Carolyn Steel: How food shapes our cities

178,522 views ・ 2009-10-05

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Sanja Blažević Recezent: Silvija Florijan
00:12
How do you feed a city?
0
12160
4000
Kako biste nahranili grad?
00:16
It's one of the great questions of our time.
1
16160
2000
To je jedno od većih pitanja današnjice.
00:18
Yet it's one that's rarely asked.
2
18160
2000
Ipak rijetko se postavlja.
00:20
We take it for granted that if we go into a shop
3
20160
3000
Uzimamo zdravo za gotovo da ako odemo u trgovinu
00:23
or restaurant, or indeed into this theater's foyer in about an hour's time,
4
23160
4000
ili restoran, ili u predvorje kazališta na sat vremena,
00:27
there is going to be food there waiting for us,
5
27160
3000
da će biti hrane koja nas čeka
00:30
having magically come from somewhere.
6
30160
2000
i koja je čarobno odnekuda došla.
00:32
But when you think that every day for a city the size of London,
7
32160
5000
Ali ako razmislite o tome da svakodnevno za grad veličine Londona,
00:37
enough food has to be produced,
8
37160
3000
dovoljno hrane treba biti proizvedeno,
00:40
transported, bought and sold,
9
40160
3000
transportirano, kupljeno i prodano,
00:43
cooked, eaten, disposed of,
10
43160
4000
kuhano, pojedeno, zbrinuto,
00:47
and that something similar has to happen every day
11
47160
2000
i da se nešto tomu slično treba svakodnevno događati
00:49
for every city on earth,
12
49160
2000
u svakom gradu na zemlji,
00:51
it's remarkable that cities get fed at all.
13
51160
3000
izvanredno je da se gradovi uopće prehrane.
00:54
We live in places like this as if
14
54160
2000
Živimo u takvim mjestima kao da su
00:56
they're the most natural things in the world,
15
56160
3000
to najprirodnija mjesta na svijetu,
00:59
forgetting that because we're animals
16
59160
2000
zaboravljajući da stoga što smo životinje
01:01
and that we need to eat,
17
61160
2000
i jer moramo jesti,
01:03
we're actually as dependent on the natural world
18
63160
4000
zapravo ovisimo o prirodnome svijetu
01:07
as our ancient ancestors were.
19
67160
2000
kao naši drevni preci.
01:09
And as more of us move into cities,
20
69160
2000
I što nas se više seli u gradove,
01:11
more of that natural world is being
21
71160
3000
sve se više prirodnog svijeta
01:14
transformed into extraordinary landscapes like the one behind me --
22
74160
3000
pretvara u nevjerojatne krajeve kao što je ovaj iza mene,
01:17
it's soybean fields in Mato Grosso in Brazil --
23
77160
3000
to su polja soje u Mata Grossu, u Brazilu,
01:20
in order to feed us.
24
80160
3000
kako bi nas prehranio.
01:23
These are extraordinary landscapes,
25
83160
2000
Ovo su nevjerojatni krajolici.
01:25
but few of us ever get to see them.
26
85160
2000
Ali malo nas ih ikada vidi.
01:27
And increasingly these landscapes
27
87160
2000
I sve je češće da ovakvi krajolici
01:29
are not just feeding us either.
28
89160
2000
ne prehranjuju samo nas.
01:31
As more of us move into cities,
29
91160
2000
Što nas se više seli u gradove,
01:33
more of us are eating meat,
30
93160
2000
sve nas više jede meso,
01:35
so that a third of the annual grain crop globally
31
95160
3000
i tako trećina svjetskih godišnjih usjeva žitarica
01:38
now gets fed to animals
32
98160
2000
odlazi na prehranu životinja
01:40
rather than to us human animals.
33
100160
2000
negoli nas ljudskih životinja.
01:42
And given that it takes three times as much grain --
34
102160
4000
A činjenica da je potrebno tri puta više žitarica --
01:46
actually ten times as much grain --
35
106160
2000
zapravo deset puta više žitarica --
01:48
to feed a human if it's passed through an animal first,
36
108160
3000
da bi se nahranilo čovjeka ako se prije toga hranilo životinju,
01:51
that's not a very efficient way of feeding us.
37
111160
5000
to nije najefikasniji način da se prehranimo.
01:56
And it's an escalating problem too.
38
116160
2000
I to je zapravo eskalirajući problem.
01:58
By 2050, it's estimated that twice the number
39
118160
3000
Procjenjuje se da će se do 2050. udvostručiti broj
02:01
of us are going to be living in cities.
40
121160
2000
nas koji ćemo živjeti u gradovima.
02:03
And it's also estimated that there is going to be twice as much
41
123160
2000
I procjenjuje se da će biti potrebno duplo više
02:05
meat and dairy consumed.
42
125160
2000
mesa i mliječnih proizvoda za potrošnju.
02:07
So meat and urbanism are rising hand in hand.
43
127160
5000
Dakle meso i urbanizam se povećavaju zajedno.
02:12
And that's going to pose an enormous problem.
