Capitalism will eat democracy -- unless we speak up | Yanis Varoufakis

1,248,580 views ใƒป 2016-02-15

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Katherine Cho ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
Democracy.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜.
00:14
In the West,
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์„œ์–‘์—์„œ๋Š”
00:16
we make a colossal mistake taking it for granted.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹น์—ฐ์‹œ ์—ฌ๊น€์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
We see democracy
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ
00:21
not as the most fragile of flowers that it really is,
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์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
00:26
but we see it as part of our society's furniture.
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๊ทธ์ € ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
We tend to think of it as an intransigent given.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋น„ํƒ€ํ˜‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
We mistakenly believe that capitalism begets inevitably democracy.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
It doesn't.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew and his great imitators in Beijing
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์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด์˜ ๋ฆฌ์ฝด์œ ์™€ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ž๋“ค์€
00:45
have demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋„ ์—†์ด
00:48
that it is perfectly possible to have a flourishing capitalism,
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์œต์„ฑํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
00:52
spectacular growth,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
while politics remains democracy-free.
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์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ •์น˜ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
Indeed, democracy is receding in our neck of the woods,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
here in Europe.
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์ด ๊ณณ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:04
Earlier this year, while I was representing Greece --
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๊ธˆ๋…„ ์ดˆ์—, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ถœ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ
01:07
the newly elected Greek government --
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์œ ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ
01:10
in the Eurogroup as its Finance Minister,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
01:12
I was told in no uncertain terms that our nation's democratic process --
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€
01:17
our elections --
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€
01:19
could not be allowed to interfere
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์—
01:21
with economic policies that were being implemented in Greece.
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๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์šฉ๋‚ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
At that moment,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ์—
01:26
I felt that there could be no greater vindication of Lee Kuan Yew,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์ฝด์œ ์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋‚˜
01:30
or the Chinese Communist Party,
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๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:32
indeed of some recalcitrant friends of mine who kept telling me
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์ ์ธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ 
01:36
that democracy would be banned if it ever threatened to change anything.
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์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
Tonight, here, I want to present to you
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
01:44
an economic case for an authentic democracy.
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
I want to ask you to join me in believing again
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:53
that Lee Kuan Yew,
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๋ฆฌ์ฝด์œ ์™€
01:56
the Chinese Communist Party
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์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น
01:57
and indeed the Eurogroup
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด
01:59
are wrong in believing that we can dispense with democracy --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
02:03
that we need an authentic, boisterous democracy.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
And without democracy,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด๋Š”
02:10
our societies will be nastier,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ ์  ๊ณ ์•ฝํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
02:13
our future bleak
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์•”์šธํ•ด ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
and our great, new technologies wasted.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ญ๋น„๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Speaking of waste,
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๋‚ญ๋น„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊น€์—
02:19
allow me to point out an interesting paradox
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์—ญ์„ค์„
02:22
that is threatening our economies as we speak.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
I call it the twin peaks paradox.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ •์  ์—ญ์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
One peak you understand --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
02:28
you know it, you recognize it --
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์•Œ๊ณ , ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์ ์€
02:30
is the mountain of debts that has been casting a long shadow
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š”
02:35
over the United States, Europe, the whole world.
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์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋นš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
We all recognize the mountain of debts.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋นš๋”๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
But few people discern its twin.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์— ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
A mountain of idle cash
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์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Œ“์ธ ์œ ํœด์ž๊ธˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
belonging to rich savers and to corporations,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ €์ถ•์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค ์†Œ์œ ๋กœ
02:53
too terrified to invest it
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
into the productive activities that can generate the incomes
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์†Œ๋“์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์—ฌ
02:59
from which you can extinguish the mountain of debts
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋นš์„ ์ฒญ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
03:02
and which can produce all those things that humanity desperately needs,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์ ˆํžˆ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„์š”.
03:06
like green energy.
