Carolyn Steel: How food shapes our cities

179,195 views ใƒป 2009-10-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ariella Cwikel ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
How do you feed a city?
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ืื™ืš ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืขื™ืจ?
00:16
It's one of the great questions of our time.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื ื•.
00:18
Yet it's one that's rarely asked.
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ืื•ืœื ื›ื–ื• ืฉื ืฉืืœืช ืจืง ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช.
00:20
We take it for granted that if we go into a shop
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืช
00:23
or restaurant, or indeed into this theater's foyer in about an hour's time,
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ืื• ืžืกืขื“ื”, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื” ื‘ืขืจืš,
00:27
there is going to be food there waiting for us,
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ื™ื—ื›ื” ืœื ื• ืฉื ืื•ื›ืœ,
00:30
having magically come from somewhere.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืคืœื ืžืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
00:32
But when you think that every day for a city the size of London,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
00:37
enough food has to be produced,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ,
00:40
transported, bought and sold,
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ืœืฉื ืข, ืœืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ,
00:43
cooked, eaten, disposed of,
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ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื•ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ,
00:47
and that something similar has to happen every day
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ื•ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
00:49
for every city on earth,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
00:51
it's remarkable that cities get fed at all.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืขื™ืจ.
00:54
We live in places like this as if
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื•
00:56
they're the most natural things in the world,
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ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:59
forgetting that because we're animals
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ื•ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:01
and that we need to eat,
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ื•ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:03
we're actually as dependent on the natural world
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™
01:07
as our ancient ancestors were.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
01:09
And as more of us move into cities,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืขืจื™ื,
01:11
more of that natural world is being
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:14
transformed into extraordinary landscapes like the one behind me --
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ื ื”ืคืš ืœื ื•ืคื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™,
01:17
it's soybean fields in Mato Grosso in Brazil --
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื“ื” ืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื’ืจื•ืกื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
01:20
in order to feed us.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:23
These are extraordinary landscapes,
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ืืœื• ื ื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.
01:25
but few of us ever get to see them.
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ืืš ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
01:27
And increasingly these landscapes
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื›ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื•
01:29
are not just feeding us either.
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ืœื ืจืง ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:31
As more of us move into cities,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจื™ื,
01:33
more of us are eating meat,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ,
01:35
so that a third of the annual grain crop globally
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:38
now gets fed to animals
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืื›ืœืช ื—ื™ื•ืช
01:40
rather than to us human animals.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืื›ืœืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
01:42
And given that it takes three times as much grain --
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ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื--
01:46
actually ten times as much grain --
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืคื™ ืขืฉืจ ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื-
01:48
to feed a human if it's passed through an animal first,
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ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื“ื ืื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ,
01:51
that's not a very efficient way of feeding us.
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ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:56
And it's an escalating problem too.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืžื—ืจื™ืคื”.
01:58
By 2050, it's estimated that twice the number
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ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื“ 2050, ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื
02:01
of us are going to be living in cities.
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ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
02:03
And it's also estimated that there is going to be twice as much
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ืฆืจื•ืš ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื
02:05
meat and dairy consumed.
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ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
02:07
So meat and urbanism are rising hand in hand.
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ืื– ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
02:12
And that's going to pose an enormous problem.
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ื•ื–ื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช.
02:14
Six billion hungry carnivores to feed,
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ืฉืฉ ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ืื•ื›ืœื™-ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ,
02:17
by 2050.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2050.
02:21
That's a big problem. And actually if we carry on as we are,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
02:23
it's a problem we're very unlikely to be able to solve.
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ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืชื•ืจ.
02:26
Nineteen million hectares of rainforest are lost every year
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190,000 ืงืž"ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื ื”ืจืกื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
02:30
to create new arable land.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืจืงืข ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
02:32
Although at the same time we're losing an equivalent amount
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ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”
02:35
of existing arables to salinization and erosion.
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ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื”ืชืžืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืกื—ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”.
02:39
We're very hungry for fossil fuels too.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืื“ ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
02:42
It takes about 10 calories to produce every calorie
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ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื”
02:45
of food that we consume in the West.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
02:49
And even though there is food that we are producing at great cost,
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ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ
02:53
we don't actually value it.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
02:55
Half the food produced in the USA is currently thrown away.
