Carolyn Steel: How food shapes our cities

178,716 views ・ 2009-10-05

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Korom Lektor: Sandra Gojic
00:12
How do you feed a city?
0
12160
4000
Kako nahraniti grad?
00:16
It's one of the great questions of our time.
1
16160
2000
To je jedno od najvećih pitanja našeg vremena.
00:18
Yet it's one that's rarely asked.
2
18160
2000
Ipak, ono se retko postavlja.
00:20
We take it for granted that if we go into a shop
3
20160
3000
Uzimamo zdravo za gotovo to da, kada uđemo u prodavnicu
00:23
or restaurant, or indeed into this theater's foyer in about an hour's time,
4
23160
4000
ili restoran, ili u foaje pozorišta za nekih sat vremena,
00:27
there is going to be food there waiting for us,
5
27160
3000
tamo nas čeka hrana
00:30
having magically come from somewhere.
6
30160
2000
koja je magično došla od nekud.
00:32
But when you think that every day for a city the size of London,
7
32160
5000
Ali kada pomislite da svakog dana, za grad veličine Londona,
00:37
enough food has to be produced,
8
37160
3000
dovoljna količina hrane mora da se proizvede,
00:40
transported, bought and sold,
9
40160
3000
da se transportuje, kupi i proda,
00:43
cooked, eaten, disposed of,
10
43160
4000
skuva, pojede i odbaci,
00:47
and that something similar has to happen every day
11
47160
2000
i da nešto slično tome mora de se desi svaki dan
00:49
for every city on earth,
12
49160
2000
za svaki grad na Zemlji,
00:51
it's remarkable that cities get fed at all.
13
51160
3000
neverovatno je da se gradovi uopšte hrane.
00:54
We live in places like this as if
14
54160
2000
Živimo u ovakvim mestima kao da su
00:56
they're the most natural things in the world,
15
56160
3000
oni najprirodnija stvar na svetu,
00:59
forgetting that because we're animals
16
59160
2000
zaboravljajući da, pošto smo životinje
01:01
and that we need to eat,
17
61160
2000
i moramo da jedemo,
01:03
we're actually as dependent on the natural world
18
63160
4000
zapravo zavisimo od prirode
01:07
as our ancient ancestors were.
19
67160
2000
baš kao što su i naši preci zavisili.
01:09
And as more of us move into cities,
20
69160
2000
Kako se sve više nas seli u gradove,
01:11
more of that natural world is being
21
71160
3000
sve više se priroda
01:14
transformed into extraordinary landscapes like the one behind me --
22
74160
3000
transformiše u neverovatne predele kao što je ovaj iza mene,
01:17
it's soybean fields in Mato Grosso in Brazil --
23
77160
3000
to je polje soje u Mata Grosu u Brazilu,
01:20
in order to feed us.
24
80160
3000
kako bismo se nahranili.
01:23
These are extraordinary landscapes,
25
83160
2000
Ovo su izuzetni predeli.
01:25
but few of us ever get to see them.
26
85160
2000
Ali malo nas ih uopšte vidi.
01:27
And increasingly these landscapes
27
87160
2000
Štaviše, ovi predeli
01:29
are not just feeding us either.
28
89160
2000
ne služe samo za našu ishranu.
01:31
As more of us move into cities,
29
91160
2000
Kako se sve više nas seli u gradove,
01:33
more of us are eating meat,
30
93160
2000
više nas jede meso
01:35
so that a third of the annual grain crop globally
31
95160
3000
tako da trećina godišnje proizvodnje žita na svetu
01:38
now gets fed to animals
32
98160
2000
služi za ishranu životinja,
01:40
rather than to us human animals.
33
100160
2000
a ne nas ljudskih životinja.
01:42
And given that it takes three times as much grain --
34
102160
4000
I znajući da je potrebno tri puta više žita -
01:46
actually ten times as much grain --
35
106160
2000
zapravo deset puta više žita -
01:48
to feed a human if it's passed through an animal first,
36
108160
3000
da se nahrani jedan čovek ako je ono prvo prošlo kroz životinju,
01:51
that's not a very efficient way of feeding us.
37
111160
5000
onda to nije baš efikasan način da se nahranimo.
01:56
And it's an escalating problem too.
38
116160
2000
To je rastući problem.
01:58
By 2050, it's estimated that twice the number
39
118160
3000
Procenjeno je da će do 2050. duplo više
02:01
of us are going to be living in cities.
40
121160
2000
nas živeti u gradovima.
02:03
And it's also estimated that there is going to be twice as much
41
123160
2000
Takođe je procenjeno da će se konzumirati duplo
02:05
meat and dairy consumed.
42
125160
2000
više mesa i mlečnih proizvoda.
02:07
So meat and urbanism are rising hand in hand.
43
127160
5000
Tako da meso i urbanizam rastu ruku pod ruku.
02:12
And that's going to pose an enormous problem.
44
132160
2000
To će predstavljati ogroman problem.