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์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
Now let me give you two numbers.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
Over the last three months,
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ
03:11
in the United States, in Britain and in the Eurozone,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ, ์˜๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ๋กœ์กด์—์„œ
03:14
we have invested, collectively, 3.4 trillion dollars
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ 3์กฐ 4์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
on all the wealth-producing goods --
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌํ™”๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
03:21
things like industrial plants, machinery,
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์‚ฐ์—… ๋‹จ์ง€, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„
03:24
office blocks, schools,
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์‚ฌ๋ฌด์šฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ, ํ•™๊ต
03:26
roads, railways, machinery, and so on and so forth.
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๋„๋กœ, ์ฒ ๋„, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
$3.4 trillion sounds like a lot of money
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3์กฐ 4์ฒœ์–ต์ด๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
03:32
until you compare it to the $5.1 trillion
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ 5์กฐ 1์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
03:36
that has been slushing around in the same countries,
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ
03:39
in our financial institutions,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ
03:41
doing absolutely nothing during the same period
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•„๋ฌด ์ผ๋„ ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
except inflating stock exchanges and bidding up house prices.
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์ฃผ์‹๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ํญ์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน ์ž…์ฐฐ์„ ๋นผ๊ณ ๋Š”์š”.
03:50
So a mountain of debt and a mountain of idle cash
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นš๊ณผ ์œ ํœด์ž๊ธˆ์€
03:55
form twin peaks, failing to cancel each other out
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์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ •์ƒ ์ž‘๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‡„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ 
03:59
through the normal operation of the markets.
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๋‘ ์ •์ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
The result is stagnant wages,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด๋œ ์ž„๊ธˆ
04:05
more than a quarter of 25- to 54-year-olds in America, in Japan and in Europe
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ 25์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 54์„ธ์˜ ์ง์žฅ์ธ 1/4์ด
04:11
out of work.
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์‹ค์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
And consequently, low aggregate demand,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ด์ˆ˜์š”๋Š”
04:14
which in a never-ending cycle,
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๋ฌดํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์ ธ์„œ
04:17
reinforces the pessimism of the investors,
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ํˆฌ์ž์ž์˜ ๋น„๊ด€์  ์ „๋ง์„ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
who, fearing low demand, reproduce it by not investing --
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ คํ•ด ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
exactly like Oedipus' father,
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€
04:27
who, terrified by the prophecy of the oracle
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์‹ ํƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:29
that his son would grow up to kill him,
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์‹ ํƒ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ผ์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:32
unwittingly engineered the conditions
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
04:34
that ensured that Oedipus, his son, would kill him.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
This is my quarrel with capitalism.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์˜ ์ด๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
Its gross wastefulness,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ญ๋น„์™€
04:43
all this idle cash,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ํœด์ž๊ธˆ์€
04:44
should be energized to improve lives,
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์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
04:49
to develop human talents,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
04:50
and indeed to finance all these technologies,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ
04:53
green technologies,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์žฌ์›์„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
04:54
which are absolutely essential for saving planet Earth.
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๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
Am I right in believing that democracy might be the answer?
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งž๋‚˜์š”?
05:01
I believe so,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
but before we move on,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—
05:04
what do we mean by democracy?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:06
Aristotle defined democracy
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์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š”
05:08
as the constitution in which the free and the poor,
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž์œ  ํ–‰์œ„์ž์™€ ๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ์ž๋“ค์ด
05:13
being in the majority, control government.
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์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
Now, of course Athenian democracy excluded too many.
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์ง€๊ธˆ, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Women, migrants and, of course, the slaves.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ, ์ด์ฃผ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
But it would be a mistake
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ
05:25
to dismiss the significance of ancient Athenian democracy
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:28
on the basis of whom it excluded.
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์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
What was more pertinent,
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๋”์šฑ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ 
05:32
and continues to be so about ancient Athenian democracy,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:36
was the inclusion of the working poor,
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์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
05:40
who not only acquired the right to free speech,
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์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์–ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:45
but more importantly, crucially,
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๋”์šฑ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
05:47
they acquired the rights to political judgments
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์„ธ์— ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
05:50
that were afforded equal weight
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๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ •์น˜์  ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์€
05:52
in the decision-making concerning matters of state.
