Carolyn Steel: How food shapes our cities

180,710 views ใƒป 2009-10-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Zyi Ryong Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Pil Joon Jeon
00:12
How do you feed a city?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:16
It's one of the great questions of our time.
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์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
00:18
Yet it's one that's rarely asked.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
We take it for granted that if we go into a shop
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๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ์‹๋‹น์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
00:23
or restaurant, or indeed into this theater's foyer in about an hour's time,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฏค ๋’ค ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๊ณณ ๋กœ๋น„์— ๋„์ฐฉ์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด,
00:27
there is going to be food there waiting for us,
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์Œ์‹์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
having magically come from somewhere.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋งˆ์ˆ ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์ด ์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
00:32
But when you think that every day for a city the size of London,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ •๋„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ
00:37
enough food has to be produced,
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๋งค์ผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์Œ์‹์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ,
00:40
transported, bought and sold,
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์šด์†ก๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋œ ํ›„,
00:43
cooked, eaten, disposed of,
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์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:47
and that something similar has to happen every day
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋งค์ผ
00:49
for every city on earth,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
00:51
it's remarkable that cities get fed at all.
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๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
We live in places like this as if
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ
00:56
they're the most natural things in the world,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:59
forgetting that because we're animals
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋„ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:01
and that we need to eat,
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๋จน์–ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
01:03
we're actually as dependent on the natural world
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋“ฏ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„
01:07
as our ancient ancestors were.
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์ž์—ฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ง๊ฐํ•œ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
And as more of us move into cities,
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ,
01:11
more of that natural world is being
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์—ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
01:14
transformed into extraordinary landscapes like the one behind me --
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์•„์ฃผ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋งˆํƒ€ ๊ทธ๋กœ์˜ ์ฝฉ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
01:17
it's soybean fields in Mato Grosso in Brazil --
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๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
in order to feed us.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
These are extraordinary landscapes,
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๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ํ’๊ฒฝ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:25
but few of us ever get to see them.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
And increasingly these landscapes
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š”
01:29
are not just feeding us either.
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์‹๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์–‘๋„ ์ ์ฐจ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
As more of us move into cities,
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๋„์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ด์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
01:33
more of us are eating meat,
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์œก๋ฅ˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,
01:35
so that a third of the annual grain crop globally
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„๊ณก๋ฌผ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 1/3์€
01:38
now gets fed to animals
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹์šฉ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ,
01:40
rather than to us human animals.
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๋™๋ฌผ์‚ฌ์œก์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
And given that it takes three times as much grain --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์˜ 3๋ฐฐ,
01:46
actually ten times as much grain --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค 10๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด
01:48
to feed a human if it's passed through an animal first,
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์‹์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
01:51
that's not a very efficient way of feeding us.
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์ด๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
01:56
And it's an escalating problem too.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ ์  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
By 2050, it's estimated that twice the number
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2050๋…„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ 2๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”
02:01
of us are going to be living in cities.
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์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
And it's also estimated that there is going to be twice as much
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œก๋ฅ˜์™€ ์œ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๋„
02:05
meat and dairy consumed.
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2๋ฐฐ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
So meat and urbanism are rising hand in hand.
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์œก๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋„์‹œํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฆ๊ฐ€์„ธ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:12
And that's going to pose an enormous problem.
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์ด๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Six billion hungry carnivores to feed,
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60์–ต์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์œก์‹๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:17
by 2050.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ 2050๋…„์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
That's a big problem. And actually if we carry on as we are,
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:23
it's a problem we're very unlikely to be able to solve.
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Nineteen million hectares of rainforest are lost every year
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๋งค๋…„ 1,900๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ์ด
02:30
to create new arable land.
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์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:32
Although at the same time we're losing an equivalent amount
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ด์— ๋งž๋จน๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€๊ฐ€
02:35
of existing arables to salinization and erosion.
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์—ผ๋ฅ˜ํ™”์™€ ์นจ์‹ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
We're very hungry for fossil fuels too.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์—๋„ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
It takes about 10 calories to produce every calorie
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์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ 1์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ ๋‹น
02:45
of food that we consume in the West.
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์•ฝ 10์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
And even though there is food that we are producing at great cost,
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ํฐ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
02:53
we don't actually value it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
02:55
Half the food produced in the USA is currently thrown away.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
And to end all of this, at the end of this long process,
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋•Œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
03:02
we're not even managing to feed the planet properly.