44
132160
2000
I to će predstavljati golemi problem.
02:14
Six billion hungry carnivores to feed,
45
134160
3000
Nahraniti šest milijardi gladnih mesoždera,
02:17
by 2050.
46
137160
4000
do 2050.
02:21
That's a big problem. And actually if we carry on as we are,
47
141160
2000
To je veliki problem. I zapravo ako nastavimo kao sada,
02:23
it's a problem we're very unlikely to be able to solve.
48
143160
3000
to je problem kojeg vrlo vjerojatno nećemo moći riješiti.
02:26
Nineteen million hectares of rainforest are lost every year
49
146160
4000
19 milijuna hektara prašume nestane svake godine
02:30
to create new arable land.
50
150160
2000
da bi se stvorila nova obradiva površina zemlje.
02:32
Although at the same time we're losing an equivalent amount
51
152160
3000
Iako u isto vrijeme gubimo jednaku količinu
02:35
of existing arables to salinization and erosion.
52
155160
4000
postojećih obradivih površina zbog salinizacije i erozije.
02:39
We're very hungry for fossil fuels too.
53
159160
3000
Također smo pohlepni i za fosilnim gorivima.
02:42
It takes about 10 calories to produce every calorie
54
162160
3000
Potrebno je 10 kalorija da bi se proizvela jedna kalorija
02:45
of food that we consume in the West.
55
165160
4000
hrane koju konzumiramo na Zapadu.
02:49
And even though there is food that we are producing at great cost,
56
169160
4000
Iako postoji hrana koju proizvodimo uz veliki trošak
02:53
we don't actually value it.
57
173160
2000
zapravo je ne cijenimo.
02:55
Half the food produced in the USA is currently thrown away.
58
175160
4000
Polovica hrane proizvedeno u SAD-u se trenutno baca.
02:59
And to end all of this, at the end of this long process,
59
179160
3000
I na kraju svega, na kraju tog dugog procesa,
03:02
we're not even managing to feed the planet properly.
60
182160
3000
ne uspijevamo valjano prehraniti planet.
03:05
A billion of us are obese, while a further billion starve.
61
185160
5000
Milijardu nas je pretilo dok druga milijarda gladuje.
03:10
None of it makes very much sense.
62
190160
2000
Ništa od toga nema pretjerano smisla.
03:12
And when you think that 80 percent of global trade in food now
63
192160
3000
I kada razmislite da upravo 80 posto svjetske trgovine hranom
03:15
is controlled by just five multinational corporations,
64
195160
5000
kontrolira tek pet multinacionalnih korporacija,
03:20
it's a grim picture.
65
200160
2000
to je strašna slika.
03:22
As we're moving into cities, the world is also embracing a Western diet.
66
202160
3000
Kako se selimo u gradove, svijet prihvaća zapadnjačku prehranu.
03:25
And if we look to the future,
67
205160
3000
I ako pogledamo u budućnost
03:28
it's an unsustainable diet.
68
208160
2000
to je neodrživa prehrana.
03:30
So how did we get here?
69
210160
2000
Kako smo došli ovdje?
03:32
And more importantly, what are we going to do about it?
70
212160
3000
I još važnije, što ćemo učiniti?
03:35
Well, to answer the slightly easier question first,
71
215160
4000
Pa, prvo da odgovorim na nešto jednostavnije pitanje,
03:39
about 10,000 years ago, I would say,
72
219160
2000
prije otprilike 10 000 godina, rekla bih,
03:41
is the beginning of this process
73
221160
2000
započeo je taj proces.
03:43
in the ancient Near East,
74
223160
2000
Na drevnom Bliskom istoku,
03:45
known as the Fertile Crescent.
75
225160
2000
poznatom kao Dolina plodnog polumjeseca.
03:47
Because, as you can see, it was crescent shaped.
76
227160
2000
Jer kao što vidite ima oblik polumjeseca.
03:49
And it was also fertile.
77
229160
2000
I isto tako, vrlo je plodna.
03:51
And it was here, about 10,000 years ago,
78
231160
3000
I tu su, prije otprilike 10 000 godina,
03:54
that two extraordinary inventions,
79
234160
2000
nastala ta dva izvanredna izuma,
03:56
agriculture and urbanism, happened
80
236160
3000
poljoprivreda i urbanizam,
03:59
roughly in the same place and at the same time.
81
239160
3000
približno na istome mjestu i u isto vrijeme.
04:02
This is no accident,
82
242160
2000
To nije slučajnost.
04:04
because agriculture and cities are bound together. They need each other.
83
244160
4000
Jer su poljoprivreda i gradovi međusobno povezani. Trebaju jedno drugo.
04:08
Because it was discovery of grain
84
248160
2000
Pronalazak žitarica,
04:10
by our ancient ancestors for the first time
85
250160
3000
od strane naših predaka, po prvi je put,
04:13
that produced a food source that was large enough
86
253160
3000
stvorio izvor hrane dovoljan
04:16
and stable enough to support permanent settlements.
87
256160
4000
i stabilan da održava trajna naselja.