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๋นˆ๊ณค ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ํฌํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
Now, of course, Athenian democracy didn't last long.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
Like a candle that burns brightly, it burned out quickly.
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์–‘์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ง€๋งŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํƒ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:03
And indeed,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ
06:04
our liberal democracies today do not have their roots in ancient Athens.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
They have their roots in the Magna Carta,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ '๋งˆ๊ทธ๋‚˜ ์นด๋ฅดํƒ€' ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
in the 1688 Glorious Revolution,
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1688๋…„ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ˜๋ช…์—์„œ
06:14
indeed in the American constitution.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
Whereas Athenian democracy was focusing on the masterless citizen
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
and empowering the working poor,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋นˆ๊ณค ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์œจ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
our liberal democracies are founded on the Magna Carta tradition,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ—Œ์žฅ์ด ๋œ
06:29
which was, after all, a charter for masters.
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'๋งˆ๊ทธ๋‚˜ ์นด๋ฅดํƒ€' ์ „ํ†ต์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
And indeed, liberal democracy only surfaced when it was possible
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ณผ์ •์„
06:36
to separate fully the political sphere from the economic sphere,
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์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
06:40
so as to confine the democratic process fully in the political sphere,
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์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€๋งŒ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ™” ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
leaving the economic sphere --
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์—
06:47
the corporate world, if you want --
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์‚ฌ์—… ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
as a democracy-free zone.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
06:53
Now, in our democracies today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ๋Š”
06:56
this separation of the economic from the political sphere,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
07:00
the moment it started happening,
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„
07:02
it gave rise to an inexorable, epic struggle between the two,
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ํž˜์„ ์ถ•๋‚ด๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ์„ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”
07:06
with the economic sphere colonizing the political sphere,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ ๋‘ ์˜์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:10
eating into its power.
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๊ฑฐ์นจ์—†๋Š” ํˆฌ์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
Have you wondered why politicians are not what they used to be?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์™œ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ด์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
07:16
It's not because their DNA has degenerated.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ DNA๊ฐ€ ํ‡ดํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:20
It is rather because one can be in government today and not in power,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
because power has migrated from the political to the economic sphere,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์€ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
which is separate.
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๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:31
Indeed,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ
07:32
I spoke about my quarrel with capitalism.
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์ €๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ ์ด๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
If you think about it,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:36
it is a little bit like a population of predators,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋จน์–ด์น˜์šธ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ฐ๋“ค์„
07:41
that are so successful in decimating the prey that they must feed on,
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€
07:46
that in the end they starve.
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๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
Similarly,
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
07:49
the economic sphere has been colonizing and cannibalizing the political sphere
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜์—ญ์€ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ์„ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:53
to such an extent that it is undermining itself,
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์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
07:57
causing economic crisis.
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์†Œ๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
Corporate power is increasing,
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๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํž˜์€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:00
political goods are devaluing,
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์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
inequality is rising,
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ 
08:05
aggregate demand is falling
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์ด์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
and CEOs of corporations are too scared to invest the cash of their corporations.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  CEO๋“ค์€ ๋‘๋ ค์›€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
So the more capitalism succeeds in taking the demos out of democracy,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์›๋“ค์„ ์ง€์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
08:20
the taller the twin peaks
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์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ •์ ์€ ๋†’์•„์ ธ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:21
and the greater the waste of human resources
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์ธ์  ์ž์›๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถ€์—
08:25
and humanity's wealth.
