A small country with big ideas to get rid of fossil fuels | Monica Araya

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Danijela Rako

How do we build a society

Kako izgraditi društvo

without fossil fuels?

bez fosilnih goriva?

This is a very complex challenge,

To je vrlo složen izazov

and I believe developing countries could take the lead in this transition.

i vjerujem da bi zemlje u razvoju mogle voditi tu tranziciju.

And I'm aware that this is a contentious statement,

I jasno mi je da je ovo sporna izjava,

but the reality is that so much is at stake in our countries

ali stvarnost je takva da je mnogo na kocki u našim zemljama

if we let fossil fuels stay at the center of our development.

ako dozvolimo da fosilna goriva ostanu središte našeg razvoja.

We can do it differently.

Možemo to učiniti drugačije.

And it's time, it really is time,

I vrijeme je, stvarno je vrijeme,

to debunk the myth

da razbijemo mit

that a country has to choose between development on the one hand

da zemlja mora birati između razvoja s jedne strane

and environmental protection, renewables, quality of life, on the other.

i zaštite okoliša, obnovljivih izvora energije, kvalitete života s druge.

I come from Costa Rica, a developing country.

Dolazim s Costa Rice, zemlje u razvoju.

We are nearly five million people,

Ima nas gotovo pet miiijuna

and we live right in the middle of the Americas,

i živimo između Amerika,

so it's very easy to remember where we live.

tako da je vrlo lako upamtiti gdje živimo.

Nearly 100 percent of our electricity

Gotovo 100 posto naše struje

comes from renewable sources,

dolazi iz obnovljivih izvora,

five of them.

njih pet.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Hydropower, geothermal,

Hidroelektrane, geotermalna energija,

wind, solar, biomass.

vjetar, sunce i biomasa.

Did you know that last year,

Znate li da prošle godine

for 299 days,

299 dana

we did not use any fossil fuels

nismo koristili fosilna goriva

in order to generate all our electricity?

kako bismo proizvodili struju?

It's a fantastic achievement,

To je nevjerojatno postignuće,

and yet, it hides a paradox,

a ipak, sakriva paradoks,

which is that nearly 70 percent

koji je da je 70 posto

of all our energy consumption is oil.

sve naše potrošnje energije nafta.

Why?

Zašto?

Because of our transportation system,

Jer je naš sustav prijevoza

which is totally dependent on fossil fuels,

u potpunosti ovisan o fosilnim gorivima,

like it is in most countries.

kao i u mnogim drugim državama.

So if we think of the energy transition as a marathon,

Tako da tranziciju energije gledamo kao maraton,

the question is, how do we get to the finish line,

a pitanje je kako preći cilj,

how do we decarbonize the rest of the economy?

kako da dekarboniziramo ostatak naše ekonomije?

And it's fair to say that if we don't succeed,

I pošteno je reći da ako ne uspijemo,

it's difficult to see who will.

teško je vidjeti tko hoće.

So that is why I want to talk to you about Costa Rica,

Zato vam želim pričati o Costa Rici

because I believe we are a great candidate

jer vjerujem da smo dobar kandidat

in pioneering a vision for development without fossil fuels.

u uvođenju vizije razvoja bez fosilnih goriva.

If you know one thing about our country,

Ako znate jednu stvar o našoj zemlji,

it's that we don't have an army.

to je da nemamo vojsku.

So I'm going to take you back to 1948.

Pa ću vas odvesti u 1948.

That year, the country was coming out of civil war.

Te godine zemlja je izašla iz građanskog rata.

Thousands of Costa Ricans had died,

Tisuće Kostarikanaca umrlo je

and families were bitterly split.

i obitelji su bile razdvojene.

And yet, a surprising idea won the hearts and minds:

A ipak, iznenađujuća ideja pobijedila je umovima i srcima:

we would reboot the country,

ponovno ćemo pokrenuti zemlju

and that Second Republic would have no army.

i ta Druga Republika neće imati vojsku.

So we abolished it.

Ukinuli smo je.

And the president at the time,

I tadašnji predsjednik,

José Figueres,

Jose Figueres,

found a powerful way by smashing the walls of an army base.

pronašao je snažan način rušeći zidove vojne baze.