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๋‹น์žฅ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋˜‘๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
A billion of us are obese, while a further billion starve.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ 10์–ต์ด ๋น„๋งŒ์ด๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 10์–ต์€ ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:10
None of it makes very much sense.
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๋ง์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
And when you think that 80 percent of global trade in food now
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ 80ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ
03:15
is controlled by just five multinational corporations,
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๋‹จ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:20
it's a grim picture.
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์ •๋ง ๋ฌด์‹œ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์ฃ .
03:22
As we're moving into cities, the world is also embracing a Western diet.
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๋„์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ด์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‹๋‹จ์ด ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:25
And if we look to the future,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ณธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด,
03:28
it's an unsustainable diet.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
So how did we get here?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ง€๊ฒฝ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:32
And more importantly, what are we going to do about it?
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:35
Well, to answer the slightly easier question first,
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์ž, ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์‰ฌ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์ฃ .
03:39
about 10,000 years ago, I would say,
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1๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์ด
03:41
is the beginning of this process
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์ด๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ • - ๋„์‹œ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ - ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
in the ancient Near East,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ทผ๋™ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ '๋น„์˜ฅํ•œ ์ดˆ์Šน๋‹ฌ ์ง€์—ญ'*์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:45
known as the Fertile Crescent.
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(*๋น„์˜ฅํ•œ ์ดˆ์Šน๋‹ฌ ์ง€์—ญ: ๋‚˜์ผ๊ฐ•, ํ‹ฐ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ•, ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ดˆ์Šน๋‹ฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋†์—…์ง€๋Œ€)
03:47
Because, as you can see, it was crescent shaped.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ดˆ์Šน๋‹ฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
And it was also fertile.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„์˜ฅํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
And it was here, about 10,000 years ago,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 1๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „
03:54
that two extraordinary inventions,
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
agriculture and urbanism, happened
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋†๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
roughly in the same place and at the same time.
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๋Œ€๋žต ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
This is no accident,
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
because agriculture and cities are bound together. They need each other.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋†๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ฃ .
04:08
Because it was discovery of grain
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๊ณก๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:10
by our ancient ancestors for the first time
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์กฐ๋“ค์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ
04:13
that produced a food source that was large enough
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์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
04:16
and stable enough to support permanent settlements.
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์‹ํ’ˆ์›์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
And if we look at what those settlements were like,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
04:22
we see they were compact.
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์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฝ‰ ์งœ์—ฌ์ ธ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
They were surrounded by productive farm land
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:26
and dominated by large temple complexes
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฅด*์˜ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ, (*์šฐ๋ฅด: BC 3์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต ์ˆ˜๋ฉ”๋ฅด์ธ์ด ๊ฑด์„คํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜)
04:29
like this one at Ur,
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ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ์›์ด ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
that were, in fact, effectively,
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์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ
04:33
spiritualized, central food distribution centers.
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์˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ค ์ค‘์•™ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Because it was the temples that organized the harvest,
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์ถ”์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์•„,
04:39
gathered in the grain, offered it to the gods,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ”์น˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„,
04:41
and then offered the grain that the gods didn't eat back to the people.
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์‹ ๊ป˜์„œ ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฌ์›์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด์ฃ .
04:45
So, if you like,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
the whole spiritual and physical life of these cities
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์ด ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”
04:49
was dominated by the grain and the harvest
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๊ณก๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
04:52
that sustained them.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์˜์ , ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์ „๋ถ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
And in fact, that's true of every ancient city.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
But of course not all of them were that small.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ „๋ถ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
Famously, Rome had about a million citizens
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๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ๋งˆ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
05:03
by the first century A.D.
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๊ธฐ์›ํ›„ 1์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 1๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
So how did a city like this feed itself?
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์ด ์ •๋„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:09
The answer is what I call "ancient food miles."
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์ œ๊ฐ€ "๊ณ ๋Œ€์‹๋Ÿ‰์ˆ˜์†ก๊ฒฝ๋กœ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
Basically, Rome had access to the sea,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ๋งˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
which made it possible for it to import food from a very long way away.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋จผ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:18
This is the only way it was possible to do this in the ancient world,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:21
because it was very difficult to transport food over roads,
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์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ—˜์ค€ํ•œ ์œก๋กœ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:24
which were rough.
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๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
And the food obviously went off very quickly.
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๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:28
So Rome effectively waged war
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋กœ๋งˆ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
on places like Carthage and Egypt
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์นด๋ฅดํƒ€๊ณ ์™€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
05:33
just to get its paws on their grain reserves.