02:14
Six billion hungry carnivores to feed,
45
134160
3000
Nahraniti šest milijardi gladnih mesojeda
02:17
by 2050.
46
137160
4000
do 2050.
02:21
That's a big problem. And actually if we carry on as we are,
47
141160
2000
To je velik problem. Zapravo, ako nastavimo ovako,
02:23
it's a problem we're very unlikely to be able to solve.
48
143160
3000
to je problem koji verovatno nećemo biti spospobni da rešimo.
02:26
Nineteen million hectares of rainforest are lost every year
49
146160
4000
Svakog dana se izgubi 19 miliona hektara prašuma
02:30
to create new arable land.
50
150160
2000
da bi se napravila obradiva zemlja.
02:32
Although at the same time we're losing an equivalent amount
51
152160
3000
Iako u isto vreme gubimo istu količinu
02:35
of existing arables to salinization and erosion.
52
155160
4000
postojećih obradivih površina zbog salinizacije i erozije.
02:39
We're very hungry for fossil fuels too.
53
159160
3000
Veoma smo gladni za fosilnim gorivima, takođe.
02:42
It takes about 10 calories to produce every calorie
54
162160
3000
Potrebno je otprilike 10 kalorija da bi se proizvela svaka kalorija
02:45
of food that we consume in the West.
55
165160
4000
hrane koju konzumiramo na zapadu.
02:49
And even though there is food that we are producing at great cost,
56
169160
4000
Iako prozvodimo hranu po visokoj ceni,
02:53
we don't actually value it.
57
173160
2000
mi je zapravo ne cenimo.
02:55
Half the food produced in the USA is currently thrown away.
58
175160
4000
Trenutno se polovina hrane proizvedene u SAD baci.
02:59
And to end all of this, at the end of this long process,
59
179160
3000
Na kraju ovog dugog procesa,
03:02
we're not even managing to feed the planet properly.
60
182160
3000
ne uspevamo ni da pravilno nahranimo planetu.
03:05
A billion of us are obese, while a further billion starve.
61
185160
5000
Milijarda ljudi je gojazna, dok milijarda ljudi gladuje.
03:10
None of it makes very much sense.
62
190160
2000
Ništa od toga nema mnogo smisla.
03:12
And when you think that 80 percent of global trade in food now
63
192160
3000
Kada pomislite da 80% svetske trgovine hranom
03:15
is controlled by just five multinational corporations,
64
195160
5000
kontroliše samo 5 multinacionalnih korporacija,
03:20
it's a grim picture.
65
200160
2000
to je jeziva slika.
03:22
As we're moving into cities, the world is also embracing a Western diet.
66
202160
3000
Kako se selimo u gradove, svet prihvata zapadnjački načih ishrane.
03:25
And if we look to the future,
67
205160
3000
Ako pogledamo u budućnost,
03:28
it's an unsustainable diet.
68
208160
2000
to je neodrživ način ishrane.
03:30
So how did we get here?
69
210160
2000
Kako smo dospeli ovde?
03:32
And more importantly, what are we going to do about it?
70
212160
3000
I što je važnije, šta ćemo da uradimo u vezi s tim?
03:35
Well, to answer the slightly easier question first,
71
215160
4000
Pa, da prvo odgovorim na malo lakše pitanje,
03:39
about 10,000 years ago, I would say,
72
219160
2000
rekla bih da je početak ovog
03:41
is the beginning of this process
73
221160
2000
procesa pre 10 000 godina.
03:43
in the ancient Near East,
74
223160
2000
Na antičkom Bliskom istoku,
03:45
known as the Fertile Crescent.
75
225160
2000
u oblasti Plodnog Polumeseca (Mesopotamija).
03:47
Because, as you can see, it was crescent shaped.
76
227160
2000
Jer kao što vidite bila je oblika polumeseca.
03:49
And it was also fertile.
77
229160
2000
I bila je plodna.
03:51
And it was here, about 10,000 years ago,
78
231160
3000
I na tom mestu, pre oko 10 000 godina
03:54
that two extraordinary inventions,
79
234160
2000
nastala su dva izuzetna otkrića,
03:56
agriculture and urbanism, happened
80
236160
3000
poljoprivreda i urbanizam,
03:59
roughly in the same place and at the same time.
81
239160
3000
otprilike na istom mestu, u isto vreme.
04:02
This is no accident,
82
242160
2000
Ovo nije slučajnost.
04:04
because agriculture and cities are bound together. They need each other.
83
244160
4000
Jer poljoprivreda i gradovi su povezani. Potrebni su jedno drugom.
04:08
Because it was discovery of grain
84
248160
2000
Naši antički preci
04:10
by our ancient ancestors for the first time
85
250160
3000
su prvi otkrili žito i to je bio
04:13
that produced a food source that was large enough
86
253160
3000
dovoljno velik izvor hrane,
04:16
and stable enough to support permanent settlements.