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื ื–ืจืง ื›ื™ื•ื.
02:59
And to end all of this, at the end of this long process,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื–ื”,
03:02
we're not even managing to feed the planet properly.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
03:05
A billion of us are obese, while a further billion starve.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉืžื ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืขื‘.
03:10
None of it makes very much sense.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘.
03:12
And when you think that 80 percent of global trade in food now
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื 80% ืžื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ
03:15
is controlled by just five multinational corporations,
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ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
03:20
it's a grim picture.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื’ื•ืžื”.
03:22
As we're moving into cities, the world is also embracing a Western diet.
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืจื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื’ื ืžืืžืฅ ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
03:25
And if we look to the future,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
03:28
it's an unsustainable diet.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™- ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช.
03:30
So how did we get here?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ?
03:32
And more importantly, what are we going to do about it?
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ืžื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”?
03:35
Well, to answer the slightly easier question first,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:39
about 10,000 years ago, I would say,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›10,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช
03:41
is the beginning of this process
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ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
03:43
in the ancient Near East,
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ืง,
03:45
known as the Fertile Crescent.
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• "ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”".
03:47
Because, as you can see, it was crescent shaped.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื”ืจ.
03:49
And it was also fertile.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืคื•ืจื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
03:51
And it was here, about 10,000 years ago,
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื
03:54
that two extraordinary inventions,
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ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช,
03:56
agriculture and urbanism, happened
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ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื–ื, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•
03:59
roughly in the same place and at the same time.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:02
This is no accident,
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื”.
04:04
because agriculture and cities are bound together. They need each other.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืขืจื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“. ื”ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•.
04:08
Because it was discovery of grain
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ,
04:10
by our ancient ancestors for the first time
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
04:13
that produced a food source that was large enough
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง
04:16
and stable enough to support permanent settlements.
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ืข.
04:20
And if we look at what those settlements were like,
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•,
04:22
we see they were compact.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:24
They were surrounded by productive farm land
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืžืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืคื•ืจื”
04:26
and dominated by large temple complexes
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ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื—ืžื™ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
04:29
like this one at Ur,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ,
04:31
that were, in fact, effectively,
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ืฉื”ื™ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”
04:33
spiritualized, central food distribution centers.
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ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื™ื, ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื
04:36
Because it was the temples that organized the harvest,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืฉืืจื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ,
04:39
gathered in the grain, offered it to the gods,
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ืืกืคื• ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”, ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืืœื™ื,
04:41
and then offered the grain that the gods didn't eat back to the people.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื”ืืœื™ื ืœื ืื›ืœื•, ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
04:45
So, if you like,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
04:47
the whole spiritual and physical life of these cities
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ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื ืืœื•
04:49
was dominated by the grain and the harvest
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ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ
04:52
that sustained them.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื.
04:55
And in fact, that's true of every ancient city.
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืขืชื™ืงื”.
04:58
But of course not all of them were that small.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
05:00
Famously, Rome had about a million citizens
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ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ, ืจื•ืžื, ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:03
by the first century A.D.
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ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื”.
05:05
So how did a city like this feed itself?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื™ืจ ื›ื–ื• ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”?
05:09
The answer is what I call "ancient food miles."
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ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช "ืžื™ื™ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืง".
05:12
Basically, Rome had access to the sea,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืœืจื•ืžื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื,
05:15
which made it possible for it to import food from a very long way away.
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ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื“.
05:18
This is the only way it was possible to do this in the ancient world,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
05:21
because it was very difficult to transport food over roads,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
05:24
which were rough.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
05:26
And the food obviously went off very quickly.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืœืงืœ ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ.
05:28
So Rome effectively waged war
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ืื– ืจื•ืžื ื—ืจื—ืจื” ืžืœื—ืžื”
05:30
on places like Carthage and Egypt
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงืจืชื’ื• ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื
05:33
just to get its paws on their grain reserves.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
05:35
And, in fact, you could say that the expansion of the Empire
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”
05:38
was really sort of one long, drawn out
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš, ืžืคืจืš
05:41
militarized shopping spree, really.