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๋‚ญ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
Clearly, if this is right,
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๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:30
we must reunite the political and economic spheres
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
and better do it with a demos being in control,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
08:37
like in ancient Athens except without the slaves
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๋…ธ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ 
08:40
or the exclusion of women and migrants.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์›๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œ ํ•˜์— ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:44
Now, this is not an original idea.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
The Marxist left had that idea 100 years ago
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๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ 100๋…„๋„ ์ „์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋…์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
and it didn't go very well, did it?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:50
The lesson that we learned from the Soviet debacle
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์€
08:54
is that only by a miracle will the working poor be reempowered,
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๋นˆ๊ณค ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์œจ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
as they were in ancient Athens,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋งŒํ–‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚ญ๋น„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
09:02
without creating new forms of brutality and waste.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
But there is a solution:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
eliminate the working poor.
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๋นˆ๊ณค ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
Capitalism's doing it
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š”
09:12
by replacing low-wage workers with automata, androids, robots.
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์ €์ž„๊ธˆ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ ์žฅ์น˜๋‚˜ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋กœ๋ด‡์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
The problem is
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
09:20
that as long as the economic and the political spheres are separate,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ
09:23
automation makes the twin peaks taller,
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์ž๋™ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ •์ ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
09:28
the waste loftier
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๋‚ญ๋น„๋Š” ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
09:30
and the social conflicts deeper,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ๊นŠ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
including --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:34
soon, I believe --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š”
09:35
in places like China.
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์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
So we need to reconfigure,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
we need to reunite the economic and the political spheres,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:44
but we'd better do it by democratizing the reunified sphere,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฌํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
lest we end up with a surveillance-mad hyperautocracy
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๊ฐ์‹œ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์ดˆ๋…์žฌ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด์š”.
09:55
that makes The Matrix, the movie, look like a documentary.
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๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ํ™”, ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
10:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:01
So the question is not whether capitalism will survive
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ํ˜์‹ ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
the technological innovations it is spawning.
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10:07
The more interesting question
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๋”์šฑ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
10:09
is whether capitalism will be succeeded by something resembling a Matrix dystopia
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์ด์ƒํ–ฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ์ง€
10:15
or something much closer to a Star Trek-like society,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ๋ ‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์„œ
10:19
where machines serve the humans
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผํ•˜๊ณ 
10:22
and the humans expend their energies exploring the universe
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋ฉฐ
10:26
and indulging in long debates about the meaning of life
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ด‘์žฅ์—์„œ
10:30
in some ancient, Athenian-like, high tech agora.
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์‚ถ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜๊ธด ํ† ๋ก ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:36
I think we can afford to be optimistic.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ผ ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
But what would it take,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:42
what would it look like
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:44
to have this Star Trek-like utopia, instead of the Matrix-like dystopia?
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๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ˜์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ๋ ‰ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด์š”.
10:50
In practical terms,
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
10:51
allow me to share just briefly,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ
10:53
a couple of examples.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
At the level of the enterprise,
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๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ
10:56
imagine a capital market,
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์ž๋ณธ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:59
where you earn capital as you work,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์–ป๊ณ 
11:02
and where your capital follows you from one job to another,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ด ํ•œ ์ง์—…์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ
๋˜ ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:08
from one company to another,
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11:09
and the company --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š”
11:11
whichever one you happen to work at at that time --
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์–ด๋””๋“  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€
11:14
is solely owned by those who happen to work in it at that moment.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์— ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
Then all income stems from capital, from profits,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์ž๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ต์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
and the very concept of wage labor becomes obsolete.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธ‰๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์‹์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
No more separation between those who own but do not work in the company
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ
11:35
and those who work but do not own the company;
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
no more tug-of-war between capital and labor;
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ค„๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
no great gap between investment and saving;
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ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ์˜ˆ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
indeed, no towering twin peaks.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋†’์ด ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ •์ ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
At the level of the global political economy,
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ
11:53
imagine for a moment
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์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:54
that our national currencies have a free-floating exchange rate,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์œจ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์š”๋™์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
with a universal, global, digital currency,
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๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ „์ž ํ™”ํ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์š”.