87
256160
4000
i dovoljno stabilan da izdržava stalna naselja.
04:20
And if we look at what those settlements were like,
88
260160
2000
I kada pogledamo kakva su bila ta naselja,
04:22
we see they were compact.
89
262160
2000
vidimo da su bila zbijena.
04:24
They were surrounded by productive farm land
90
264160
2000
Bila su okružena plodnom zemljom
04:26
and dominated by large temple complexes
91
266160
3000
a veliki hramovi su dominirali,
04:29
like this one at Ur,
92
269160
2000
kao ovaj u Uru,
04:31
that were, in fact, effectively,
93
271160
2000
koji su ustvari bili
04:33
spiritualized, central food distribution centers.
94
273160
3000
produhovljeni centri za distribuciju hrane,
04:36
Because it was the temples that organized the harvest,
95
276160
3000
jer su hramovi organizovali žetve,
04:39
gathered in the grain, offered it to the gods,
96
279160
2000
sakupljali žito, nudili ga bogovima
04:41
and then offered the grain that the gods didn't eat back to the people.
97
281160
4000
i onda davali ljudima žito koje bogovi nisu pojeli.
04:45
So, if you like,
98
285160
2000
Dakle, recimo
04:47
the whole spiritual and physical life of these cities
99
287160
2000
da se sav duhovni i fizički život ovih gradova
04:49
was dominated by the grain and the harvest
100
289160
3000
vrteo oko žita i žetve
04:52
that sustained them.
101
292160
3000
koja ih je održavala.
04:55
And in fact, that's true of every ancient city.
102
295160
3000
Ustvari, to je tako bilo u svakom antičkom gradu.
04:58
But of course not all of them were that small.
103
298160
2000
Ali naravno, nisu svi bili tako mali.
05:00
Famously, Rome had about a million citizens
104
300160
3000
Rim je imao oko milion stanovnika
05:03
by the first century A.D.
105
303160
2000
do prvog veka nove ere.
05:05
So how did a city like this feed itself?
106
305160
4000
Kako se hranio jedan ovakav grad?
05:09
The answer is what I call "ancient food miles."
107
309160
3000
Odgovor je ono što nazivam "antički put hrane".
05:12
Basically, Rome had access to the sea,
108
312160
3000
Za početak, Rim je imao pristup moru,
05:15
which made it possible for it to import food from a very long way away.
109
315160
3000
što je omogućavalo da uvozi hranu iz veoma dalekih krajeva.
05:18
This is the only way it was possible to do this in the ancient world,
110
318160
3000
Ovo je bio jedini način da se ovo uradi u antičkom svetu,
05:21
because it was very difficult to transport food over roads,
111
321160
3000
jer je bilo veoma teško transportovati hranu putevima
05:24
which were rough.
112
324160
2000
koji su bili neravni.
05:26
And the food obviously went off very quickly.
113
326160
2000
A očigledno je hrana brzo trošena.
05:28
So Rome effectively waged war
114
328160
2000
Tako je Rim vešto izvojevao rat
05:30
on places like Carthage and Egypt
115
330160
3000
u Kartagini i Egiptu,
05:33
just to get its paws on their grain reserves.
116
333160
2000
samo da bi se dočepao njihovih rezervi žita.
05:35
And, in fact, you could say that the expansion of the Empire
117
335160
3000
Ustvari, moglo bi se reći da je širenje Carstva
05:38
was really sort of one long, drawn out
118
338160
3000
ustvari bilo jedan dug, spor
05:41
militarized shopping spree, really.
119
341160
2000
militarizovani pohod u kupovinu.
05:43
(Laughter)
120
343160
2000
(smeh)
05:45
In fact -- I love the fact, I just have to mention this:
121
345160
2000
Ustvari - volim ovu činjenicu, moram da je pomenem:
05:47
Rome in fact used to import oysters from London,
122
347160
3000
Rim je ustvari uvozio ostrige iz Londona
05:50
at one stage. I think that's extraordinary.
123
350160
2000
u jednom trenutku. Mislim da je to izvanredno.
05:52
So Rome shaped its hinterland
124
352160
3000
Tako je Rim oblikovao svoje zaleđe
05:55
through its appetite.
125
355160
2000
kroz svoj apetit.
05:57
But the interesting thing is that the other thing also
126
357160
2000
Interesantno je da se još nešto
05:59
happened in the pre-industrial world.
127
359160
2000
desilo u pre-industrijskom svetu.
06:01
If we look at a map of London in the 17th century,
128
361160
3000
Ako pogledamo mapu Londona iz sedamnaestog veka,
06:04
we can see that its grain, which is coming in from the Thames,
129
364160
3000
vidimo da žito dolazi Temzom,
06:07
along the bottom of this map.
130
367160
2000
na dnu ove mape.
06:09
So the grain markets were to the south of the city.
131
369160
3000
Znači, žitne pijace su bile na jugu grada.