04:20
And if we look at what those settlements were like,
88
260160
2000
I ako pogledamo izgled tih naselja,
04:22
we see they were compact.
89
262160
2000
vidimo da su bila vrlo zbijena.
04:24
They were surrounded by productive farm land
90
264160
2000
Bila su okružena plodnim poljoprivrednim zemljištem
04:26
and dominated by large temple complexes
91
266160
3000
i dominirali su veliki hramski kompleksi
04:29
like this one at Ur,
92
269160
2000
poput ovoga u Uru,
04:31
that were, in fact, effectively,
93
271160
2000
koji su, zapravo, bili učinkoviti
04:33
spiritualized, central food distribution centers.
94
273160
3000
duhovni, središnji centri za distribuciju hrane
04:36
Because it was the temples that organized the harvest,
95
276160
3000
jer su hramovi organizirali žetvu,
04:39
gathered in the grain, offered it to the gods,
96
279160
2000
prikupljali žitarice, prinosili ih bogovima,
04:41
and then offered the grain that the gods didn't eat back to the people.
97
281160
4000
i zatim nudili žitarice koje bogovi nisu pojeli natrag ljudima.
04:45
So, if you like,
98
285160
2000
I time, ako želite,
04:47
the whole spiritual and physical life of these cities
99
287160
2000
čitav duhovni i tjelesni život tih gradova
04:49
was dominated by the grain and the harvest
100
289160
3000
je bio obilježen žitaricama i žetvom
04:52
that sustained them.
101
292160
3000
koja ih je održavala.
04:55
And in fact, that's true of every ancient city.
102
295160
3000
I to je zapravo istina za svaki drevni grad.
04:58
But of course not all of them were that small.
103
298160
2000
No naravno nisu svi bili tako mali.
05:00
Famously, Rome had about a million citizens
104
300160
3000
Poznato je da je Rim imao oko milijun građana
05:03
by the first century A.D.
105
303160
2000
u prvom stoljeću A.D.
05:05
So how did a city like this feed itself?
106
305160
4000
Kako se takav grad prehranjivao?
05:09
The answer is what I call "ancient food miles."
107
309160
3000
Odgovor je u onom što ja nazivam "drevnim putovima hrane".
05:12
Basically, Rome had access to the sea,
108
312160
3000
U osnovici, Rim je imao pristup moru,
05:15
which made it possible for it to import food from a very long way away.
109
315160
3000
što je omogućilo da se uvozi hrana iz dalekih krajeva.
05:18
This is the only way it was possible to do this in the ancient world,
110
318160
3000
To je bio jedini mogući način da se to čini u drevnome svijetu
05:21
because it was very difficult to transport food over roads,
111
321160
3000
jer je bilo vrlo teško prevoziti hranu cestama,
05:24
which were rough.
112
324160
2000
koje su bile neravne.
05:26
And the food obviously went off very quickly.
113
326160
2000
I hrana je očigledno nestajala vrlo brzo.
05:28
So Rome effectively waged war
114
328160
2000
I tako je Rim učinkovito vodio rat
05:30
on places like Carthage and Egypt
115
330160
3000
u mjestima poput Kartage i Egipta
05:33
just to get its paws on their grain reserves.
116
333160
2000
kako bi se dočepao skladišta žitarica.
05:35
And, in fact, you could say that the expansion of the Empire
117
335160
3000
I zapravo se može reći da je ekspanzija Carstva
05:38
was really sort of one long, drawn out
118
338160
3000
bila u stvarnosti jedno dugo, otegnuto
05:41
militarized shopping spree, really.
119
341160
2000
militarizirano masovno kupovanje.
05:43
(Laughter)
120
343160
2000
(Smijeh)
05:45
In fact -- I love the fact, I just have to mention this:
121
345160
2000
Činjenica je -- volim činjenice, moram to spomenuti:
05:47
Rome in fact used to import oysters from London,
122
347160
3000
Rim je zapravo uvozio kamenice iz Londona,
05:50
at one stage. I think that's extraordinary.
123
350160
2000
u jednom razdoblju. Mislim da je to izvanredno.
05:52
So Rome shaped its hinterland
124
352160
3000
Dakle Rim je stvorio zaleđe
05:55
through its appetite.
125
355160
2000
kroz svoj apetit.
05:57
But the interesting thing is that the other thing also
126
357160
2000
Ali zanimljiva je stvar da se nešto drugo također
05:59
happened in the pre-industrial world.
127
359160
2000
dogodilo u predindustrijskom svijetu.
06:01
If we look at a map of London in the 17th century,
128
361160
3000
Ako pogledamo kartu Londona iz 17. stoljeća,
06:04
we can see that its grain, which is coming in from the Thames,
129
364160
3000
možemo vidjeti da su žitarice, koje su dolazile Temzom,
06:07
along the bottom of this map.
130
367160
2000
na dnu ove karte.
06:09
So the grain markets were to the south of the city.
131
369160
3000
Tržnice žitarica su bile u južnom dijelu grada.
