒一樣傳遍了全世界。

Also, and this makes me extremely proud,

這件事也讓我感到非常的自豪，

a Costa Rican woman, Christiana Figueres,

一位哥斯大黎加的女性， 克理斯汀安娜·菲格雷斯，

played a decisive role in the negotiations of the Paris climate agreement.

在巴黎氣候協議中的談判 起到了關鍵性的作用。

So we have to protect that legacy and be an example.

所以我們會守護這個成就， 成為全世界的榜樣。

So what comes next?

那麼接下來呢？

The people.

人民。

How do we get people to own this?

我們要如何才能讓大家 接受這個想法呢？

How do we get people

我們如何才能

to believe that it's possible

讓人們相信的確有可能

to build a society without fossil fuels?

建造一個沒有石化燃料的社會？

A lot of work from the ground up is needed.

很多基本工都要紮實， 這是必經過程。

That is why, in 2014, we created Costa Rica Limpia.

這就是為什麽，在 2014 年的時候， 我們創建了 "Costa Rica Limpia"，

"Limpia" means "clean,"

"Limpia" 的意思是 「乾淨」，

because we want to empower and we want to inspire citizens.

因為我們想啟發、鼓勵我們的公民。

If citizens don't get engaged,

如果公民不參與，

clean transportation decisions will be bogged down by endless,

純淨無汙染的運輸系統決策 將遙遙無期，

and I mean endless, technical discussions,

我的意思是，它將會被 永無止盡的技術研討會

and by avalanches of lobbying by various established interests.

和代表不同利益的組織 所遊說阻撓。

Wanting to be a green country powered by renewables

成為一個由再生資源 供電的綠色國家，

is already part of our story.

已經深植在我們國人的內心，

We should not let anybody take that away from us.

我們不會讓任何人 奪走屬於我們的故事。

Last year, we brought people from our seven provinces

去年，來自七個省的民眾，

to talk about climate change in terms that matter to them,

聚在一起討論氣候變化 對他們的影響，

and we also brought this year

今年，我們又聚集了另一群

another group of Costa Ricans

哥斯大黎加人民，

to talk about renewable energy.

討論再生能源。

And you know what?

各位知道嗎？

These people disagree on almost everything

這群人幾乎反對所有的事情，

except on renewable energy

只對再生資源、無汙染運輸 及純淨空氣有一致的共識。

and clean transportation and clean air.

It brings people together.

這件事讓人民更團結了。

And the key to real participation

真正能引導民眾積極參與的關鍵，

is to help people not to feel small.

是要讓他們覺得，自己並不渺小。

People feel powerless,

人民常感到心有無力，

and they are tired of not being heard.

他們對於自己的聲音 沒被傾聽已倍感疲憊。

So what we do is concrete things,

所以我們要做的就是基礎的建立，

and we translate technical issues into citizen language

把專業的問題翻譯成 人民聽得懂的語言，

to show that citizens have a role to play and can play it together.

這樣才能讓人民覺得他們 也是重要的一分子，也能有所貢獻。

For the first time, we're tracking the promises that were made

這是第一次，我們會追蹤

on clean transportation,

我們對無汙染交通運輸 所許下的承諾，

and politicos know that they have to deliver it,

而政客們也知道 他們必須達成這個目標，

but the tipping point will come when we form coalitions --

一旦我們將市民、公司、

大眾運輸的擁護者集結起來， 轉戾點就會到來，

citizens, companies,

champions of public transportation --

that will make electric mobility the new normal,

如此電能交通就會是新的常態，

especially in a developing country.

特別是在發展中國家。

By the time the next election comes,

在下一屆選舉到來的時候，

I believe every candidate will have to disclose where they stand

我相信每一位候選人都必須在

on the abolition of fossil fuels.

廢除石化燃料的議題上表態。

Because this question has to enter our mainstream politics.

因為這類議題必需成為政治的主流。

And I'm telling you, this is not a question of climate policy

而且我要告訴各位， 這並不是一個氣候政策的問題，

or environmental agenda.

也不是一個保護環境的議題。

It's about the country that we want

這一切都是為了 我們想要的理想國度、

and the cities that we have

理想的城市、

and the cities that we want

我們夢想的城市，

and who makes that choice.

這一切都取決於我們的決定。

Because at the end of the day, what we have to show

因為到最後，我們會證明

is that development with renewable energy

再生能源的發展

is good for the people,

是對人們有益的、

for Costa Ricans that are alive today

是對現在的哥斯大黎加人民有益的、

and especially for those who haven't been born.

是對尚未出生的後代有益的。

This is our National Museum today.

這棟建築是我們的國家博物館。

It's bright and peaceful,

明亮而平和，

and when you stand up in front of it,

而當你站在它前面時，

it's really hard to believe these were military barracks

很難相信這裡曾經是

at the end of the '40s.

40 年代末的軍事堡壘。

We started a new life without an army in this place,

我們在這個沒有軍隊的地方 展開了一段新的生活，

and here is where our abolition

而這裡終有一天也會是

of fossil fuels will be announced one day.

我們向世人宣布我們廢除了 使用石化燃料的地方，

And we will make history again.

而且我們會再次創造歷史。

Thank you.

感謝各位！

(Applause)

（掌聲）