12:03
one that is issued by the International Monetary Fund,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ†ตํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ๊ณผ
12:07
the G-20,
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G20์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
on behalf of all humanity.
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12:11
And imagine further
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:12
that all international trade is denominated in this currency --
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ™”ํ๋กœ ์•ก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
let's call it "the cosmos,"
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ "The Cosmos" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:19
in units of cosmos --
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"Cosmos" ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ๋Š”
12:21
with every government agreeing to be paying into a common fund
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋ถ“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:26
a sum of cosmos units proportional to the country's trade deficit,
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"Cosmos"์˜ ์ด์•ก์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ง€ ์ ์ž์™€
12:31
or indeed to a country's trade surplus.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ง€ ํ‘์ž์™€ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
And imagine that that fund is utilized to invest in green technologies,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์ด ๋…น์ƒ‰๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:40
especially in parts of the world where investment funding is scarce.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ž๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
This is not a new idea.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
It's what, effectively, John Maynard Keynes proposed
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€, ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ ์กด ๋ฉ”์ด๋‚˜๋“œ ์ผ€์ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ 1994๋…„
12:51
in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference.
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๋ธŒ๋ ˆํ„ด์šฐ์ฆˆ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
The problem is
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
12:57
that back then, they didn't have the technology to implement it.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
Now we do,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
especially in the context of a reunified political-economic sphere.
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ํŠนํžˆ, ์žฌํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
The world that I am describing to you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์€
13:11
is simultaneously libertarian,
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ž์œ ๋ก ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ
13:13
in that it prioritizes empowered individuals,
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์ž์œจ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:18
Marxist,
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๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์ž๋Š”
13:19
since it will have confined to the dustbin of history
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žŠํ˜€์งˆ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
the division between capital and labor,
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์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ
13:25
and Keynesian,
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์ผ€์ธ์Šค ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ
13:27
global Keynesian.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ผ€์ธ์Šค ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
But above all else,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
13:31
it is a world in which we will be able to imagine an authentic democracy.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
Will such a world dawn?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:40
Or shall we descend into a Matrix-like dystopia?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ˜์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
13:44
The answer lies in the political choice that we shall be making collectively.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ •์น˜์  ์„ ํƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
It is our choice,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด๊ณ 
13:51
and we'd better make it democratically.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:01
Bruno Giussani: Yanis ...
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ ์ง€์šฐ์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ: ์•ผ๋‹ˆ์Šค ...
14:03
It was you who described yourself in your bios as a libertarian Marxist.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ž์œ ๋ก ์  ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
What is the relevance of Marx's analysis today?
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
14:14
Yanis Varoufakis: Well, if there was any relevance in what I just said,
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์•ผ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ”๋ฃจํŒŒํ‚ค์Šค : ์Œ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:17
then Marx is relevant.
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๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
Because the whole point of reunifying the political and economic is --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜์—ญ ์žฌํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
14:22
if we don't do it,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:23
then technological innovation is going to create
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๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ์ด
์ด์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
such a massive fall in aggregate demand,
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14:27
what Larry Summers refers to as secular stagnation.
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๋ž˜๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๊ฐ€ "์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์นจ์ฒด" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ปซ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
With this crisis migrating from one part of the world,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
14:35
as it is now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ๋Š”
14:37
it will destabilize not only our democracies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:39
but even the emerging world that is not that keen on liberal democracy.
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์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ ํฅ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
So if this analysis holds water, then Marx is absolutely relevant.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ด์น˜์— ๋งž์œผ๋ฉด, ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
But so is Hayek,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜์ด์—ํฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
that's why I'm a libertarian Marxist,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ ์˜์ง€์  ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์ž์ธ ์ด์œ ์ด๊ณ 
14:51
and so is Keynes,
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์ผ€์ธ์Šค ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
14:52
so that's why I'm totally confused.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:56
BG: Indeed, and possibly we are too, now.
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BG: ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:59
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:01
YV: If you are not confused, you are not thinking, OK?