06:12
And the roads leading up from them
132
372160
2000
A putevi koji vode od njih
06:14
to Cheapside, which was the main market,
133
374160
2000
do Čipsajda (Cheapside), što je bila glavna pijaca,
06:16
were also grain markets.
134
376160
2000
su takođe bili žitne pijace.
06:18
And if you look at the name of one of those streets,
135
378160
2000
I ako pogledate ime jedne od tih ulica,
06:20
Bread Street, you can tell
136
380160
3000
Bread Street (Ulica Hleba), jasno vam je
06:23
what was going on there 300 years ago.
137
383160
3000
šta se tu događalo pre 300 godina.
06:26
And the same of course was true for fish.
138
386160
2000
I naravno, isto važi za ribu.
06:28
Fish was, of course, coming in by river as well. Same thing.
139
388160
3000
Riba je takođe dolazila rekom. Ista stvar.
06:31
And of course Billingsgate, famously, was London's fish market,
140
391160
3000
Naravno, čuveni Bilingsgejt (Billingsgate) je prva londonska riblja pijaca,
06:34
operating on-site here until the mid-1980s.
141
394160
4000
koja je na tom mestu radila do polovine osamdesetih.
06:38
Which is extraordinary, really, when you think about it.
142
398160
2000
Što je izuzetno, kad razmislite.
06:40
Everybody else was wandering around
143
400160
2000
Svi su lutali okolo
06:42
with mobile phones that looked like bricks
144
402160
2000
sa mobilnim telefonima koji su izgledali kao cigle
06:44
and sort of smelly fish happening down on the port.
145
404160
3000
a smrdljiva riba se zadesila tu u luci.
06:47
This is another thing about food in cities:
146
407160
3000
To je još jedna stvari u vezi s hranom u gradovima:
06:50
Once its roots into the city are established,
147
410160
3000
kada se ustanove putevi kojima dolazi,
06:53
they very rarely move.
148
413160
2000
veoma retko se menjaju.
06:55
Meat is a very different story
149
415160
2000
Meso je sasvim drugačija priča
06:57
because, of course, animals could walk into the city.
150
417160
2000
jer, naravno, životinje su mogle da ušetaju u grad.
06:59
So much of London's meat
151
419160
2000
Veoma mnogo mesa je u London
07:01
was coming from the northwest,
152
421160
2000
dolazilo sa severozapada,
07:03
from Scotland and Wales.
153
423160
2000
iz Škotske i Velsa.
07:05
So it was coming in, and arriving at the city at the northwest,
154
425160
3000
Dolazilo je, stizalo u grad sa severozapada,
07:08
which is why Smithfield,
155
428160
2000
i zato se Smitfild (Smithfield),
07:10
London's very famous meat market, was located up there.
156
430160
3000
poznata londonska mesna pijaca, nalazila tamo.
07:13
Poultry was coming in from East Anglia and so on, to the northeast.
157
433160
4000
Živina je dolazila iz Istočne Anglije, sa severoistoka.
07:17
I feel a bit like a weather woman doing this. Anyway,
158
437160
1000
Pomalo se osećam kao na vremenskoj prognozi. Kako god.
07:18
and so the birds were coming in
159
438160
4000
Ptice su dolazile
07:22
with their feet protected with little canvas shoes.
160
442160
3000
sa nogama zaštićenim malim platnenim cipelama.
07:25
And then when they hit the eastern end
161
445160
2000
I kada bi stigle u istočni kraj
07:27
of Cheapside, that's where they were sold,
162
447160
2000
Čipsajda, tu bi bile prodate.
07:29
which is why it's called Poultry.
163
449160
2000
Zato se zove Poultry (živina).
07:31
And, in fact, if you look at the map of any city
164
451160
3000
Ustvari, ako biste pogledali mapu bilo kog grada
07:34
built before the industrial age,
165
454160
4000
pre industrijskog doba,
07:38
you can trace food coming in to it.
166
458160
2000
videli biste kuda je hrana dolazila.
07:40
You can actually see how it was physically shaped by food,
167
460160
3000
Možete stvarno videti kako je fizički oblikovan hranom,
07:43
both by reading the names of the streets, which give you a lot of clues.
168
463160
3000
i čitajući imena ulica, koja daju dosta znakova.
07:46
Friday Street, in a previous life,
169
466160
2000
Friday Street (Ulica petka), u ranijem životu,
07:48
is where you went to buy your fish on a Friday.
170
468160
2000
je ulica gde ste kupovali ribu petkom.
07:50
But also you have to imagine it full of food.
171
470160
2000
Ali morate je zamisliti punu hrane.
07:52
Because the streets and the public spaces
172
472160
3000
Jer su ulice i javna mesta
07:55
were the only places where food was bought and sold.
173
475160
3000
bila jedina mesta gde je hrana prodavana i kupovana.
07:58
And if we look at an image of Smithfield in 1830
174
478160
3000
Ako pogledamo sliku Smitfilda iz 1830.