The following year, 1949,

Sljedeće godine, 1949.,

we made that decision permanent in the new constitution,

ta odluka je postala trajna u novom ustavu

and that is why I can tell you that story nearly 70 years later.

i zato vam mogu pričati tu priču gotovo 70 godina kasnije.

And I'm grateful.

I zahvalna sam.

I'm grateful they made that decision before I was born,

Zahvalna sam jer su donijeli tu odluku prije nego sam se rodila

because it allowed me and millions of others

jer je omogućila meni i milijunima drugih

to live in a very stable country.

da žive u stabilnoj zemlji.

And you might be thinking that it was good luck,

I možete misliti kako je to bila sreća,

but it wasn't.

no nije.

There was a pattern of deliberate choices.

Postojao je uzorak namjernih izbora.

In the '40s, Costa Ricans were given free education and free health care.

U 40-ima, Kostarikanci su dobili besplatno obrazovanje i zdravstvenu skrb.

We called that social guarantees.

To smo zvali socijalna jamstva.

By abolishing the army,

Abolirajući vojsku,

we were able to turn military spending into social spending,

mogli smo usmjeriti trošenje na vojsku u društveno trošenje

and that was a driver of stability.

i to je bio pokretač stabilnosti.

In the '50s --

50-ih godina --

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

In the '50s, we started investing in hydropower,

50-ih započeli smo investiranje u hidroelektrane

and that kept us away from the trap

i to nas je odmaklo od zamke

of using fossil fuels for electricity generation,

korištenja fosilnih goriva za stvaranje električne energije,

which is what the world is struggling with today.

a to je ono s čime se bori svijet.

In the '70s we invested in national parks,

U 70-ima investirali smo u nacionalne parkove,

and that kept us away

i to nas je držalo podalje

from the deeply flawed logic of growth, growth, growth at any cost

od duboko pogrešne logike rasta, rasta i rasta po bilo kojoj cijeni

that you see others embracing, especially in the developing world.

koju drugi prihvaćaju, osobito u zemljama u razvoju.

In the '90s, we pioneered payments for ecosystem services,

U 90-ima uveli smo plaćanje za usluge ekosustava i to

and that helped us reverse deforestation

je pomoglo da smanjimo uništavanje šuma

and boosted ecotourism, which today is a key engine of growth.

i pojačalo ekoturizam, koji je danas ključni pokretač razvoja.

So investing in environmental protection

Tako da investiranje u zaštitu okoliša

did not hurt our economy.

nije naškodilo našoj ekonomiji.

Quite the opposite.

Baš suprotno.

And it doesn't mean we are perfect,

I to ne znači da smo savršeni

and it doesn't mean we don't have contradictions.

i ne znači da nemamo kontradiktornosti.

That's not the point.

To nije poanta.

The point is that, by making our own choices,

Poanta je da smo čineći vlastite izbore

we were able to develop resilience in dealing with development problems.

mogli stvoriti otpornost na rješavanje problema razvoja.

Also, if you take a country like ours,

Također, ako uzmete zemlju kao našu,

the GDP per capita is around 11,000 dollars,

BDP po glavi stanovnika je oko 11 000 dolara,

depending on how you measure it.

ovisno o tome kako ga mjerite.

But according to the Social Progress Index,

Ali prema Indeksu društvenog napretka,

we are an absolute outlier

mi smo vrlo dobri

when it comes to turning GDP into social progress.

u pretvaranju BDP-a u društveni napredak.

Abolishing the army,

Ukidanje vojske,

investing in nature and people,

investiranje u prirodu i ljude

did something very powerful, too.

učinilo je također nešto moćno.

It shaped the narrative,

Oblikovalo je priču,

the narrative of a small country with big ideas,

priču male zemlje s velikim idejama

and it was very empowering to grow up with that narrative.

i bilo je vrlo osnažujuće odrasti s takvom pričom.

So the question is,

Tako da je pitanje,

what is the next big idea for this generation?

koja je sljedeća velika ideja ove generacije?

And I believe what comes next

I vjerujem da je ono što sljedeće dolazi jest

is for this generation to let go of fossil fuels for good,

da ova generacija napusti fosilna goriva.

just as we did with the army.

Kao što smo učinili s vojskom.

Fossil fuels create climate change.

Fosilna goriva stvaraju klimatske promjene.