06:12
And the roads leading up from them
132
372160
2000
A ceste koje su vodile od njih
06:14
to Cheapside, which was the main market,
133
374160
2000
do Cheapsidea, koji je bio glavna tržnica,
06:16
were also grain markets.
134
376160
2000
su također bile tržnice žitarica.
06:18
And if you look at the name of one of those streets,
135
378160
2000
I ako pogledate imena tih ulica,
06:20
Bread Street, you can tell
136
380160
3000
Bread Street, možete reći
06:23
what was going on there 300 years ago.
137
383160
3000
što se događalo tamo prije 300 godina.
06:26
And the same of course was true for fish.
138
386160
2000
Isto je naravno važilo i za ribu.
06:28
Fish was, of course, coming in by river as well. Same thing.
139
388160
3000
Riba je naravno dolazila također rijekom. Ista stvar.
06:31
And of course Billingsgate, famously, was London's fish market,
140
391160
3000
I naravno poznati Billingsgate je bio londonska riblja tržnica,
06:34
operating on-site here until the mid-1980s.
141
394160
4000
u pogonu na licu mjesta do sredine 1980-ih.
06:38
Which is extraordinary, really, when you think about it.
142
398160
2000
Što je izvanredno, zapravo, kada razmislite o tome.
06:40
Everybody else was wandering around
143
400160
2000
Svi su lutali okolo
06:42
with mobile phones that looked like bricks
144
402160
2000
s mobitelima koji su izgledali kao cigle,
06:44
and sort of smelly fish happening down on the port.
145
404160
3000
i, nešto se, smrdljivo riblje događalo dolje u luci.
06:47
This is another thing about food in cities:
146
407160
3000
To je još jedna stvar vezana uz hranu u gradovima:
06:50
Once its roots into the city are established,
147
410160
3000
Kada su jednom stvoreni korijeni u gradu,
06:53
they very rarely move.
148
413160
2000
rijetko su se micali.
06:55
Meat is a very different story
149
415160
2000
Meso je drugačija priča
06:57
because, of course, animals could walk into the city.
150
417160
2000
jer, naravno, životinje su mogle hodati po gradu.
06:59
So much of London's meat
151
419160
2000
Tako je većina londonskog mesa
07:01
was coming from the northwest,
152
421160
2000
dolazila sa sjeverozapada,
07:03
from Scotland and Wales.
153
423160
2000
iz Škotske i Walesa.
07:05
So it was coming in, and arriving at the city at the northwest,
154
425160
3000
Dolazila je i stizala u sjeverozapadni dio grada,
07:08
which is why Smithfield,
155
428160
2000
i zato je Smitfield,
07:10
London's very famous meat market, was located up there.
156
430160
3000
londonska vrlo poznata tržnica mesa, locirana tamo.
07:13
Poultry was coming in from East Anglia and so on, to the northeast.
157
433160
4000
Perad je dolazila iz Istočne Anglije pa do sjeveroistoka.
07:17
I feel a bit like a weather woman doing this. Anyway,
158
437160
1000
Osjećam se pomalo kao vremenska prognozerka dok ovo radim. No ipak.
07:18
and so the birds were coming in
159
438160
4000
I tako su ptice dolazile
07:22
with their feet protected with little canvas shoes.
160
442160
3000
s nogama zaštićenim malim platnenim cipelama.
07:25
And then when they hit the eastern end
161
445160
2000
I kada bi stigle do istočnog dijela
07:27
of Cheapside, that's where they were sold,
162
447160
2000
Cheapsidea, bile bi prodane.
07:29
which is why it's called Poultry.
163
449160
2000
Zbog toga se i naziva Poultry (perad).
07:31
And, in fact, if you look at the map of any city
164
451160
3000
I zapravo, ako pogledate kartu bilo kojega grada
07:34
built before the industrial age,
165
454160
4000
sagrađenog prije industrijskog doba,
07:38
you can trace food coming in to it.
166
458160
2000
možete pratiti hranu koja je dolazila.
07:40
You can actually see how it was physically shaped by food,
167
460160
3000
Možete doista vidjeti kako je fizički bio oblikovan zbog hrane,
07:43
both by reading the names of the streets, which give you a lot of clues.
168
463160
3000
također i čitajući imena ulica, koja vam daju mnogo tragova.
07:46
Friday Street, in a previous life,
169
466160
2000
Friday Street (Ulica petka), u prijašnjem životu,
07:48
is where you went to buy your fish on a Friday.
170
468160
2000
je gdje biste petkom išli kupiti ribu.
07:50
But also you have to imagine it full of food.
171
470160
2000
Ali morate ju i zamisliti punom hrane.
07:52
Because the streets and the public spaces
172
472160
3000
Jer su ulice i javna mjesta
07:55
were the only places where food was bought and sold.
173
475160
3000
bila jedina mjesta gdje se hrana kupovala i prodavala.
07:58
And if we look at an image of Smithfield in 1830
174
478160
3000
I ako pogledamo izgled Smithfielda 1830.