08:01
you can see that it would have been very difficult to live in a city like this
175
481160
3000
vidite da bi bilo veoma teško živeti u ovakvom gradu
08:04
and be unaware of where your food came from.
176
484160
2000
i ne znati odakle dolazi vaša hrana.
08:06
In fact, if you were having Sunday lunch,
177
486160
2000
Zapravo, ako ste ručali nedeljom,
08:08
the chances were it was mooing or bleating outside your window
178
488160
2000
velike su šanse bile da je vaš ručak mukao i blejao
08:10
about three days earlier.
179
490160
2000
ispred vašeg prozora samo tri dana ranije.
08:12
So this was obviously an organic city,
180
492160
3000
Ovo je očigledno bio organski grad,
08:15
part of an organic cycle.
181
495160
3000
deo organskog ciklusa.
08:18
And then 10 years later everything changed.
182
498160
3000
I onda deset godina kasnije sve se promenilo.
08:21
This is an image of the Great Western in 1840.
183
501160
3000
Ovo je slika Velike Zapadne Železnice iz 1840.
08:24
And as you can see, some of the earliest train passengers
184
504160
2000
Kao što vidite, neki od najranijih putnika
08:26
were pigs and sheep.
185
506160
2000
bile su svinje i ovce.
08:28
So all of a sudden, these animals are no longer walking into market.
186
508160
4000
Odjednom ove životinje više ne ulaze u pijacu.
08:32
They're being slaughtered out of sight and mind,
187
512160
2000
Kolju ih van vidokruga i van svesti,
08:34
somewhere in the countryside.
188
514160
2000
negde u selima.
08:36
And they're coming into the city by rail.
189
516160
2000
A u gradove dolaze vozom.
08:38
And this changes everything.
190
518160
3000
Ovo menja sve.
08:41
To start off with, it makes it possible
191
521160
2000
Za početak, omogućava
08:43
for the first time to grow cities,
192
523160
1000
po prvi put nastajanje gradova,
08:44
really any size and shape, in any place.
193
524160
2000
bilo koje veličine i oblika, bilo gde.
08:46
Cities used to be constrained by geography;
194
526160
4000
Gradovi su nekada bili ograničeni geografijom:
08:50
they used to have to get their food through very difficult physical means.
195
530160
3000
morali su da dopreme hranu veoma zahtevnim fizičkim sredstvima.
08:53
All of a sudden they are effectively emancipated from geography.
196
533160
4000
Najednom su efektno oslobođeni geografije.
08:57
And as you can see from these maps of London,
197
537160
3000
I kao što možete videti iz ovih mapa Londona,
09:00
in the 90 years after the trains came,
198
540160
2000
za 90 godina od postanka voza,
09:02
it goes from being a little blob that was quite easy to feed
199
542160
4000
od male grudve koju je prilično lako nahraniti,
09:06
by animals coming in on foot, and so on,
200
546160
2000
životinjama koje same dolaze, i slično,
09:08
to a large splurge,
201
548160
2000
postali su veliko razmetanje
09:10
that would be very, very difficult to feed with anybody on foot,
202
550160
3000
koje bi bilo veoma, veoma teško nahraniti peške,
09:13
either animals or people.
203
553160
3000
bilo da se radi o životinjama ili ljudima.
09:16
And of course that was just the beginning. After the trains came cars,
204
556160
3000
To je naravno bio samo početak. Posle vozova došli su automobili.
09:19
and really this marks the end of this process.
205
559160
4000
I ovde je stvarno kraj ovog procesa.
09:23
It's the final emancipation of the city
206
563160
2000
To je konačno odvajanje grada
09:25
from any apparent relationship with nature at all.
207
565160
3000
od bilo kakve očigledne veze sa prirodom.
09:28
And this is the kind of city that's devoid of smell,
208
568160
3000
To je grad lišen mirisa,
09:31
devoid of mess, certainly devoid of people,
209
571160
2000
lišen nereda i sigurno lišen ljudi.
09:33
because nobody would have dreamed of walking in such a landscape.
210
573160
3000
Jer niko ne bi ni pomišljao da šeta u takvom okruženju.
09:36
In fact, what they did to get food was they got in their cars,
211
576160
3000
Ustvari, do hrane su dolazili tako što bi seli u svoja kola,
09:39
drove to a box somewhere on the outskirts,
212
579160
3000
odvezli se do neke kutije na periferiji,
09:42
came back with a week's worth of shopping,
213
582160
2000
vratili se sa hranom za nedelju dana
09:44
and wondered what on earth to do with it.
214
584160
2000
i pitali se šta će, zaboga, da rade s tim.
09:46
And this really is the moment when our relationship,
215
586160
3000
I ovo je zapravo trenutak kada se naša veza,
09:49
both with food and cities, changes completely.
216
589160
3000
sa hranom i sa gradovima, potpuno menja.
09:52
Here we have food -- that used to be the center,
217
592160
3000
Imamo hranu - koja je bila centar,
09:55
the social core of the city -- at the periphery.