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๊ณก๋ฌผ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์†์— ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€์ฃ .
05:35
And, in fact, you could say that the expansion of the Empire
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์€
05:38
was really sort of one long, drawn out
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๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋™์›ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ํ™œ๋™์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
05:41
militarized shopping spree, really.
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๋ณด์•„๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:45
In fact -- I love the fact, I just have to mention this:
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์‚ฌ์‹ค - ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ผญ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
Rome in fact used to import oysters from London,
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๋กœ๋งˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•œ ๋•Œ [์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ตด์„ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.]
05:50
at one stage. I think that's extraordinary.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ํŠน์ดํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:52
So Rome shaped its hinterland
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋กœ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
05:55
through its appetite.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹์š•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
But the interesting thing is that the other thing also
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด
05:59
happened in the pre-industrial world.
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์‚ฐ์—…์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
If we look at a map of London in the 17th century,
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17์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
06:04
we can see that its grain, which is coming in from the Thames,
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ํƒฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
along the bottom of this map.
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์ด ์ง€๋„ ์•„๋žซ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
So the grain markets were to the south of the city.
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๊ณก๋ฌผ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
And the roads leading up from them
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” '์นฉ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ'* (*์˜์–ด์–ด์›์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ, ํ…œ์ฆˆ๊ฐ• ์ด๋ถ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด์ง€๊ตฌ.)
06:14
to Cheapside, which was the main market,
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๋กœ ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋„๋กœ
06:16
were also grain markets.
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์—ญ์‹œ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์‹œ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
And if you look at the name of one of those streets,
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'๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฟ'* ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, (*์•ฝ 14์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์นฉ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋™์ผ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋นต์„ ๊ตฝ๊ณ , ํŒ”๋˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ.)
06:20
Bread Street, you can tell
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ 3๋ฐฑ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
06:23
what was going on there 300 years ago.
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:26
And the same of course was true for fish.
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์ƒ์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
Fish was, of course, coming in by river as well. Same thing.
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์ƒ์„ ๋„ ๊ฐ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”์ฃ . ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
And of course Billingsgate, famously, was London's fish market,
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'๋นŒ๋ง์Šค๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ'๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์šด์˜๋˜๋˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์‹œ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
operating on-site here until the mid-1980s.
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(*17์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํ…œ์ฆˆ๊ฐ• ์ด๋ถ, ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šด์˜์ค‘)
06:38
Which is extraordinary, really, when you think about it.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ „๋ถ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
Everybody else was wandering around
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”์™€
06:42
with mobile phones that looked like bricks
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ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ƒ์„ ์„
06:44
and sort of smelly fish happening down on the port.
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๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋…”์ฃ .
06:47
This is another thing about food in cities:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์  ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:50
Once its roots into the city are established,
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์ผ๋‹จ ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉด,
06:53
they very rarely move.
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์ข€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
Meat is a very different story
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์œก๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
because, of course, animals could walk into the city.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:59
So much of London's meat
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์œก๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
07:01
was coming from the northwest,
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๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์ง€๋ฐฉ,
07:03
from Scotland and Wales.
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์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์›จ์ผ์ฆˆ์—์„œ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
So it was coming in, and arriving at the city at the northwest,
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:08
which is why Smithfield,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์œก๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์ธ
07:10
London's very famous meat market, was located up there.
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์Šค๋ฏธ์Šคํ•„๋“œ*๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ฃ . (*์•ฝ 800๋…„ ์ „ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์œก๋ฅ˜๋„๋งค์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ์šด์˜์ค‘.)
07:13
Poultry was coming in from East Anglia and so on, to the northeast.
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๊ฐ€๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์•ต๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
I feel a bit like a weather woman doing this. Anyway,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ข€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์˜ˆ๋ณด๊ด€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
and so the birds were coming in
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๊ฐ€๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค ์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ž‘์€ ์‹ ์„
07:22
with their feet protected with little canvas shoes.
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์‹ ๊ฒจ์„œ ๋“ค์—ฌ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
And then when they hit the eastern end
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์นฉ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๋™์ชฝ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ
07:27
of Cheapside, that's where they were sold,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋งค๋งค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
which is why it's called Poultry.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์„ 'ํŒŒ์šธํŠธ๋ฆฌ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
And, in fact, if you look at the map of any city
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด์ „์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„
07:34
built before the industrial age,
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์–ด๋Š ๋„์‹œ๋“  ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:38
you can trace food coming in to it.