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YV: ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
15:04
BG: That's a very, very Greek philosopher kind of thing to say --
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BG: ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์ด๊ตฐ์š”.
15:07
YV: That was Einstein, actually --
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YV: ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ํ•œ ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
BG: During your talk you mentioned Singapore and China,
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BG: ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
and last night at the speaker dinner,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด์ ฏ ๋ฐค ์—ฐ์‚ฌ ์ดˆ์ฒญ ์ €๋… ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ
15:13
you expressed a pretty strong opinion about how the West looks at China.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
Would you like to share that?
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๊ทธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:20
YV: Well, there's a great degree of hypocrisy.
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YV: ์Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์œ„์„ ์ด๊ตฐ์š”.
15:23
In our liberal democracies, we have a semblance of democracy.
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์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
It's because we have confined, as I was saying in my talk,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด
15:30
democracy to the political sphere,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์— ์ œํ•œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
15:32
while leaving the one sphere where all the action is --
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
15:35
the economic sphere --
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ตฌ๋Š”
15:36
a completely democracy-free zone.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋†”๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
In a sense,
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋Š”
15:40
if I am allowed to be provocative,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:43
China today is closer to Britain in the 19th century.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํก์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
Because remember,
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
15:49
we tend to associate liberalism with democracy --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
15:51
that's a mistake, historically.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
Liberalism, liberal, it's like John Stuart Mill.
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์ง„๋ณด์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ์€ John Stuart Mill ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
John Stuart Mill was particularly skeptical about the democratic process.
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John Stuart Mill์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์„ ํ’ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
So what you are seeing now in China is a very similar process
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š”
16:06
to the one that we had in Britain during the Industrial Revolution,
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํก์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
especially the transition from the first to the second.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
And to be castigating China
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด
16:15
for doing that which the West did in the 19th century,
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์„œ์–‘์ด 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฑ…๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:18
smacks of hypocrisy.
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์œ„์„ ์˜ ๋‚Œ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:21
BG: I am sure that many people here are wondering about your experience
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BG: ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด
16:25
as the Finance Minister of Greece earlier this year.
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๊ธˆ๋…„ ์ดˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
YV: I knew this was coming.
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YV: ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ง์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
BG: Yes.
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BG: ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
BG: Six months after,
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BG: 6๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„,
16:32
how do you look back at the first half of the year?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ 6๊ฐœ์›”์„ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:35
YV: Extremely exciting, from a personal point of view,
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YV: ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ 
16:38
and very disappointing,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
because we had an opportunity to reboot the Eurozone.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋กœ์กด์„ ์žฌ๊ฐ€๋™ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
Not just Greece, the Eurozone.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์œ ๋กœ์กด์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
To move away from the complacency
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์•ˆ์ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์™€
16:48
and the constant denial that there was a massive --
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
16:51
and there is a massive architectural fault line
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๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š”
16:54
going through the Eurozone,
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์œ ๋กœ์กด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š”
16:56
which is threatening, massively, the whole of the European Union process.
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๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
We had an opportunity on the basis of the Greek program --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
which by the way,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
17:05
was the first program to manifest that denial --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์„ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
17:09
to put it right.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
And, unfortunately,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์šดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„
17:12
the powers in the Eurozone,
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์œ ๋กœ์กด์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์€
17:14
in the Eurogroup,
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์œ ๋กœ์กด ์•ˆ์—์„œ
17:16
chose to maintain denial.
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๋ถ€์ •์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
But you know what happens.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
This is the experience of the Soviet Union.
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์ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
When you try to keep alive
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ
17:23
an economic system that architecturally cannot survive,
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์ •์น˜์  ์˜์ง€์™€ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜๋กœ
17:28
through political will and through authoritarianism,
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๋•Œ
17:31
you may succeed in prolonging it,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์†ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
17:32
but when change happens
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
17:34
it happens very abruptly and catastrophically.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐธํ˜นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:37
BG: What kind of change are you foreseeing?