08:01
you can see that it would have been very difficult to live in a city like this
175
481160
3000
možete vidjeti da bi bilo vrlo teško živjeti u ovakvome gradu
08:04
and be unaware of where your food came from.
176
484160
2000
i da ne budete svjesni odakle stiže hrana.
08:06
In fact, if you were having Sunday lunch,
177
486160
2000
Zapravo, da imate nedjeljni ručak,
08:08
the chances were it was mooing or bleating outside your window
178
488160
2000
vrlo je vjerojatno da je mukao ili blejao kroz vaš prozor
08:10
about three days earlier.
179
490160
2000
prije tri dana.
08:12
So this was obviously an organic city,
180
492160
3000
Dakle očito je da je ovo organski grad,
08:15
part of an organic cycle.
181
495160
3000
dio organskog ciklusa.
08:18
And then 10 years later everything changed.
182
498160
3000
I onda se 10 godina kasnije sve promijenilo.
08:21
This is an image of the Great Western in 1840.
183
501160
3000
Ovo je slika Velike zapadne željeznice 1840.
08:24
And as you can see, some of the earliest train passengers
184
504160
2000
I kao što možete vidjeti, neki od najranijih putnika vlakovima
08:26
were pigs and sheep.
185
506160
2000
su bile svinje i ovce.
08:28
So all of a sudden, these animals are no longer walking into market.
186
508160
4000
I tako iznenada ove životinje više nisu hodale do tržnice.
08:32
They're being slaughtered out of sight and mind,
187
512160
2000
Bile su ubijene daleko od očiju i srca,
08:34
somewhere in the countryside.
188
514160
2000
negdje na selu.
08:36
And they're coming into the city by rail.
189
516160
2000
I dolazile su u grad željeznicom.
08:38
And this changes everything.
190
518160
3000
I to mijenja sve.
08:41
To start off with, it makes it possible
191
521160
2000
U početku, postaje moguće
08:43
for the first time to grow cities,
192
523160
1000
po prvi puta izgraditi gradove,
08:44
really any size and shape, in any place.
193
524160
2000
doista bilo koje veličine ili oblika, na bilo kojem mjestu.
08:46
Cities used to be constrained by geography;
194
526160
4000
Gradovi su bilo ograničeni geografijom:
08:50
they used to have to get their food through very difficult physical means.
195
530160
3000
trebali su doći do hrane vrlo teškim fizičkim sredstvima.
08:53
All of a sudden they are effectively emancipated from geography.
196
533160
4000
No iznenada su se vrlo učinkovito odvojili od geografije.
08:57
And as you can see from these maps of London,
197
537160
3000
I kao što možete vidjeti ove karte Londona,
09:00
in the 90 years after the trains came,
198
540160
2000
u 90 godina nakon što je nastala željeznica,
09:02
it goes from being a little blob that was quite easy to feed
199
542160
4000
postao je, od male tvorevine koju je bilo vrlo lako nahraniti,
09:06
by animals coming in on foot, and so on,
200
546160
2000
životinjama koje su dolazile pješice, i tako dalje,
09:08
to a large splurge,
201
548160
2000
veliko razmetljivo mjesto,
09:10
that would be very, very difficult to feed with anybody on foot,
202
550160
3000
koje bi bilo vrlo vrlo teško nahraniti s bilo čim što hoda,
09:13
either animals or people.
203
553160
3000
ili životinjama ili ljudima.
09:16
And of course that was just the beginning. After the trains came cars,
204
556160
3000
I naravno to je bio tek početak. Nakon vlakova došli su automobili.
09:19
and really this marks the end of this process.
205
559160
4000
I to zapravo obilježava kraj ovog procesa.
09:23
It's the final emancipation of the city
206
563160
2000
To je konačna emancipacija grada
09:25
from any apparent relationship with nature at all.
207
565160
3000
od bilo koje očigledne veze s prirodom.
09:28
And this is the kind of city that's devoid of smell,
208
568160
3000
Ovo je vrsta grada lišena smrada,
09:31
devoid of mess, certainly devoid of people,
209
571160
2000
lišena gužve, zasigurno lišena ljudi.
09:33
because nobody would have dreamed of walking in such a landscape.
210
573160
3000
Jer nitko nije ni sanjao da će hodati u ovakvom okruženju.
09:36
In fact, what they did to get food was they got in their cars,
211
576160
3000
Ustvari, da bi došli do hrane uzimali su svoje automobile,
09:39
drove to a box somewhere on the outskirts,
212
579160
3000
vozili se do kućice negdje u predgrađu,
09:42
came back with a week's worth of shopping,
213
582160
2000
vraćali se s tjednim zalihama kupovine,
09:44
and wondered what on earth to do with it.
214
584160
2000
i pitali se što da sada rade s tim.
09:46
And this really is the moment when our relationship,
215
586160
3000
I to je zasigurno trenutak kada se naša veza,
09:49
both with food and cities, changes completely.
216
589160
3000
i s hranom i s gradovima, u potpunosti mijenja.