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื•ืช.
05:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:45
In fact -- I love the fact, I just have to mention this:
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”:
05:47
Rome in fact used to import oysters from London,
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ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื™ื‘ืื” ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
05:50
at one stage. I think that's extraordinary.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
05:52
So Rome shaped its hinterland
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ืžื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”
05:55
through its appetite.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”.
05:57
But the interesting thing is that the other thing also
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ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ
05:59
happened in the pre-industrial world.
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ืงืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื“ื-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
06:01
If we look at a map of London in the 17th century,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17,
06:04
we can see that its grain, which is coming in from the Thames,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืืœื• ื“ื’ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื ื”ืจ ื”ืชืžื–ื”,
06:07
along the bottom of this map.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:09
So the grain markets were to the south of the city.
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ืื– ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ.
06:12
And the roads leading up from them
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ื•ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืžื”ื
06:14
to Cheapside, which was the main market,
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ืœืฆ'ื™ืคืกื™ื™ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื™
06:16
were also grain markets.
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ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื“ื’ื ื™ื.
06:18
And if you look at the name of one of those streets,
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
06:20
Bread Street, you can tell
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"ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื", ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
06:23
what was going on there 300 years ago.
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ืžื” ืงืจื” ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ 300 ืฉื ื”.
06:26
And the same of course was true for fish.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืงืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื.
06:28
Fish was, of course, coming in by river as well. Same thing.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื”ืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ. ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
06:31
And of course Billingsgate, famously, was London's fish market,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืกื’ื™ื™ื˜, ืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
06:34
operating on-site here until the mid-1980s.
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ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
06:38
Which is extraordinary, really, when you think about it.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืืžืŸ, ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:40
Everybody else was wandering around
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืžืคื” ืœืฉื
06:42
with mobile phones that looked like bricks
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ืขื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
06:44
and sort of smelly fish happening down on the port.
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ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื—ื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ืžืœ.
06:47
This is another thing about food in cities:
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื:
06:50
Once its roots into the city are established,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข,
06:53
they very rarely move.
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ื”ื ื–ื–ื™ื ืจืง ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช.
06:55
Meat is a very different story
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ
06:57
because, of course, animals could walk into the city.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ.
06:59
So much of London's meat
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
07:01
was coming from the northwest,
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ-ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
07:03
from Scotland and Wales.
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ืžืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืœืก.
07:05
So it was coming in, and arriving at the city at the northwest,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก, ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘,
07:08
which is why Smithfield,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกืžื™ืช'ืคื™ืœื“,
07:10
London's very famous meat market, was located up there.
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ืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืงื ืคื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
07:13
Poultry was coming in from East Anglia and so on, to the northeast.
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ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžื–ืจื— ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”, ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘.
07:17
I feel a bit like a weather woman doing this. Anyway,
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ืื™ืช ื›ืจื’ืข. ืžื™ืœื.
07:18
and so the birds were coming in
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ืื– ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื•
07:22
with their feet protected with little canvas shoes.
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ื›ืฉืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืขืœื™ ืงื ื‘ืก ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
07:25
And then when they hit the eastern end
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™
07:27
of Cheapside, that's where they were sold,
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ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ืคืกื™ื™ื“, ืฉื ื”ื ื ืžื›ืจื•.
07:29
which is why it's called Poultry.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืคื•ืœื˜ืจื™" (ืขื•ืฃ).
07:31
And, in fact, if you look at the map of any city
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ
07:34
built before the industrial age,
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ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
07:38
you can trace food coming in to it.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”.
07:40
You can actually see how it was physically shaped by food,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
07:43
both by reading the names of the streets, which give you a lot of clues.
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ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
07:46
Friday Street, in a previous life,
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ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ (ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™), ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื,
07:48
is where you went to buy your fish on a Friday.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™.
07:50
But also you have to imagine it full of food.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ.
07:52
Because the streets and the public spaces
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
07:55
were the only places where food was bought and sold.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืงื ื” ื•ื ืžื›ืจ.
