Paula Johnson: His and hers ... healthcare

76,993 views ใƒป 2014-01-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Some of my most wonderful memories of childhood
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™
00:15
are of spending time with my grandmother, Mamar,
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืขื ืกื‘ืชื™, ืžืืžืืจ,
00:18
in our four-family home in Brooklyn, New York.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืข-ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
00:22
Her apartment was an oasis.
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ื“ื™ืจืชื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ื•ื”-ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
00:25
It was a place where I could sneak a cup of coffee,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”,
00:27
which was really warm milk with just a touch of caffeine.
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ืฉืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื‘ ื—ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืช ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:31
She loved life.
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ื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:34
And although she worked in a factory,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ,
00:36
she saved her pennies and she traveled to Europe.
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ื—ืกื›ื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื ืกืขื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:39
And I remember poring over those pictures with her
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
00:43
and then dancing with her to her favorite music.
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ื•ืื—ืจ ืจืงื“ืชื™ ืื™ืชื” ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื”.
00:47
And then, when I was eight and she was 60,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช 8 ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 60,
00:52
something changed.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
00:54
She no longer worked or traveled.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
00:56
She no longer danced.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืงื“ื”.
00:58
There were no more coffee times.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืงืคื”.
01:00
My mother missed work and took her to doctors
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ืืžื™ ืœื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื
01:03
who couldn't make a diagnosis.
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ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
01:05
And my father, who worked at night, would spend every afternoon with her,
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ื•ืื‘ื™, ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘,
01:10
just to make sure she ate.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœืช.
01:13
Her care became all-consuming for our family.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื” ื“ืจืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื•.
01:18
And by the time a diagnosis was made,
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ื•ื›ืฉืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ,
01:20
she was in a deep spiral.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
01:22
Now many of you will recognize her symptoms.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื–ื”ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:26
My grandmother had depression.
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ืกื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื“ื›ืื•ืŸ.
01:29
A deep, life-altering depression,
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ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:32
from which she never recovered.
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ืฉืžืžื ื• ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื”.
01:35
And back then, so little was known about depression.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ.
01:39
But even today, 50 years later,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื—ืจื™ 50 ืฉื ื”,
01:42
there's still so much more to learn.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
01:45
Today, we know that women are 70 percent more likely
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘-70% ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:50
to experience depression over their lifetimes
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ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ
01:53
compared with men.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:56
And even with this high prevalence,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:58
women are misdiagnosed between 30 and 50 percent of the time.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 30 ืœ-50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:05
Now we know that women are more likely
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:08
to experience the symptoms of fatigue, sleep disturbance,
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ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”,
02:13
pain and anxiety compared with men.
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ื›ืื‘ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:16
And these symptoms are often overlooked
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื”
02:18
as symptoms of depression.
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ื›ืืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ.
02:21
And it isn't only depression in which these sex differences occur,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
02:25
but they occur across so many diseases.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“.
02:30
So it's my grandmother's struggles
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื‘ืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื™
02:32
that have really led me on a lifelong quest.
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ื”ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™.
02:35
And today, I lead a center in which the mission
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื•
02:39
is to discover why these sex differences occur
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
02:42
and to use that knowledge
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื–ื”
02:44
to improve the health of women.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
02:47
Today, we know that every cell has a sex.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืœื›ืœ ืชื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ.
02:51
Now, that's a term coined by the Institute of Medicine.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื ื˜ื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™
02:55
And what it means is that men and women are different
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
02:59
down to the cellular and molecular levels.
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ืขื“ ืœืจืžืช ื”ืชื ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”.
03:04
It means that we're different across all of our organs.
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•.
03:09
From our brains to our hearts, our lungs, our joints.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืขื“ ืœืœื‘, ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœืžื™ืคืจืงื™ื.
03:14
Now, it was only 20 years ago
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ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”,
03:18
that we hardly had any data on women's health
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืœืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื
03:22
beyond our reproductive functions.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:25
But then in 1993,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-1993,
03:28
the NIH Revitalization Act was signed into law.
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ื ื—ืชื "ื—ื•ืง ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช",
03:32
And what this law did was it mandated
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœื›ืš
03:35
that women and minorities be included in clinical trials
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ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื
03:39
that were funded by the National Institutes of Health.
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ืฉื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:43
And in many ways, the law has worked.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
03:46
Women are now routinely included in clinical studies,
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ื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ืจืš-ืฉื’ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื,
03:50
and we've learned that there are major differences
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ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
03:52
in the ways that women and men
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
03:54
experience disease.