We know that,

Znamo to,

and we know how vulnerable we are to the impacts of climate change.

i znamo kako smo ranjivi na utjecaj klimatskih promjena.

So as a developing country, it is in our best interest

Nama, kao zemlji u razvoju, u najboljem interesu je

to build development without fossil fuels

graditi razvitak bez fosilnih goriva

that harm people in the first place.

koja štete ljudima.

Because

Zato što

why would we continue importing oil

zašto bismo uvozili naftu

for transportation

za prijevoz

if we can use electricity instead?

kad možemo koristiti struju?

Remember,

Upamtite,

this is the country

ovo je zemlja

where electricity comes from water in our rivers,

odakle struja dolazi iz vode iz rijeka,

heat from volcanoes,

topline naših vulkana,

wind turbines, solar panels,

vjetroturbina, solarnih ploča,

biowaste.

bio-otpada.

Abolishing fossil fuels means disrupting our transportation system

Ukidanje fosilnih goriva znači poremetiti naš sustav prijevoza

so that we can power our cars, buses and trains with electricity

tako da možemo pogoniti naše aute, autobuse i vlakove strujom,

instead of dirty energy.

umjesto prljavom energijom.

And transportation, let me tell you,

I prijevoz, dopustite da vam kažem,

has become an existential issue for us Costa Ricans,

postao je egzistencijalno pitanje za nas Kostarikance

because the model we have is not working for us.

jer model koji imamo ne radi za nas.

It's hurting people,

Šteti ljudima.

it's hurting companies,

Šteti tvrtkama,

and it's hurting our health.

i šteti našem zdravlju.

Because when policies and infrastructure fail,

JerZato što kada politike i infrastruktura ne uspiju,

this is what happens on a daily basis.

ovo se događa na dnevnoj bazi.

Two hours in the morning,

Dva sata ujutro,

two hours in the evening.

dva sata navečer.

I don't understand why we have to accept this as normal.

Ne shvaćam zašto ovo trebamo prihvatiti kao normalno.

It's offensive

Uvredljivo je

to have to waste our time like this every single day.

trošiti naše vrijeme na ovakav način svakoga dana.

And this highway is actually quite good

A ova autocesta je zapravo dobra

compared to what you see in other countries

u usporedbi s onim što vidite drugdje

where traffic is exploding.

gdje je promet eksplodirao.

You know, Costa Ricans call this "presa."

Kostarikanci ovo zovu "presa".

Presa means "imprisoned."

Što znači "zatvoren".

And people are turning violent

I ljudi postaju nasilni

in a country that is otherwise happy in pura vida.

u zemlji koja je inače sretna u čistom životu.

It's happening.

To se događa.

So a lot is at stake.

Tako da je puno na kocki.

The good news

Dobre vijesti su

is that when we talk about clean transportation

da možemo pričati o čistom prijevozu

and different mobility,

i drugačijoj mobilnosti,

we're not talking about some distant utopia out there.

ne govorimo o nekoj udaljenoj utopiji.

We're talking about electric mobility that is happening today.

Govorimo o elektirčnoj mobilnosti koja se događa danas.

By 2022, electric cars and conventional cars

Do 2022. električni auti i obični automobili

are expected to cost the same,

koštat će jednako,

and cities are already trying electric buses.

i gradovi već isprobavaju električne buseve.

And these really cool creatures

I ova zanimljiva bića

are saving money,

štede novac

and they reduce pollution.

i smanjuju onečišćenje.

So if we want to get rid of oil-based transportation, we can,

Ako se želimo riješiti svog prijevoza na naftu, to možemo napraviti

because we have options now that we didn't have before.

jer imamo opcije koje prije nismo imali.

It's really exciting.

To je zaista uzbudljivo.

But of course,

Ali naravno,

some get very uncomfortable with this idea,

nekima je jako neugodno zbog ove ideje

and they will come and they will tell you

i doći će i reći će vam

that the world is stuck with oil, and so is Costa Rica, so get real.

da je svijet zaglavio s naftom, kao I Costa Rica, budimo realni.

That's what they tell you.

To je ono što će vam reči.

And you know what the answer to that argument is?

I znate koji je odgovor u toj raspravi?