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์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
You can actually see how it was physically shaped by food,
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
07:43
both by reading the names of the streets, which give you a lot of clues.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:46
Friday Street, in a previous life,
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'ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋ฐ์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฟ'์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—
07:48
is where you went to buy your fish on a Friday.
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๊ธˆ์š”์ผ ๋‚  ์ƒ์„ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋˜ ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:50
But also you have to imagine it full of food.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
Because the streets and the public spaces
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด
07:55
were the only places where food was bought and sold.
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์‹ํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
And if we look at an image of Smithfield in 1830
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1830๋…„์˜ '์Šค๋ฏธ์Šคํ•„๋“œ'์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
08:01
you can see that it would have been very difficult to live in a city like this
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์› ๊ณ ,
08:04
and be unaware of where your food came from.
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์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จน์„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฐธ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
In fact, if you were having Sunday lunch,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ผ์š”์ผ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:08
the chances were it was mooing or bleating outside your window
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€๋žต 3์ผ ์ „ ์ฏค์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฐฝ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์—์„œ๋Š”
08:10
about three days earlier.
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๊ฐ€์ถ•๋“ค์ด ์šธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:12
So this was obviously an organic city,
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์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช… ์ƒํƒœ์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
part of an organic cycle.
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์œ ๊ธฐ์  ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:18
And then 10 years later everything changed.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 10๋…„ ํ›„ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
This is an image of the Great Western in 1840.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ 1840๋…„์˜ '๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ์ฒ ๋„'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
And as you can see, some of the earliest train passengers
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ด๋“ค ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์Šน๊ฐ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š”
08:26
were pigs and sheep.
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๋ผ์ง€์™€ ์–‘์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:28
So all of a sudden, these animals are no longer walking into market.
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๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‹œ์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑท์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
They're being slaughtered out of sight and mind,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ์•ผ์™€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋„์ถ•๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
somewhere in the countryside.
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์‹œ๊ณจ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
And they're coming into the city by rail.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ๋„์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And this changes everything.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
To start off with, it makes it possible
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ
08:43
for the first time to grow cities,
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๊ทœ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
08:44
really any size and shape, in any place.
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์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:46
Cities used to be constrained by geography;
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๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
they used to have to get their food through very difficult physical means.
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๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ์™€์•ผํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:53
All of a sudden they are effectively emancipated from geography.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ œ์•ฝ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
And as you can see from these maps of London,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด,
09:00
in the 90 years after the trains came,
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๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ง€ 90๋…„ ํ›„,
09:02
it goes from being a little blob that was quite easy to feed
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:06
by animals coming in on foot, and so on,
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์‹ํ’ˆ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌํ˜•์—์„œ
09:08
to a large splurge,
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๊ฐ€์ถ•์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜
09:10
that would be very, very difficult to feed with anybody on foot,
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๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด
09:13
either animals or people.
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ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
And of course that was just the beginning. After the trains came cars,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
and really this marks the end of this process.
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์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์€ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ข…๋ง์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:23
It's the final emancipation of the city
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์ด๋กœ์„œ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์˜
09:25
from any apparent relationship with nature at all.
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๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
And this is the kind of city that's devoid of smell,
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์ด์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋„์‹œ,
09:31
devoid of mess, certainly devoid of people,
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์ง€์ €๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๊ณ , ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
because nobody would have dreamed of walking in such a landscape.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ’๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
In fact, what they did to get food was they got in their cars,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ 
09:39
drove to a box somewhere on the outskirts,
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๋„์‹œ์™ธ๊ณฝ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์Šคํ˜• ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
09:42
came back with a week's worth of shopping,
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1์ฃผ์ผ์น˜ ์žฅ์„ ๋ด์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
and wondered what on earth to do with it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์‚ฐ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:46
And this really is the moment when our relationship,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:49
both with food and cities, changes completely.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
Here we have food -- that used to be the center,
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์ ์ด๋˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด
09:55
the social core of the city -- at the periphery.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚˜๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
It used to be a social event, buying and selling food.
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์Œ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
Now it's anonymous.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
We used to cook; now we just add water,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ผ€์ต ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ,
10:04
or a little bit of an egg if you're making a cake or something.
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๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ“๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ„๋ž€์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ์ž‘์ด์ฃ .