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
03:57
But remarkably,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”,
03:59
what we have learned about these differences is often overlooked.
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ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช.
04:04
So, we have to ask ourselves the question:
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•:
04:08
Why leave women's health to chance?
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ืœืžื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ?
04:12
And we're leaving it to chance in two ways.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
04:15
The first is that there is so much more to learn
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“,
04:19
and we're not making the investment
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื˜ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื”
04:21
in fully understanding the extent of these sex differences.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
04:25
And the second is that we aren't taking what we have learned,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื•
04:30
and routinely applying it in clinical care.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš-ืฉื’ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™.
04:34
We are just not doing enough.
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ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
04:38
So, I'm going to share with you three examples
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ืืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘-3 ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
04:40
of where sex differences have impacted the health of women,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื,
04:44
and where we need to do more.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:46
Let's start with heart disease.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืœื‘.
04:48
It's the number one killer of women in the United States today.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื–ื• ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ืช ืžืกืคืจ 1 ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
04:54
This is the face of heart disease.
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ื”ื ื” ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืœื‘.
04:56
Linda is a middle-aged woman,
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ืœื™ื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืืฉื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
04:59
who had a stent placed in one of the arteries
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ืฉืชื•ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืชืœ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ืจืงื™ื”
05:01
going to her heart.
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ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืœ ื”ืœื‘.
05:03
When she had recurring symptoms she went back to her doctor.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืœื” ืžืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื”.
05:07
Her doctor did the gold standard test:
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ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื” ืขืจืš ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”:
05:09
a cardiac catheterization.
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ืฆื ืชื•ืจ ืœื‘.
05:12
It showed no blockages.
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ื”ืฆื ืชื•ืจ ืœื ื”ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช.
05:14
Linda's symptoms continued.
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ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื“ื” ื ืžืฉื›ื•.
05:16
She had to stop working.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
05:19
And that's when she found us.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืื•ืชื ื•.
05:21
When Linda came to us, we did another cardiac catheterization
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ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื ื•, ืขืจื›ื ื• ืฆื ืชื•ืจ ืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ
05:25
and this time, we found clues.
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ื•ื”ืคืขื ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืจืžื–ื™ื.
05:29
But we needed another test
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
05:31
to make the diagnosis.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.
05:34
So we did a test called an intracoronary ultrasound,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืจื›ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื,
05:39
where you use soundwaves to look at the artery
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ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื™-ืงื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจืง
05:41
from the inside out.
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ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
05:44
And what we found
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื•ื
05:46
was that Linda's disease didn't look like
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ืฉืžื—ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื“ื” ืœื ื“ืžืชื”
05:48
the typical male disease.
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ืœืžื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช.
05:51
The typical male disease looks like this.
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื›ื”.
05:54
There's a discrete blockage or stenosis.
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ื–ืืช ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืื• ื”ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
05:58
Linda's disease, like the disease of so many women,
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ืžื—ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื“ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช,
06:02
looks like this.
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ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืš.
06:04
The plaque is laid down more evenly, more diffusely
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ื”ืžืฉืงืข ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื™ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:07
along the artery, and it's harder to see.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจืง, ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืื•ืชื•.
06:11
So for Linda, and for so many women,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ื ื“ื”, ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช,
06:15
the gold standard test wasn't gold.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืชืงืŸ-ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
06:18
Now, Linda received the right treatment.
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ืœื™ื ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:21
She went back to her life and, fortunately, today
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉืžื—ื”,
06:23
she is doing well.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
06:25
But Linda was lucky.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื™ื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืœ.
06:27
She found us, we found her disease.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื ื• ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืžื—ืœืชื”,
06:29
But for too many women, that's not the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
06:32
We have the tools.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื.
06:35
We have the technology to make the diagnosis.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.
06:38
But it's all too often that these sex diffferences
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ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
06:42
are overlooked.
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ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช.
06:44
So what about treatment?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ?
06:46
A landmark study that was published two years ago
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื•ืจืฅ-ื“ืจืš ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
06:49
asked the very important question:
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ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“:
06:51
What are the most effective treatments for heart disease in women?
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"ืžื”ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื?"
06:56
The authors looked at papers written over a 10-year period,
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ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื ื• ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
07:00
and hundreds had to be thrown out.