218
595160
3000
društvena srž grada - na periferiji.
09:58
It used to be a social event, buying and selling food.
219
598160
2000
Kupovina i prodaja hrane bila je društveni događaj.
10:00
Now it's anonymous.
220
600160
2000
Sada je anonimna.
10:02
We used to cook; now we just add water,
221
602160
2000
Nekada smo kuvali; sada samo dodamo vodu,
10:04
or a little bit of an egg if you're making a cake or something.
222
604160
5000
ili pokoje jaje, ako pravite tortu ili nešto drugo.
10:09
We don't smell food to see if it's okay to eat.
223
609160
4000
Ne mirišemo hranu da vidimo da li je dobra za jelo.
10:13
We just read the back of a label on a packet.
224
613160
3000
Samo pročitamo deklaraciju na pozadini pakovanja.
10:16
And we don't value food. We don't trust it.
225
616160
3000
I ne cenimo hranu. Ne verujemo joj.
10:19
So instead of trusting it, we fear it.
226
619160
2000
Umesto da joj verujemo, mi je se bojimo.
10:21
And instead of valuing it, we throw it away.
227
621160
4000
I umesto da je cenimo, mi je bacamo.
10:25
One of the great ironies of modern food systems
228
625160
3000
Jedna od najvećih ironija modernih sistema hrane
10:28
is that they've made the very thing they promised
229
628160
2000
je ta da su ono što su obećali da će olakšati,
10:30
to make easier much harder.
230
630160
2000
ustvari otežali.
10:32
By making it possible to build cities anywhere and any place,
231
632160
4000
Omogućivši izgradnju gradova bilo gde, na bilo kom mestu,
10:36
they've actually distanced us from our most important relationship,
232
636160
4000
ustvari su nas udaljili od naše najvažnije veze,
10:40
which is that of us and nature.
233
640160
3000
a to je naša veza sa prirodom.
10:43
And also they've made us dependent on systems that only they can deliver,
234
643160
3000
I napravili su nas zavisnim od sistema koje jedino oni mogu održati,
10:46
that, as we've seen, are unsustainable.
235
646160
2000
a koji su, videli smo, neodrživi.
10:48
So what are we going to do about that?
236
648160
3000
I šta ćemo da uradimo u vezi sa tim?
10:51
It's not a new question.
237
651160
2000
Ovo nije novo pitanje.
10:53
500 years ago it's what Thomas More was asking himself.
238
653160
4000
Tomas Mor (Thomas More) se pre 500 godina isto ovo pitao.
10:57
This is the frontispiece of his book "Utopia."
239
657160
3000
To je lice njegove knjige "Utopija".
11:00
And it was a series of semi-independent city-states,
240
660160
3000
To je bio niz polu-nezavisnih gradova-država,
11:03
if that sounds remotely familiar,
241
663160
2000
ako to zvuči donekle poznato,
11:05
a day's walk from one another where everyone was basically farming-mad,
242
665160
3000
na dan hoda jedan od drugog, gde su svi bili ludi za poljoprivredom,
11:08
and grew vegetables in their back gardens,
243
668160
2000
gajili su povrće u svojim dvorištima,
11:10
and ate communal meals together, and so on.
244
670160
2000
i jeli zajednička jela, itd.
11:12
And I think you could argue that
245
672160
2000
I mislim da može da se tvrdi da je
11:14
food is a fundamental ordering principle of Utopia,
246
674160
3000
hrana osnovni princip uređenja Utopije.
11:17
even though More never framed it that way.
247
677160
3000
Iako Mor nikada to nije na taj način postavio.
11:20
And here is another very famous "Utopian" vision,
248
680160
3000
Evo još jedne veoma poznate "Utopijske" vizije,
11:23
that of Ebenezer Howard, "The Garden City."
249
683160
2000
"The Garden City" od Ebenezera Hauarda (Ebenezer Howard).
11:25
Same idea: series of semi-independent city-states,
250
685160
3000
Ista ideja. Niz polu-nezavisnih gradova-država.
11:28
little blobs of metropolitan stuff with arable land around,
251
688160
4000
Male grudve gradova sa obradivom zemljom okolo,
11:32
joined to one another by railway.
252
692160
2000
povezane međusobno prugom.
11:34
And again, food could be said to be
253
694160
2000
I opet, moglo bi se reći da je hrana
11:36
the ordering principle of his vision.
254
696160
3000
princip uređenja u ovoj viziji.
11:39
It even got built, but nothing to do with
255
699160
2000
Čak je i izgrađena, ali nema nikakve veze
11:41
this vision that Howard had.
256
701160
2000
sa Hauardovom vizijom.
11:43
And that is the problem with these Utopian ideas,
257
703160
3000
I to je problem sa ovim utopijskim idejama,
11:46
that they are Utopian.
258
706160
2000
što su utopijske.
11:48
Utopia was actually a word that Thomas Moore used deliberately.