07:58
And if we look at an image of Smithfield in 1830
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ืช'ืคื™ืœื“ ื‘1830
08:01
you can see that it would have been very difficult to live in a city like this
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ื–ื•
08:04
and be unaware of where your food came from.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœืš.
08:06
In fact, if you were having Sunday lunch,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
08:08
the chances were it was mooing or bleating outside your window
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืขื” ืื• ื’ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœื•ื ืš
08:10
about three days earlier.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
08:12
So this was obviously an organic city,
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ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช,
08:15
part of an organic cycle.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
08:18
And then 10 years later everything changed.
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ื•ืื– 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
08:21
This is an image of the Great Western in 1840.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ื‘1840.
08:24
And as you can see, some of the earliest train passengers
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”
08:26
were pigs and sheep.
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื.
08:28
So all of a sudden, these animals are no longer walking into market.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืคืชืข, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”.
08:32
They're being slaughtered out of sight and mind,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื—ื˜ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืœื‘,
08:34
somewhere in the countryside.
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ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ื›ืคืจ.
08:36
And they're coming into the city by rail.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช.
08:38
And this changes everything.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
08:41
To start off with, it makes it possible
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ
08:43
for the first time to grow cities,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขืจื™ื,
08:44
really any size and shape, in any place.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
08:46
Cities used to be constrained by geography;
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ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”:
08:50
they used to have to get their food through very difficult physical means.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื.
08:53
All of a sudden they are effectively emancipated from geography.
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
08:57
And as you can see from these maps of London,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืžืคื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
09:00
in the 90 years after the trains came,
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ื‘90 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
09:02
it goes from being a little blob that was quite easy to feed
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืžื›ืชื ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ,
09:06
by animals coming in on foot, and so on,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื•ื›ื•',
09:08
to a large splurge,
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ืœืขื ืง ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™,
09:10
that would be very, very difficult to feed with anybody on foot,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”,
09:13
either animals or people.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
09:16
And of course that was just the beginning. After the trains came cars,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
09:19
and really this marks the end of this process.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ืงืฅ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
09:23
It's the final emancipation of the city
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ
09:25
from any apparent relationship with nature at all.
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ืžื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
09:28
And this is the kind of city that's devoid of smell,
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ื•ื–ื• ืขื™ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืจื™ื—,
09:31
devoid of mess, certainly devoid of people,
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ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื’ืŸ, ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:33
because nobody would have dreamed of walking in such a landscape.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืฃ.
09:36
In fact, what they did to get food was they got in their cars,
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
09:39
drove to a box somewhere on the outskirts,
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ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืงื•ืคืกื” ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื,
09:42
came back with a week's worth of shopping,
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ื—ื–ืจื• ืขื ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข,
09:44
and wondered what on earth to do with it.
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ื•ืชื”ื• ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”.
09:46
And this really is the moment when our relationship,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
09:49
both with food and cities, changes completely.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื ืื•ื›ืœ, ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
09:52
Here we have food -- that used to be the center,
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ- ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื”ืžืจื›ื–,
09:55
the social core of the city -- at the periphery.
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ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ- ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”.
09:58
It used to be a social event, buying and selling food.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื”ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ.
10:00
Now it's anonymous.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™.
10:02
We used to cook; now we just add water,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืขื ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื ืจืง ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ื,
10:04
or a little bit of an egg if you're making a cake or something.
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ืื• ืงืฆืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืื ืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื” ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
10:09
We don't smell food to see if it's okay to eat.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
10:13
We just read the back of a label on a packet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืชืคื•ื’ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื”.
10:16
And we don't value food. We don't trust it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
10:19
So instead of trusting it, we fear it.
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
10:21
And instead of valuing it, we throw it away.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืืฉืคื”.
10:25
One of the great ironies of modern food systems
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ืื—ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
10:28
is that they've made the very thing they promised
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•
10:30
to make easier much harder.
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ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
10:32
By making it possible to build cities anywhere and any place,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
10:36
they've actually distanced us from our most important relationship,
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ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:40
which is that of us and nature.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:43
And also they've made us dependent on systems that only they can deliver,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื• ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืจืง ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง,
10:46
that, as we've seen, are unsustainable.
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ืืฉืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
10:48
So what are we going to do about that?