09:52
Here we have food -- that used to be the center,
217
592160
3000
Ovdje imamo hranu -- koja je nekada bila centar,
09:55
the social core of the city -- at the periphery.
218
595160
3000
društvena jezgra grada -- u predgrađu.
09:58
It used to be a social event, buying and selling food.
219
598160
2000
Nekada je to bio društveni događaj, kupovina i prodaja hrane.
10:00
Now it's anonymous.
220
600160
2000
Sada je anonimno.
10:02
We used to cook; now we just add water,
221
602160
2000
Nekada smo kuhali; sada samo dodajemo vodu,
10:04
or a little bit of an egg if you're making a cake or something.
222
604160
5000
ili malo jaja ako radite tortu ili nešto.
10:09
We don't smell food to see if it's okay to eat.
223
609160
4000
Ne mirišemo hranu kako bismo osjetili je li je u redu jesti.
10:13
We just read the back of a label on a packet.
224
613160
3000
Samo pročitamo oznaku na pozadini paketa.
10:16
And we don't value food. We don't trust it.
225
616160
3000
I ne cijenimo hranu. Ne vjerujemo joj.
10:19
So instead of trusting it, we fear it.
226
619160
2000
Umjesto da joj vjerujemo, strah nas je.
10:21
And instead of valuing it, we throw it away.
227
621160
4000
Umjesto da je cijenimo, bacamo je.
10:25
One of the great ironies of modern food systems
228
625160
3000
Jedna od većih ironija modernog sustava prehrane
10:28
is that they've made the very thing they promised
229
628160
2000
je da su učinili ono što su obećali
10:30
to make easier much harder.
230
630160
2000
da jednostavnije učine težim.
10:32
By making it possible to build cities anywhere and any place,
231
632160
4000
Time što se omogućila izgradnja gradova bilo gdje i na bilo kojem mjestu,
10:36
they've actually distanced us from our most important relationship,
232
636160
4000
zapravo su nas distancirali od naše najvažnije veze,
10:40
which is that of us and nature.
233
640160
3000
one između nas i prirode.
10:43
And also they've made us dependent on systems that only they can deliver,
234
643160
3000
Također učinili su nas ovisnima o sustavu kojeg samo oni mogu isporučiti,
10:46
that, as we've seen, are unsustainable.
235
646160
2000
koji je, kao što smo vidjeli, neodrživ.
10:48
So what are we going to do about that?
236
648160
3000
I što ćemo poduzeti u vezi s tim?
10:51
It's not a new question.
237
651160
2000
To nije novo pitanje.
10:53
500 years ago it's what Thomas More was asking himself.
238
653160
4000
Prije 500 godina Thomas Moore se zapitao.
10:57
This is the frontispiece of his book "Utopia."
239
657160
3000
Ovo je naslovnica njegove knjige "Utopija".
11:00
And it was a series of semi-independent city-states,
240
660160
3000
Riječ je o nizu polu-neovisnih gradova-država,
11:03
if that sounds remotely familiar,
241
663160
2000
ako to zvuči imalo poznato,
11:05
a day's walk from one another where everyone was basically farming-mad,
242
665160
3000
na dan hoda udaljenosti jedan od drugoga gdje su svi bili ludi za uzgojem,
11:08
and grew vegetables in their back gardens,
243
668160
2000
i sadili su povrće u svojim vrtovima,
11:10
and ate communal meals together, and so on.
244
670160
2000
jeli zajedno zajedničke obroke, i tako dalje.
11:12
And I think you could argue that
245
672160
2000
Mislim da možemo reći da je
11:14
food is a fundamental ordering principle of Utopia,
246
674160
3000
hrana temeljno uređivačko načelo Utopije.
11:17
even though More never framed it that way.
247
677160
3000
Iako Moore nikada to nije na taj način formulirao.
11:20
And here is another very famous "Utopian" vision,
248
680160
3000
Ovdje je još jedna verzija poznate utopijske vizije,
11:23
that of Ebenezer Howard, "The Garden City."
249
683160
2000
ona Ebenezera Howardsa, "Vrtni grad".
11:25
Same idea: series of semi-independent city-states,
250
685160
3000
Ista zamisao. Niz polu-neovisnih gradova-država.
11:28
little blobs of metropolitan stuff with arable land around,
251
688160
4000
Male tvorevine metropola s okolnom obradivom zemljom,
11:32
joined to one another by railway.
252
692160
2000
povezane željeznicom.
11:34
And again, food could be said to be
253
694160
2000
I ponovno, za hranu se može reći da je
11:36
the ordering principle of his vision.
254
696160
3000
uređivačko načelo njegove vizije.
11:39
It even got built, but nothing to do with
255
699160
2000
Čak se i sagradila, ali nema nikakve veze s
11:41
this vision that Howard had.
256
701160
2000
vizijom koju je Howard imao.
11:43
And that is the problem with these Utopian ideas,
257
703160
3000
I to je problem s tim utopijskim idejama,
11:46
that they are Utopian.
258
706160
2000
to što su utopijske.
11:48
Utopia was actually a word that Thomas Moore used deliberately.