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืžืื•ืช ืžื”ื.
07:03
And what they found out was that of those that were tossed out,
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉืžืชื•ืš ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื•,
07:07
65 percent were excluded
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65% ืœื ื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
07:11
because even though women were included in the studies,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืืžื ื ื”ื•ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื”,
07:15
the analysis didn't differentiate between women and men.
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ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:22
What a lost opportunity.
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ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ื“ื”.
07:25
The money had been spent
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืฆื,
07:27
and we didn't learn how women fared.
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ื•ืื ื• ืœื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
07:29
And these studies could not contribute one iota
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ืชืจืžื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืžืฅ
07:32
to the very, very important question,
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ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืื“-ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•:
07:34
what are the most effective treatments
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ืžื”ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:37
for heart disease in women?
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ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื?
07:40
I want to introduce you to Hortense, my godmother,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจื˜ื ืก, ื”ืกื ื“ืงื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
07:45
Hung Wei, a relative of a colleague,
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ืืช ื”ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืช,
07:49
and somebody you may recognize --
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ื•ืืฉื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื --
07:51
Dana, Christopher Reeve's wife.
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ื“ื™ื™ื ื”, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืจื™ื‘.
07:54
All three women have something very important in common.
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ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
07:59
All three were diagnosed with lung cancer,
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื”,
08:02
the number one cancer killer of women
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ 1 ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื
08:05
in the United States today.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื›ื™ื•ื.
08:08
All three were nonsmokers.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœื ืขื™ืฉื ื•.
08:12
Sadly, Dana and Hung Wei died of their disease.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื“ื™ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
08:17
Today, what we know is that women who are nonsmokers are three times more likely
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขืฉื ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ 3
08:23
to be diagnosed with lung cancer than are men
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื” ืžืืฉืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
08:26
who are nonsmokers.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืขืฉื ื™ื.
08:28
Now interestingly, when women are diagnosed with lung cancer,
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื”,
08:32
their survival tends to be better than that of men.
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ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:35
Now, here are some clues.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืจืžื–ื™ื.
08:37
Our investigators have found that there are
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
08:39
certain genes in the lung tumor cells of both women and men.
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ื’ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ืืชื™ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
08:44
And these genes are activated
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ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื
08:46
mainly by estrogen.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืข"ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ.
08:48
And when these genes are over-expressed,
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ื•ื›ืฉื’ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™-ื™ืชืจ,
08:51
it's associated with improved survival
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช
08:53
only in young women.
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ืจืง ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช.
08:56
Now this is a very early finding
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืžืฆื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื“,
08:58
and we don't yet know whether it has relevance
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™
09:01
to clinical care.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™.
09:04
But it's findings like this that may provide hope
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืช ืชืงื•ื•ื”
09:08
and may provide an opportunity to save lives
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ื•ืœืกืคืง ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื
09:11
of both women and men.
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ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
09:13
Now, let me share with you an example
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
09:14
of when we do consider sex differences, it can drive the science.
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ืžืชื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืชืช ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™.
09:18
Several years ago a new lung cancer drug
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื”
09:21
was being evaluated,
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ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช,
09:22
and when the authors looked at whose tumors shrank,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืฆืœ ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•,
09:27
they found that 82 percent were women.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉ-82% ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื.
09:30
This led them to ask the question: Well, why?
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข,
09:33
And what they found
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•
09:35
was that the genetic mutations that the drug targeted
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื”ืŸ
09:38
were far more common in women.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ืฉื™ื.
09:41
And what this has led to
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
09:43
is a more personalized approach
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ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:45
to the treatment of lung cancer that also includes sex.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื”, ืฉื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
09:49
This is what we can accomplish
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
09:51
when we don't leave women's health to chance.
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ื›ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ.
09:55
We know that when you invest in research,
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
09:58
you get results.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
10:00
Take a look at the death rate from breast cancer over time.
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ืจืื• ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
10:04
And now take a look at the death rates
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืจืื• ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”
10:06
from lung cancer in women over time.
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ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
10:09
Now let's look at the dollars invested in breast cancer --
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ -
10:13
these are the dollars invested per death --
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ืืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ื•ืช -
10:16
and the dollars invested in lung cancer.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื”.
10:20
Now, it's clear that our investment in breast cancer
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืงืขืชื ื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“
10:25
has produced results.