That in 1948, we didn't say the world is stuck with armies,

Da 1948. nismo rekli da je svijet zaglavio s vojskama

so let's keep our army, too.

pa ćemo zadržati svoju.

No, we made a very brave choice,

Ne, mi smo napravili hrabar izbor

and that choice made the whole difference.

i taj izbor je napravio svu razliku.

So it's time for this generation to be brave again

Vrijeme je da ova generacija ponovno bude hrabra

and abolish fossil fuels for good.

i zauvijek ukine fosilna goriva.

And I'll give you three reasons why we have to do this.

I dat ću vam tri razloga zašto to moramo učiniti.

First,

Prvo,

our model of transportation and urbanization is broken,

naš model prijevoza i urbanizacije je loš,

so this is the best moment to redefine our urban and mobility future.

tako da je ovo najbolji trenutak da redefiniramo našu budućnost u tome.

We don't want cities that are built for cars.

Ne želimo gradove izgrađene za automobile.

We want cities for people

Želimo gradove za ljude

where we can walk and we can use bikes.

gdje može hodati i koristiti bicikle.

And we want public transportation,

I želimo javni prijevoz,

lots of it,

puno javnog prijevoza,

public transportation that is clean and dignifying.

javnog prijevoza koji je čist i dostojanstven.

Because if we continue adding fleets of conventional cars,

Zato što, ako nastavimo dodavati flote konvencionalnih automobila,

our cities will become unbearable.

naši gradovi postat će nepodnošljivi.

Second, we have to change,

Drugo, moramo se promijeniti,

but incremental change is not going to be sufficient.

ali inkrementalna promjena neće biti dovoljna.

We need transformational change.

Trebamo transformacijsku promjenu.

And there are some incremental projects in my country,

I postoje neki inkrementalni projekti u zemlji

and I am the first one to celebrate them.

i ja sam prva koja će ih slaviti.

But let's not kid ourselves.

Ali nemojmo se zavaravati.

We're not talking about ending up with really beautiful electric cars here

Ne pričamo o tome da završimo s predivnim električnim automobilima

and a few electric buses there

i par električnih buseva

while we keep investing in the same kind of infrastructure,

dok i dalje investiramo u istu infrastrukturu,

more cars, more roads, more oil.

više automobila, više cesta, više nafte.

We're talking about breaking free from oil,

Pričamo o oslobođenju od nafte,

and you cannot get there through incrementalism.

i ne možete tamo doći inkrementacijom.

Third, and you know this one,

Treće, i ovo znate,

the world is hungry for inspiration.

svijet je željan inspiracije.

It craves stories of success

Žudi za pričama uspjeha

in dealing with complex issues,

u borbi sa složenim problemima,

especially in developing countries.

osobito u zemljama u razvoju.

So I believe Costa Rica can be an inspiration to others,

Vjerujem da bi Costa Rica mogla biti inspiracija drugima,

as we did last year when we disclosed

kao prošle godine kada smo otkrili

that for so many days we were not using any fossil fuels

koliko dana nismo koristili fosilna goriva

in order to generate all our electricity.

kako bismo proizveli električnu energiju.

The news went viral around the world.

Vijest je postala viralna diljem svijeta.

Also, and this makes me extremely proud,

Također, a ovo me čini iznimno ponosnom,

a Costa Rican woman, Christiana Figueres,

žena s Costa Rice, Christiana Figueres,

played a decisive role in the negotiations of the Paris climate agreement.

imala je odlučujuću ulogu u pregovorima za Pariški sporazum o klimi.

So we have to protect that legacy and be an example.

Tako da moramo zaštiti to nasljeđe i biti primjer.

So what comes next?

Što dolazi sljedeće?

The people.

Ljudi.

How do we get people to own this?

Kako učiniti ljude vlasnicima ovoga?

How do we get people

Kako ljude

to believe that it's possible

uvjeriti da je moguće

to build a society without fossil fuels?

graditi društvo bez fosilnih goriva?

A lot of work from the ground up is needed.

Potrebno je puno posla od temelja.

That is why, in 2014, we created Costa Rica Limpia.

Zato smo 2014. stvorili Costa Rica Limpia.

"Limpia" means "clean,"

"Limpia" znači "čisto"

because we want to empower and we want to inspire citizens.

jer želimo osnažiti i inspirirati građane.