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BG: ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
17:39
YV: Well, there's no doubt
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YV: ์Œ, ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€
17:40
that if we don't change the architecture of the Eurozone,
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์œ ๋กœ์กด์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
17:43
the Eurozone has no future.
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์œ ๋กœ์กด์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:44
BG: Did you make any mistakes when you were Finance Minister?
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BG: ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์žฌ๋ฌด ์žฅ๊ด€์ผ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ผ๋„ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
17:47
YV: Every day.
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EV: ๋งค์ผ ๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
BG: For example? YV: Anybody who looks back --
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BG: ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด์š”? YV: ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ --
17:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
17:56
No, but seriously.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ์ •๋ง์š”.
17:57
If there's any Minister of Finance, or of anything else for that matter,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง์—…์—์„œ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€์นœ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
18:01
who tells you after six months in a job,
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๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•œ ์ง€ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์•„๋ฌด ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ 
18:03
especially in such a stressful situation,
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๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด,
18:07
that they have made no mistake, they're dangerous people.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:09
Of course I made mistakes.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:11
The greatest mistake was to sign the application
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š”
18:13
for the extension of a loan agreement
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์ฐจ๊ด€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ๋ฅผ
18:16
in the end of February.
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2์›” ๋ง์— ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:17
I was imagining
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ํŽธ์— ์„œ๋Š”
18:18
that there was a genuine interest on the side of the creditors
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18:21
to find common ground.
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:23
And there wasn't.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:24
They were simply interested in crushing our government,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ
18:27
just because they did not want
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์œ ๋กœ์กด์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š”
18:28
to have to deal with the architectural fault lines
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๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™์  ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์–ด์„œ
18:31
that were running through the Eurozone.
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์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:33
And because they didn't want to admit
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 5๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฐธํ˜นํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„
18:35
that for five years they were implementing a catastrophic program in Greece.
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์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:39
We lost one-third of our nominal GDP.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ช…๋ชฉ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:42
This is worse than the Great Depression.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๋‚˜์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:44
And no one has come clean
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ถœ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํŠธ๋กœ์ด์นด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
18:45
from the troika of lenders that have been imposing this policy
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ "๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฑ…์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”." ๋ผ๊ณ 
18:48
to say, "This was a colossal mistake."
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์‹คํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:51
BG: Despite all this,
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BG: ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
18:52
and despite the aggressiveness of the discussion,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
18:55
you seem to be remaining quite pro-European.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์นœ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
YV: Absolutely.
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YV: ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:58
Look, my criticism of the European Union and the Eurozone
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์œ ๋กœ์กด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ ๋น„ํ‰์ด
19:02
comes from a person who lives and breathes Europe.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„ ์ˆจ์‰ฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:07
My greatest fear is that the Eurozone will not survive.
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์ €์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์€ ์œ ๋กœ์กด์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:11
Because if it doesn't,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด,
19:12
the centrifugal forces that will be unleashed
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์ด‰๋ฐœ๋  ์›์‹ฌ๋ ฅ์€
19:15
will be demonic,
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์•…๋งˆ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
19:17
and they will destroy the European Union.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:19
And that will be catastrophic not just for Europe
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์ด๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
19:21
but for the whole global economy.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ํŒŒ๋ฉธ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:23
We are probably the largest economy in the world.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ผ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:27
And if we allow ourselves
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ
19:29
to fall into a route of the postmodern 1930's,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
19:32
which seems to me to be what we are doing,
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1930๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋˜์˜ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:34
then that will be detrimental
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—
19:36
to the future of Europeans and non-Europeans alike.
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๋งค์šฐ ํ•ด๋กœ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:40
BG: We definitely hope you are wrong on that point.
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BG: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ผญ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ ์š”์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‹€๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
Yanis, thank you for coming to TED.
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์•ผ๋‹ˆ์Šค, TED์— ์™€ ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:44
YV: Thank you.
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YV: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:45
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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