259
708160
3000
Utopija je reč koju je Tomas Mor koristio namerno.
11:51
It was a kind of joke, because it's got a double derivation from the Greek.
260
711160
4000
To je bila neka šala. Ima dvostruko poreklo iz grčkog.
11:55
It can either mean a good place, or no place.
261
715160
2000
Može da znači dobro mesto ili nikakvo mesto.
11:57
Because it's an ideal. It's an imaginary thing. We can't have it.
262
717160
4000
Jer to je ideal. Imaginarna stvar. Ne možemo je imati.
12:01
And I think, as a conceptual tool
263
721160
2000
I mislim, kao konceptualni alat
12:03
for thinking about the very deep problem of human dwelling,
264
723160
3000
za razmišljanje o veoma dubokom problemu ljudskog stanovanja,
12:06
that makes it not much use.
265
726160
2000
nije od neke koristi.
12:08
So I've come up with an alternative,
266
728160
3000
Tako sam smislila alternativu,
12:11
which is Sitopia, from the ancient Greek,
267
731160
3000
Sitopiju, od starogrčkog
12:14
"sitos" for food, and "topos" for place.
268
734160
2000
"sitos" za hranu i "topos" za mesto.
12:16
I believe we already live in Sitopia.
269
736160
2000
Mislim da već živimo u Sitopiji.
12:18
We live in a world shaped by food,
270
738160
3000
Živimo u svetu koji je oblikovan hranom,
12:21
and if we realize that, we can use food as a really powerful tool --
271
741160
3000
i ako to shvatimo, možemo iskoristiti hranu kao veoma moćan alat -
12:24
a conceptual tool, design tool, to shape the world differently.
272
744160
4000
konceptualni alat, alat dizajna, za drugačije oblikovanje sveta.
12:28
So if we were to do that, what might Sitopia look like?
273
748160
5000
Dakle, da možemo to da uradimo, kako bi Sitopia izgledala?
12:33
Well I think it looks a bit like this.
274
753160
2000
Mislim da izgleda ovako nekako.
12:35
I have to use this slide. It's just the look on the face of the dog.
275
755160
2000
Moram da upotrebim ovaj slajd. Taj izraz lica ovog psa.
12:37
But anyway, this is -- (Laughter)
276
757160
3000
Ali, ovo je - (smeh)
12:40
it's food at the center of life,
277
760160
2000
hrana je u centru života,
12:42
at the center of family life, being celebrated,
278
762160
2000
u centru porodičnog života, slavi se,
12:44
being enjoyed, people taking time for it.
279
764160
2000
uživa se u njoj, ljudi odvajaju vreme za hranu.
12:46
This is where food should be in our society.
280
766160
3000
To je mesto gde bi hrana trebalo da se nalazi u našem društvu.
12:49
But you can't have scenes like this unless you have people like this.
281
769160
5000
Ali ne možete imati ovakve prizore ako nemate ovakve ljude.
12:54
By the way, these can be men as well.
282
774160
2000
Inače, ovo mogu biti i muškarci.
12:56
It's people who think about food,
283
776160
3000
To su ljudi koji razmišljaju o hrani,
12:59
who think ahead, who plan,
284
779160
2000
koji razmišljaju unapred, planiraju,
13:01
who can stare at a pile of raw vegetables
285
781160
2000
koji mogu da zure u gomilu povrća
13:03
and actually recognize them.
286
783160
2000
i da je prepoznaju.
13:05
We need these people. We're part of a network.
287
785160
3000
Potrebni su nam takvi ljudi. Mi smo deo mreže.
13:08
Because without these kinds of people we can't have places like this.
288
788160
3000
Jer bez ovakvih ljudi ne možemo imati ovakva mesta.
13:11
Here, I deliberately chose this because it is a man buying a vegetable.
289
791160
3000
Namerno sam izabrala ovo jer jedan muškarac kupuje povrće.
13:14
But networks, markets where food is being grown locally.
290
794160
4000
Ali mreže, pijace gde se hrana gaji na lokalnom nivou.
13:18
It's common. It's fresh.
291
798160
2000
Zajedničko je. Sveže je.
13:20
It's part of the social life of the city.
292
800160
2000
Deo je društvenog života grada.
13:22
Because without that, you can't have this kind of place,
293
802160
3000
Jer bez toga ne možete imati ovakvo mesto,
13:25
food that is grown locally and also is part of the landscape,
294
805160
3000
hranu koja se gaji lokalno ali je i deo predela,
13:28
and is not just a zero-sum commodity
295
808160
2000
a nije samo roba kao kompromisno rešenje
13:30
off in some unseen hell-hole.
296
810160
2000
negde bogu iza nogu.
13:32
Cows with a view.
297
812160
2000
Krave sa pogledom.
13:34
Steaming piles of humus.
298
814160
2000
Gomile humusa koji se puši.
13:36
This is basically bringing the whole thing together.
299
816160
3000
Ovo ustvari sklapa celu stvar.