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ืื– ืžื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”?
10:51
It's not a new question.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
10:53
500 years ago it's what Thomas More was asking himself.
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ืœืคื ื™ 500 ืฉื ื” ืชื•ืžืก ืžื•ืจ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
10:57
This is the frontispiece of his book "Utopia."
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ื–ื” ืื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื• "ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”".
11:00
And it was a series of semi-independent city-states,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช-ืœืžื—ืฆื”,
11:03
if that sounds remotely familiar,
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ืื ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืื™ืคืฉื”ื•,
11:05
a day's walk from one another where everyone was basically farming-mad,
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ืžืจื—ืง ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื–ื• ืžื–ื•, ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
11:08
and grew vegetables in their back gardens,
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ื•ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
11:10
and ate communal meals together, and so on.
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ื•ืื›ืœื• ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
11:12
And I think you could argue that
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขืœ ื›ืš
11:14
food is a fundamental ordering principle of Utopia,
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ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื“ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”.
11:17
even though More never framed it that way.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืš.
11:20
And here is another very famous "Utopian" vision,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื—ื–ื•ืŸ "ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™" ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื ื•ืกืฃ,
11:23
that of Ebenezer Howard, "The Garden City."
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืขื–ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“, "ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื".
11:25
Same idea: series of semi-independent city-states,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ. ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช-ืœืžื—ืฆื”.
11:28
little blobs of metropolitan stuff with arable land around,
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ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื“ืžืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
11:32
joined to one another by railway.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื‘ืžืกื™ืœืช ืจื›ื‘ืช.
11:34
And again, food could be said to be
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ
11:36
the ordering principle of his vision.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
11:39
It even got built, but nothing to do with
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ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื‘ื ืชื”, ืืš ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ
11:41
this vision that Howard had.
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“.
11:43
And that is the problem with these Utopian ideas,
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ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื™ื,
11:46
that they are Utopian.
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื™ื.
11:48
Utopia was actually a word that Thomas Moore used deliberately.
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ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ืžื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
11:51
It was a kind of joke, because it's got a double derivation from the Greek.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช.
11:55
It can either mean a good place, or no place.
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื• ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
11:57
Because it's an ideal. It's an imaginary thing. We can't have it.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื™ื“ืืœ. ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื•.
12:01
And I think, as a conceptual tool
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื›ืœื™ ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื•ืืœื™
12:03
for thinking about the very deep problem of human dwelling,
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ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
12:06
that makes it not much use.
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ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืš.
12:08
So I've come up with an alternative,
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
12:11
which is Sitopia, from the ancient Greek,
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ืฉื”ื™ื "ืกื™ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”", ืžื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
12:14
"sitos" for food, and "topos" for place.
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"ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก" ืžืฉืžืขื” ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•"ื˜ื•ืคื•ืก"- ืžืงื•ื.
12:16
I believe we already live in Sitopia.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”.
12:18
We live in a world shaped by food,
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ,
12:21
and if we realize that, we can use food as a really powerful tool --
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ื•ืื ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื“-
12:24
a conceptual tool, design tool, to shape the world differently.
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ื›ืœื™ ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื•ืืœื™, ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจืช.
12:28
So if we were to do that, what might Sitopia look like?
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืกื™ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”?
12:33
Well I think it looks a bit like this.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš.
12:35
I have to use this slide. It's just the look on the face of the dog.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื–ื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘.
12:37
But anyway, this is -- (Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื–ื”- (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:40
it's food at the center of life,
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ื–ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:42
at the center of family life, being celebrated,
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
12:44
being enjoyed, people taking time for it.
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ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ.
12:46
This is where food should be in our society.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืคื•ืก ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:49
But you can't have scenes like this unless you have people like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืกืฆื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
12:54
By the way, these can be men as well.
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ืื’ื‘, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื’ื‘ืจ.
12:56
It's people who think about food,
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ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ,
12:59
who think ahead, who plan,
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื,
13:01
who can stare at a pile of raw vegetables
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื
13:03
and actually recognize them.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
13:05
We need these people. We're part of a network.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฉืช.
13:08
Because without these kinds of people we can't have places like this.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ืœื ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื•.