10:09
We don't smell food to see if it's okay to eat.
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์Œ์‹์ด ๋จน์„๋งŒ ํ•œ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
We just read the back of a label on a packet.
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๊ทธ์ € ํฌ์žฅ์— ๋ถ™์€ ๋ผ๋ฒจ์„ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
10:16
And we don't value food. We don't trust it.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
10:19
So instead of trusting it, we fear it.
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์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
And instead of valuing it, we throw it away.
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์†Œ์ค‘ํžˆ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
10:25
One of the great ironies of modern food systems
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ํ’ˆ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ˆœ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
10:28
is that they've made the very thing they promised
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•ด ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
10:30
to make easier much harder.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
By making it possible to build cities anywhere and any place,
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์žฅ์†Œ์— ๊ตฌ์• ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ,
10:36
they've actually distanced us from our most important relationship,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ํ’ˆ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
which is that of us and nature.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
And also they've made us dependent on systems that only they can deliver,
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๋˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ ํ†ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:46
that, as we've seen, are unsustainable.
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๋ณด์…จ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
So what are we going to do about that?
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์ž ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
10:51
It's not a new question.
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์ด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
500 years ago it's what Thomas More was asking himself.
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500๋…„ ์ „, ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋ชจ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
This is the frontispiece of his book "Utopia."
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ "์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„"์˜ ๊ถŒ๋‘์–ธ์„ ์žฅ์‹ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
And it was a series of semi-independent city-states,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ (semi-independent) ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
if that sounds remotely familiar,
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๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์™€๋‹ฟ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
11:05
a day's walk from one another where everyone was basically farming-mad,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ณ  ํ…ƒ๋ฐญ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ณ 
11:08
and grew vegetables in their back gardens,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
11:10
and ate communal meals together, and so on.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:12
And I think you could argue that
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
food is a fundamental ordering principle of Utopia,
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์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์›์น™์ด๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
even though More never framed it that way.
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๋ชจ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:20
And here is another very famous "Utopian" vision,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
that of Ebenezer Howard, "The Garden City."
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—๋ฒ ๋„ค์ € ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ์˜ "๊ฐ€๋“  ์‹œํ‹ฐ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
Same idea: series of semi-independent city-states,
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ด์ฃ . ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋…๋ฆฝ์  ๋„์‹œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
little blobs of metropolitan stuff with arable land around,
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์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌํ˜•์˜ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:32
joined to one another by railway.
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์„œ๋กœ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
And again, food could be said to be
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์Œ์‹์€
11:36
the ordering principle of his vision.
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"๊ฐ€๋“ ์‹œํ‹ฐ" ์˜ ์›์น™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
It even got built, but nothing to do with
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
11:41
this vision that Howard had.
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ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ์˜ ๋น„์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
And that is the problem with these Utopian ideas,
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๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด
11:46
that they are Utopian.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„์  ๋น„์ „์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด์ฃ .
11:48
Utopia was actually a word that Thomas Moore used deliberately.
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์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋ชจ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
It was a kind of joke, because it's got a double derivation from the Greek.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋†๋‹ด์ด์—ˆ์ฃ . ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:55
It can either mean a good place, or no place.
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์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ณณ, ํ˜น์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
Because it's an ideal. It's an imaginary thing. We can't have it.
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์ด์ƒ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
And I think, as a conceptual tool
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ,
12:03
for thinking about the very deep problem of human dwelling,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
12:06
that makes it not much use.
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๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
So I've come up with an alternative,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
which is Sitopia, from the ancient Greek,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ "์‹œํ† ํ”ผ์•„"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
"sitos" for food, and "topos" for place.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด์˜ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” "์‹œํ† ์Šค"์™€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” "ํ† ํฌ์Šค"๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:16
I believe we already live in Sitopia.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์จ ์‹œํ† ํ”ผ์•„์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
We live in a world shaped by food,
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์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์ง“๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
12:21
and if we realize that, we can use food as a really powerful tool --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
a conceptual tool, design tool, to shape the world differently.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋นš์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ, ๋””์ž์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
So if we were to do that, what might Sitopia look like?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹œํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:33
Well I think it looks a bit like this.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
I have to use this slide. It's just the look on the face of the dog.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ผญ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์† ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‘œ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
But anyway, this is -- (Laughter)
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์จŒ๋“ ... ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ... (์›ƒ์Œ)
12:40
it's food at the center of life,
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์‚ถ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ถ€์— ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
at the center of family life, being celebrated,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š”,
12:44
being enjoyed, people taking time for it.