259
708160
3000
Utopija je zapravo bila riječ koju je Thomas Moore namjerno koristio.
11:51
It was a kind of joke, because it's got a double derivation from the Greek.
260
711160
4000
To je bila vrsta šale. Jer ima duplo značenje u grčkom jeziku.
11:55
It can either mean a good place, or no place.
261
715160
2000
Može označavati dobro mjesto ili nepostojanje mjesta.
11:57
Because it's an ideal. It's an imaginary thing. We can't have it.
262
717160
4000
Jer je idealno. Imaginarna stvar. Ne možemo je imati.
12:01
And I think, as a conceptual tool
263
721160
2000
Mislim da nam, kao konceptualni alat
12:03
for thinking about the very deep problem of human dwelling,
264
723160
3000
za razmišljanje o stvarno dubokom problemu ljudskog stanovanja
12:06
that makes it not much use.
265
726160
2000
baš i nije od koristi.
12:08
So I've come up with an alternative,
266
728160
3000
I tako sam smislila alternativu,
12:11
which is Sitopia, from the ancient Greek,
267
731160
3000
Sitopiju, iz starog grčkog,
12:14
"sitos" for food, and "topos" for place.
268
734160
2000
"sitos" je za hranu, a "topos" za mjesto.
12:16
I believe we already live in Sitopia.
269
736160
2000
Vjerujem da već živimo u Sitopiji.
12:18
We live in a world shaped by food,
270
738160
3000
Živimo u svijetu oblikovanom hranom,
12:21
and if we realize that, we can use food as a really powerful tool --
271
741160
3000
i ako to shvatimo, možemo koristiti hranu kao vrlo snažan alat --
12:24
a conceptual tool, design tool, to shape the world differently.
272
744160
4000
konceptualni alat, dizajnerski alat, da oblikujemo svijet drugačije.
12:28
So if we were to do that, what might Sitopia look like?
273
748160
5000
Ako to učinimo, kako bi Sitopija izgledala?
12:33
Well I think it looks a bit like this.
274
753160
2000
Mislim da pomalo izgleda ovako.
12:35
I have to use this slide. It's just the look on the face of the dog.
275
755160
2000
Morala sam uzeti ovu sliku. Samo zbog izgleda lica psa.
12:37
But anyway, this is -- (Laughter)
276
757160
3000
Ipak, ovo je -- (smijeh)
12:40
it's food at the center of life,
277
760160
2000
hrana je u središtu života,
12:42
at the center of family life, being celebrated,
278
762160
2000
u središtu obiteljskog života, slavi se,
12:44
being enjoyed, people taking time for it.
279
764160
2000
uživa se, ljudi odvajaju vrijeme za nju.
12:46
This is where food should be in our society.
280
766160
3000
Na ovaj način hrana treba postojati u našem društvu.
12:49
But you can't have scenes like this unless you have people like this.
281
769160
5000
Ali ne možete imati ovakve scene ako nemate ovakve ljude.
12:54
By the way, these can be men as well.
282
774160
2000
Usput rečeno, ovo mogu biti i muškarci.
12:56
It's people who think about food,
283
776160
3000
Ljudi su ti koji razmišljaju o hrani,
12:59
who think ahead, who plan,
284
779160
2000
koji razmišljaju unaprijed, planiraju,
13:01
who can stare at a pile of raw vegetables
285
781160
2000
koji mogu gledati u gomilu sirovog povrća
13:03
and actually recognize them.
286
783160
2000
i zaista ga prepoznati.
13:05
We need these people. We're part of a network.
287
785160
3000
Trebamo te ljude. Mi smo dio mreže.
13:08
Because without these kinds of people we can't have places like this.
288
788160
3000
Jer bez takve vrste ljudi ne možemo imati ovakva mjesta.
13:11
Here, I deliberately chose this because it is a man buying a vegetable.
289
791160
3000
Ovo sam namjerno odabrala jer muškarac kupuje povrće.
13:14
But networks, markets where food is being grown locally.
290
794160
4000
Ali mreže, tržnice na kojima se hrana lokalno uzgaja.
13:18
It's common. It's fresh.
291
798160
2000
To je zajedničko. Svježe je.
13:20
It's part of the social life of the city.
292
800160
2000
Dio je društvenog života grada.
13:22
Because without that, you can't have this kind of place,
293
802160
3000
Jer bez toga ne možete imati ovakva mjesta,
13:25
food that is grown locally and also is part of the landscape,
294
805160
3000
hranu koja se lokalno uzgaja i koja je dio okruženja,
13:28
and is not just a zero-sum commodity
295
808160
2000
i nije tek kompromisno rješenje,
13:30
off in some unseen hell-hole.
296
810160
2000
dolje iz neke nevidljive paklene rupe.
13:32
Cows with a view.
297
812160
2000
Krave s pogledom.
13:34
Steaming piles of humus.
298
814160
2000
Gomila humusa koja se pari.
13:36
This is basically bringing the whole thing together.
299
816160
3000
To zapravo povezuje cijelu stvar.