If citizens don't get engaged,

Ako se građani ne uključe,

clean transportation decisions will be bogged down by endless,

odluke o čistom prijevozu biti će zagušene beskrajnim,

and I mean endless, technical discussions,

i mislim beskrajnim, tehničkim raspravama

and by avalanches of lobbying by various established interests.

i lavinom lobiranja od strane različitih interesenata.

Wanting to be a green country powered by renewables

Htjeti biti zelena zemlja pogonjena obnovljivim izvorima energije

is already part of our story.

već je dio naše priče.

We should not let anybody take that away from us.

Ne smijemo dopustiti da nam to itko oduzme.

Last year, we brought people from our seven provinces

Prošle godine, doveli smo ljude iz naših sedam provincija kako

to talk about climate change in terms that matter to them,

bismo pričali o klimatskim promjenama na način koji je njima važan

and we also brought this year

i ove godine doveli smo

another group of Costa Ricans

još jednu grupu Kostarikanaca

to talk about renewable energy.

da bismo pričali o obnovljivoj energiji.

And you know what?

I znate što?

These people disagree on almost everything

Ovi ljudi se ne slažu oko ničega

except on renewable energy

osim obnovljive energije

and clean transportation and clean air.

i čistog prijevoza i zraka.

It brings people together.

To zbližava ljude.

And the key to real participation

I ključ za stvarno sudjelovanje

is to help people not to feel small.

je pomoći ljudima da se ne osjećaju maleni.

People feel powerless,

Ljudi se osjećaju

and they are tired of not being heard.

bespomoćno i dosta im je da ih se ne čuje.

So what we do is concrete things,

Ono što činimo su konkretne stvari,

and we translate technical issues into citizen language

i prevodimo tehničke probleme u jezik građana

to show that citizens have a role to play and can play it together.

kako bi pokazali kakvu ulogu igraju i kako je mogu igrati skupa.

For the first time, we're tracking the promises that were made

Prvi puta pratimo obećanja koja su dana

on clean transportation,

vezano uz čisti prijevoz,

and politicos know that they have to deliver it,

i političari znaju da ih moraju ispuniti,

but the tipping point will come when we form coalitions --

ali prijelomna točka nastupit će kada formiramo suradnje --

citizens, companies,

građani, tvrtke,

champions of public transportation --

predvodnici javnog prijevoza --

that will make electric mobility the new normal,

koji će električnu mobilnost učiniti novim standardom,

especially in a developing country.

posebno u zemlji u razvoju.

By the time the next election comes,

Do sljedećih izbora,

I believe every candidate will have to disclose where they stand

vjerujem da će svaki kandidat morati otkriti kakav stav imaju

on the abolition of fossil fuels.

po pitanju ukidanja fosilnih goriva.

Because this question has to enter our mainstream politics.

Jer ovo pitanje mora ući u našu glavnu politiku.

And I'm telling you, this is not a question of climate policy

I govorim vam, ovo nije pitanje politike o klimi

or environmental agenda.

ili programa za okoliš.

It's about the country that we want

To je pitanje zemlje kakvu želimo

and the cities that we have

i gradova kakve imamo

and the cities that we want

i gradova kakve želimo

and who makes that choice.

i tko radi taj izbor.

Because at the end of the day, what we have to show

Jer na kraju dana, ono što možemo pokazati

is that development with renewable energy

je da je razvoj s obnovljivom energijom

is good for the people,

dobar za ljude,

for Costa Ricans that are alive today

za Kostarikance koji danas žive

and especially for those who haven't been born.

i osobito za one koji još nisu rođeni.

This is our National Museum today.

Ovo je naš Nacionalni muzej danas.

It's bright and peaceful,

Svijetao je i miran

and when you stand up in front of it,

i kada stanete ispred njega,

it's really hard to believe these were military barracks

ne možete shvatiti da su to bile vojne barake

at the end of the '40s.

na kraju 40-ih.

We started a new life without an army in this place,

Započeli smo novi život bez vojske na ovom mjestu

and here is where our abolition

i ovdje će naše odbacivanje

of fossil fuels will be announced one day.

fosilnih goriva biti najavljeno jednog dana.

And we will make history again.

I ponovno ćemo ući u povijest.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)