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๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์Œ์‹์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
This is where food should be in our society.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
But you can't have scenes like this unless you have people like this.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
By the way, these can be men as well.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
It's people who think about food,
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์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
12:59
who think ahead, who plan,
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
13:01
who can stare at a pile of raw vegetables
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์Œ“์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ผ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ,
13:03
and actually recognize them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
We need these people. We're part of a network.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
Because without these kinds of people we can't have places like this.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์†Œ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
13:11
Here, I deliberately chose this because it is a man buying a vegetable.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ผ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
13:14
But networks, markets where food is being grown locally.
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ด์ฃ .
13:18
It's common. It's fresh.
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
13:20
It's part of the social life of the city.
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์‹ํ’ˆ์€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
Because without that, you can't have this kind of place,
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์‹ํ’ˆ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
food that is grown locally and also is part of the landscape,
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์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์—ญ ํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
and is not just a zero-sum commodity
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์‹ํ’ˆ์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
13:30
off in some unseen hell-hole.
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์ œ๋กœ์„ฌ ์ผ์šฉํ’ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
Cows with a view.
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์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ’๊ฒฝ.
13:34
Steaming piles of humus.
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๊น€์ด ์†Ÿ์•„์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ํ‡ด๋น„๋”๋ฏธ.
13:36
This is basically bringing the whole thing together.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
And this is a community project
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
I visited recently in Toronto.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์— ๋‹ค๋…€์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
It's a greenhouse, where kids get told
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ
13:45
all about food and growing their own food.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Here is a plant called Kevin, or maybe it's a
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์ผ€๋นˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฐ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด
13:51
plant belonging to a kid called Kevin. I don't know.
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์ผ€๋นˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜ ํ™”์ดˆ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ.
13:53
But anyway, these kinds of projects
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค,
13:56
that are trying to reconnect us with nature is extremely important.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ด์–ด์ฃผ๋ ค๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
So Sitopia, for me, is really a way of seeing.
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์‹œํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
It's basically recognizing that Sitopia
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์šฐ์„  ์ด๋ฏธ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
14:06
already exists in little pockets everywhere.
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์‹œํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
The trick is to join them up,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ž์—ฌ์„œ
14:10
to use food as a way of seeing.
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์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
And if we do that, we're going to stop seeing cities
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋น„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ์  ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ
14:16
as big, metropolitan, unproductive blobs, like this.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
We're going to see them more like this,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต๋“ค์„ ๋” ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
as part of the productive, organic framework
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ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
14:24
of which they are inevitably a part,
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๊ณต์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ,
14:26
symbiotically connected.
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์ , ์œ ๊ธฐ์  ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
But of course, that's not a great image either,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
because we need not to be producing food like this anymore.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
We need to be thinking more about permaculture,
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ํผ๋งˆ์ปฌ์ณ*์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(*์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋†์—…๊ณผ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์–ด)
14:35
which is why I think this image just
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์™œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„
14:37
sums up for me the kind of thinking we need to be doing.
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์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ฃ .
14:39
It's a re-conceptualization
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
of the way food shapes our lives.
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์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋นš๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์ฃ .
14:44
The best image I know of this is from 650 years ago.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” 650๋…„ ์ „์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
14:47
It's Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "Allegory of Good Government."
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์•”๋ธŒ๋กœ์ง€์˜ค ๋กœ๋ Œ์ œ๋ ์˜ "์ข‹์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ"*๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (*14์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ์—๋‚˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝ”ํ™”๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ.)
14:50
It's about the relationship between the city and the countryside.
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์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
And I think the message of this is very clear.
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์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
If the city looks after the country,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๋Œ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:58
the country will look after the city.
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์ž์—ฐ๋„ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
And I want us to ask now,
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์ด์ œ ๋˜์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
15:02
what would Ambrogio Lorenzetti paint
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์•”๋ธŒ๋กœ์ง€์˜ค ๋กœ๋ Œ์ œ๋ ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:05
if he painted this image today?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
What would an allegory of good government look like today?
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:10
Because I think it's an urgent question.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
15:12
It's one we have to ask,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฌธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ,
15:14
and we have to start answering.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
We know we are what we eat.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž„์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
We need to realize that the world is also what we eat.
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์„ธ์ƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
But if we take that idea, we can use food
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
15:23
as a really powerful tool to shape the world better.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์จ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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