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ื”ืคื™ืงื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
10:27
They may not be fast enough,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื”ืจ,
10:29
but it has produced results.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
10:31
We can do the same
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”
10:33
for lung cancer and for every other disease.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืื—ืจืช.
10:38
So let's go back to depression.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื›ืื•ืŸ.
10:42
Depression is the number one cause
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ื”ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืžืกืคืจ 1
10:44
of disability in women in the world today.
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ืœื ื›ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื.
10:49
Our investigators have found
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆืื•
10:51
that there are differences in the brains
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช
10:52
of women and men
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ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
10:54
in the areas that are connected with mood.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™-ืจื•ื—.
10:57
And when you put men and women
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
10:59
in a functional MRI scanner --
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ืœืกื•ืจืง ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ -
11:01
that's the kind of scanner that shows how the brain is functioning when it's activated --
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ืกื•ืจืง ืฉืžืจืื” ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœ -
11:06
so you put them in the scanner and you expose them to stress.
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ื›ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืกื•ืจืง ื•ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื“ื—ืง,
11:10
You can actually see the difference.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
11:13
And it's findings like this
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
11:16
that we believe hold some of the clues
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ื˜ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืžื–ื™ื
11:19
for why we see these very significant sex differences
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
11:23
in depression.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ.
11:25
But even though we know
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•
11:27
that these differences occur,
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ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
11:29
66 percent
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66 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
11:32
of the brain research that begins in animals
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื,
11:36
is done in either male animals
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ื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ
11:38
or animals in whom the sex is not identified.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื–ื•ื”ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
11:43
So, I think we have to ask again the question:
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘:
11:46
Why leave women's health to chance?
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ืœืžื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ?
11:51
And this is a question that haunts those of us
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ื•ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืฉืจื•ื“ืคืช ืืช ืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
11:54
in science and medicine
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ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”,
11:56
who believe that we are on the verge of being able to dramatically improve
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ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™
12:02
the health of women.
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ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
12:04
We know that every cell has a sex.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืœื›ืœ ืชื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ.
12:06
We know that these differences are often overlooked.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช.
12:09
And therefore we know that women are not getting the full benefit
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœื•ื ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
12:14
of modern science and medicine today.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
12:17
We have the tools
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื
12:19
but we lack the collective will and momentum.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืคื”.
12:23
Women's health is an equal rights issue
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช,
12:26
as important as equal pay.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ืจ.
12:29
And it's an issue of the quality
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ื–ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช
12:31
and the integrity of science and medicine.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
12:35
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
12:42
So imagine the momentum we could achieve
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืคื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
12:47
in advancing the health of women
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ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื
12:49
if we considered whether these sex differences were present
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ืื ื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
12:52
at the very beginning of designing research.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
12:55
Or if we analyzed our data by sex.
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ืื• ืื ื ื ืชื— ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ.
12:59
So, people often ask me:
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™:
13:01
What can I do?
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"ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
13:03
And here's what I suggest:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื”:
13:05
First, I suggest that you think about women's health
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื
13:09
in the same way
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ
13:11
that you think and care about other causes that are important to you.
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ื‘ื• ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื.
13:17
And second, and equally as important,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”-ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”,
13:20
that as a woman,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช, ื›ืืฉื”,
13:22
you have to ask your doctor
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื”
13:25
and the doctors who are caring for those who you love:
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ื•ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื”:
13:30
Is this disease or treatment different in women?
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"ื”ืื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื?"
13:34
Now, this is a profound question because the answer is likely yes,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” "ื›ืŸ".
13:38
but your doctor may not know the answer, at least not yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืขืช-ืขืชื”.
13:42
But if you ask the question, your doctor will very likely
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ืืš ืื ืชืฉืืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื“ ืฉืจื•ืคืืš
13:46
go looking for the answer.
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ื™ืœืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
13:48
And this is so important,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“,
13:51
not only for ourselves,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืžืขื ื ื•,
13:53
but for all of those whom we love.
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ืืœื ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช:
13:55
Whether it be a mother, a daughter, a sister,
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ืื, ื‘ืช, ืื—ื•ืช,
14:00
a friend or a grandmother.
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืกื‘ืชื.
14:04
It was my grandmother's suffering
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ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื™
14:06
that inspired my work
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ
14:08
to improve the health of women.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
14:11
That's her legacy.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื”.
14:13
Our legacy can be to improve the health of women
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ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื
14:18
for this generation
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ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
14:20
and for generations to come.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
14:23
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ืŸ.
14:25
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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