13:39
And this is a community project
300
819160
2000
Ovo je projekt zajednice
13:41
I visited recently in Toronto.
301
821160
2000
koju sam nedavno posjetila u Torontu.
13:43
It's a greenhouse, where kids get told
302
823160
2000
To je staklenik, u kojem se djeci priča
13:45
all about food and growing their own food.
303
825160
3000
o hrani i uzgoju vlastite hrane.
13:48
Here is a plant called Kevin, or maybe it's a
304
828160
3000
Ovdje je biljka koja se zove Kevin ili je možda
13:51
plant belonging to a kid called Kevin. I don't know.
305
831160
2000
biljka koja pripada djetetu koje se zove Kevin. Ne znam.
13:53
But anyway, these kinds of projects
306
833160
3000
Ali zapravo, ovakvi projekti
13:56
that are trying to reconnect us with nature is extremely important.
307
836160
4000
kojima se trudi povezati nas s prirodom su nevjerojatno značajni.
14:00
So Sitopia, for me, is really a way of seeing.
308
840160
2000
Tako je Sitopija, za mene zapravo način gledanja.
14:02
It's basically recognizing that Sitopia
309
842160
4000
To je u osnovi priznanje da Sitopija
14:06
already exists in little pockets everywhere.
310
846160
2000
već postoji u malim džepovima svugdje.
14:08
The trick is to join them up,
311
848160
2000
Trik ih je povezati,
14:10
to use food as a way of seeing.
312
850160
3000
da se hrana koristi kao način gledanja.
14:13
And if we do that, we're going to stop seeing cities
313
853160
3000
I ako to napravimo, prestat ćemo gledati gradove
14:16
as big, metropolitan, unproductive blobs, like this.
314
856160
3000
kao velike metropolske neproduktivne tvorevine, kao što je ova.
14:19
We're going to see them more like this,
315
859160
2000
Gledat ćemo ih više ovako,
14:21
as part of the productive, organic framework
316
861160
3000
kao dio produktivnog organskog okvira
14:24
of which they are inevitably a part,
317
864160
2000
u kojem čine neizbježan dio,
14:26
symbiotically connected.
318
866160
2000
simbiotski povezani.
14:28
But of course, that's not a great image either,
319
868160
2000
Ali naravno ni to nije sjajna slika.
14:30
because we need not to be producing food like this anymore.
320
870160
3000
Jer ne trebamo proizvoditi hranu više na ovaj način.
14:33
We need to be thinking more about permaculture,
321
873160
2000
Trebamo više razmišljati o permakulturi.
14:35
which is why I think this image just
322
875160
2000
Zbog toga mislim da ova slika jednostavno
14:37
sums up for me the kind of thinking we need to be doing.
323
877160
2000
sažimlje za mene način razmišljanja kojeg se moramo držati.
14:39
It's a re-conceptualization
324
879160
2000
To je rekonceptualizacija
14:41
of the way food shapes our lives.
325
881160
3000
načina na koji hrana oblikuje naše živote.
14:44
The best image I know of this is from 650 years ago.
326
884160
3000
Najbolja slika za koju znam je otprije 650 godina.
14:47
It's Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "Allegory of Good Government."
327
887160
3000
Ovo je "Alegorija dobre vladavine" Ambrogia Lorenzettija.
14:50
It's about the relationship between the city and the countryside.
328
890160
3000
Riječ je o vezi grada i sela.
14:53
And I think the message of this is very clear.
329
893160
3000
Mislim da je poruka vrlo jasna.
14:56
If the city looks after the country,
330
896160
2000
Ako se grad brine o selu,
14:58
the country will look after the city.
331
898160
2000
selo će se brinuti o gradu.
15:00
And I want us to ask now,
332
900160
2000
Želim da se sada upitamo
15:02
what would Ambrogio Lorenzetti paint
333
902160
3000
što bi Ambrogio Lorenzetti naslikao
15:05
if he painted this image today?
334
905160
2000
da slika ovaj prikaz danas.
15:07
What would an allegory of good government look like today?
335
907160
3000
Kako bi alegorija dobre vladavine danas izgledala?
15:10
Because I think it's an urgent question.
336
910160
2000
Jer mislim da je to goruće pitanje.
15:12
It's one we have to ask,
337
912160
2000
Ono je koje si moramo postaviti,
15:14
and we have to start answering.
338
914160
2000
I moramo početi odgovarati.
15:16
We know we are what we eat.
339
916160
3000
Znamo da smo ono što jedemo.
15:19
We need to realize that the world is also what we eat.
340
919160
2000
Trebamo shvatiti da je i svijet ono što jedemo.
15:21
But if we take that idea, we can use food
341
921160
2000
I ako prihvatimo tu ideju, možemo koristiti hranu
15:23
as a really powerful tool to shape the world better.
342
923160
4000
kao vrlo snažan alat da oblikujemo svijet nabolje.
15:27
Thank you very much.
343
927160
2000
Puno vam hvala.
15:29
(Applause)
344
929160
3000
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7