13:39
And this is a community project
300
819160
2000
Ovo je projekat jedne zajednice
13:41
I visited recently in Toronto.
301
821160
2000
koju sam nedavno posetila u Torontu.
13:43
It's a greenhouse, where kids get told
302
823160
2000
To je staklena bašta gde se deci priča
13:45
all about food and growing their own food.
303
825160
3000
sve o hrani i gajenju svoje hrane.
13:48
Here is a plant called Kevin, or maybe it's a
304
828160
3000
Ovo je biljka koja se zove Kevin, ili možda
13:51
plant belonging to a kid called Kevin. I don't know.
305
831160
2000
biljka koja pripada klincu koji se zove Kevin, ne znam.
13:53
But anyway, these kinds of projects
306
833160
3000
U svakom slučaju, ovakvi projekti
13:56
that are trying to reconnect us with nature is extremely important.
307
836160
4000
koji pokušavaju da nas ponovo spoje sa prirodom su veoma važni.
14:00
So Sitopia, for me, is really a way of seeing.
308
840160
2000
Za mene je Sitopia način gledanja.
14:02
It's basically recognizing that Sitopia
309
842160
4000
Treba prepoznati da Sitopia
14:06
already exists in little pockets everywhere.
310
846160
2000
već postoji u malim krajevima svuda.
14:08
The trick is to join them up,
311
848160
2000
Trik je u tome da se povežu,
14:10
to use food as a way of seeing.
312
850160
3000
da se hrana koristi kao način posmatranja.
14:13
And if we do that, we're going to stop seeing cities
313
853160
3000
I ako to uradimo, prestaćemo da gledamo gradove
14:16
as big, metropolitan, unproductive blobs, like this.
314
856160
3000
kao velike neproduktivne grudve, kao što je ova.
14:19
We're going to see them more like this,
315
859160
2000
Videćemo ih ovako,
14:21
as part of the productive, organic framework
316
861160
3000
kao deo produktivne organske mreže
14:24
of which they are inevitably a part,
317
864160
2000
čiji su neizbežni deo,
14:26
symbiotically connected.
318
866160
2000
simbiotski povezani.
14:28
But of course, that's not a great image either,
319
868160
2000
Ali naravno, ni to nije najbolja slika.
14:30
because we need not to be producing food like this anymore.
320
870160
3000
Jer moramo prestati da proizvodimo ovakvu hranu.
14:33
We need to be thinking more about permaculture,
321
873160
2000
Trebalo bi da razmišljamo o permakulturi.
14:35
which is why I think this image just
322
875160
2000
Zato mislim da ova slika
14:37
sums up for me the kind of thinking we need to be doing.
323
877160
2000
sumira, po meni, način razmišljanja koji na je potreban.
14:39
It's a re-conceptualization
324
879160
2000
To je rekonceptualizacija
14:41
of the way food shapes our lives.
325
881160
3000
načina na koji hrana oblikuje naše živote.
14:44
The best image I know of this is from 650 years ago.
326
884160
3000
Najbolja slika ovoga za koju znam je od pre 650 godina.
14:47
It's Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "Allegory of Good Government."
327
887160
3000
"Alegorija dobre vlade", od Ambrozija Lorencetija (Ambrogio Lorenzetti).
14:50
It's about the relationship between the city and the countryside.
328
890160
3000
O vezi između grada i sela.
14:53
And I think the message of this is very clear.
329
893160
3000
Mislim da je poruka ovoga veoma jasna.
14:56
If the city looks after the country,
330
896160
2000
Ako grad vodi računa o selu,
14:58
the country will look after the city.
331
898160
2000
selo će voditi računa o gradu.
15:00
And I want us to ask now,
332
900160
2000
Želim da pitam
15:02
what would Ambrogio Lorenzetti paint
333
902160
3000
šta bi Ambrozije Lorenceti naslikao
15:05
if he painted this image today?
334
905160
2000
da je slikao ovu sliku danas.
15:07
What would an allegory of good government look like today?
335
907160
3000
Kako bi alegorija dobre vlade izgledala danas?
15:10
Because I think it's an urgent question.
336
910160
2000
Mislim da je to hitno pitanje.
15:12
It's one we have to ask,
337
912160
2000
Koje moramo da pitamo
15:14
and we have to start answering.
338
914160
2000
i moramo početi da odgovaramo.
15:16
We know we are what we eat.
339
916160
3000
Znamo da smo ono što jedemo.
15:19
We need to realize that the world is also what we eat.
340
919160
2000
Moramo da shvatimo da je i svet ono što jedemo.
15:21
But if we take that idea, we can use food
341
921160
2000
I ako prihvatimo tu ideju, možemo koristiti hranu
15:23
as a really powerful tool to shape the world better.
342
923160
4000
kao moćan alat da bolje oblikujemo svet.
15:27
Thank you very much.
343
927160
2000
Mnogo vam hvala.
15:29
(Applause)
344
929160
3000
(aplauz)
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7