13:11
Here, I deliberately chose this because it is a man buying a vegetable.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ื’ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื ื” ื™ืจืง.
13:14
But networks, markets where food is being grown locally.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช, ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืžื›ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื™ื“ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
13:18
It's common. It's fresh.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื–ื” ื˜ืจื™.
13:20
It's part of the social life of the city.
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
13:22
Because without that, you can't have this kind of place,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื•,
13:25
food that is grown locally and also is part of the landscape,
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ,
13:28
and is not just a zero-sum commodity
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืฆืจืš ืกื›ื•ื-ืืคืก,
13:30
off in some unseen hell-hole.
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ืžืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืจ ื ื™ื“ื—.
13:32
Cows with a view.
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ืคืจื•ืช ืขื ื ื•ืฃ.
13:34
Steaming piles of humus.
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ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืก.
13:36
This is basically bringing the whole thing together.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“.
13:39
And this is a community project
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™
13:41
I visited recently in Toronto.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•.
13:43
It's a greenhouse, where kids get told
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ื–ื• ื—ืžืžื”, ื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
13:45
all about food and growing their own food.
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ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืขืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
13:48
Here is a plant called Kevin, or maybe it's a
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ื–ื” ืฆืžื— ืฉื ืงืจื "ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ", ืื• ืื•ืœื™
13:51
plant belonging to a kid called Kevin. I don't know.
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ื–ื” ืฆืžื— ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช.
13:53
But anyway, these kinds of projects
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื•
13:56
that are trying to reconnect us with nature is extremely important.
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ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื.
14:00
So Sitopia, for me, is really a way of seeing.
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ืื– ืกื™ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช.
14:02
It's basically recognizing that Sitopia
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืกื™ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”
14:06
already exists in little pockets everywhere.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
14:08
The trick is to join them up,
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ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืจืฃ ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“,
14:10
to use food as a way of seeing.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ื“ืจืš ืจืื™ื™ื”.
14:13
And if we do that, we're going to stop seeing cities
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ื•ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืขืจื™ื
14:16
as big, metropolitan, unproductive blobs, like this.
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ื›ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
14:19
We're going to see them more like this,
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ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš,
14:21
as part of the productive, organic framework
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกื’ืจืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ืžื ื™ื‘ื”
14:24
of which they are inevitably a part,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”,
14:26
symbiotically connected.
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ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™.
14:28
But of course, that's not a great image either,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื–ืืช ืœื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
14:30
because we need not to be producing food like this anymore.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:33
We need to be thinking more about permaculture,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคืจืžืงืœืฆ'ืจ.
14:35
which is why I think this image just
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
14:37
sums up for me the kind of thinking we need to be doing.
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ืžืกื›ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
14:39
It's a re-conceptualization
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉื’ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ
14:41
of the way food shapes our lives.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
14:44
The best image I know of this is from 650 years ago.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 650 ืฉื ื”.
14:47
It's Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "Allegory of Good Government."
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื‘ืจื•ื’'ื™ื• ืœื•ืจื ื–ื˜ื™, "ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘".
14:50
It's about the relationship between the city and the countryside.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื›ืคืจ.
14:53
And I think the message of this is very clear.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ืคื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื“.
14:56
If the city looks after the country,
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ืื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืœื›ืคืจ,
14:58
the country will look after the city.
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ื”ื›ืคืจ ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืขื™ืจ.
15:00
And I want us to ask now,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืืœ
15:02
what would Ambrogio Lorenzetti paint
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ืžื” ืืžื‘ืจื•ื’'ื™ื• ืœื•ืจื ื–ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ,
15:05
if he painted this image today?
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ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
15:07
What would an allegory of good government look like today?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื?
15:10
Because I think it's an urgent question.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื“ื—ื•ืคื”.
15:12
It's one we have to ask,
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ื›ื–ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
15:14
and we have to start answering.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
15:16
We know we are what we eat.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
15:19
We need to realize that the world is also what we eat.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
15:21
But if we take that idea, we can use food
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื ืงื— ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ
15:23
as a really powerful tool to shape the world better.
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ื›ื›ืœื™ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื“ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
15:27
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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